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Puca F, Fedele M, Rasio D, Battista S. Role of Diet in Stem and Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158108. [PMID: 35897685 PMCID: PMC9330301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and lifestyle factors greatly affect health and susceptibility to diseases, including cancer. Stem cells’ functions, including their ability to divide asymmetrically, set the rules for tissue homeostasis, contribute to health maintenance, and represent the entry point of cancer occurrence. Stem cell properties result from the complex integration of intrinsic, extrinsic, and systemic factors. In this context, diet-induced metabolic changes can have a profound impact on stem cell fate determination, lineage specification and differentiation. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of the multiple “non-metabolic” effects of diet on stem cell functions, including little-known effects such as those on liquid-liquid phase separation and on non-random chromosome segregation (asymmetric division). A deep understanding of the specific dietetic requirements of normal and cancer stem cells may pave the way for the development of nutrition-based targeted therapeutic approaches to improve regenerative and anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Puca
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 78705, USA;
- Department of Oncology, IRBM Science Park SpA, 00071 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Monica Fedele
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Debora Rasio
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, La Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Battista
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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2
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Royall LN, Jessberger S. How stem cells remember their past. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 69:17-22. [PMID: 33429112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are required for tissue development, homeostasis, and repair. Recent data suggested that previous biographical experiences of individual stem cells influence their behavior in the context of tissue formation and govern stem cell responses to external stimuli. Here we provide a concise review how a cell's biography, for example, previous rounds of cell divisions or the age-dependent accumulation of cellular damage, is remembered in stem cells and how previous experiences affect the segregation of cellular components, thus guiding cellular behavior in vertebrate stem cells. Further, we suggest future directions of research that may help to unravel the molecular underpinnings of how past experiences guide future cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars N Royall
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity, Faculties of Medicine and Science, Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Ethyl-2-amino-pyrrole-3-carboxylates are active against imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors in vitro and in vivo. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:475-484. [PMID: 30986804 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We showed recently that ethyl-2-amino-pyrrole-3-carboxylates (EAPCs) exhibit potent antiproliferative activities against a broad spectrum of soft tissue sarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) cell lines in vitro. The molecular mechanism of action was owing to inhibition of tubulin polymerization and induction of a robust G2/M cell-cycle arrest, leading to the accumulation of tumor cells in the M-phase and induction of apoptosis. Given that more than 50% of the patients with GISTs develop resistance to imatinib (IM) over the 2 years of IM-based therapy, we examined whether EAPCs exhibit activity against IM-resistant GISTs in vitro and in vivo. A real-time antiproliferation assay illustrated the potent antiproliferative activities of EAPCs against IM-sensitive and IM-resistant GISTs. This was in agreement with the colony formation assay, which revealed potent antiproliferative activities of EAPCs against IM-resistant GISTs, being much stronger when compared with IM and doxorubicin, a topoisomerase II inhibitor. Next, we tested the efficacy of EAPCs in the xenograft model of GISTs, exhibiting secondary IM resistance owing to RTK switch (loss of c-KIT/gain of FGFR2α). A total of 30 5- to 8-week-old female nu/nu mice were subcutaneously inoculated into the flank areas with IM-resistant GIST-T1-R cells (100 μl of 1×10 GIST T-1R cells/ml suspension, in Dulbecco's PBS). Mice were randomized as control (untreated), IM (50 mg/kg), EAPC-20 (10 mg/kg) or EAPC-24 (10 mg/kg) and were treated orally for 10 days. IM has a minor inhibitory effect on tumor size, thus revealing GIST resistance to IM. In contrast, both of EAPCs effectively reduced the tumor size. This was associated with an increased intratumoral apoptosis as detected by immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase-3 on day 5 of the treatment. Furthermore, both EAPCs significantly reduced the proliferative activity of tumor cells in the central zones of tumors as measured by positivity for Ki-67 staining. More importantly, in EAPC-24-treated GISTs, the histological response was mainly characterized by the induction of necrosis, whereas EAPC-20 induced the signs of intratumoral fibrosis and myxoid degeneration. Collectively, our data suggest that EAPC-20 and EAPC-24 are the perspective antitumor agents that exhibit antiproliferative and cytotoxic activity against GISTs exhibiting secondary resistance to IM.
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Xing M, Zhang F, Liao H, Chen S, Che L, Wang X, Bao Z, Ji F, Chen G, Zhang H, Li W, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hickson ID, Shen H, Ying S. Replication Stress Induces ATR/CHK1-Dependent Nonrandom Segregation of Damaged Chromosomes. Mol Cell 2020; 78:714-724.e5. [PMID: 32353258 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nonrandom DNA segregation (NDS) is a mitotic event in which sister chromatids carrying the oldest DNA strands are inherited exclusively by one of the two daughter cells. Although this phenomenon has been observed across various organisms, the mechanism and physiological relevance of this event remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that DNA replication stress can trigger NDS in human cells. This biased inheritance of old template DNA is associated with the asymmetric DNA damage response (DDR), which derives at least in part from telomeric DNA. Mechanistically, we reveal that the ATR/CHK1 signaling pathway plays an essential role in mediating NDS. We show that this biased segregation process leads to cell-cycle arrest and cell death in damaged daughter cells inheriting newly replicated DNA. These data therefore identify a key role for NDS in the maintenance of genomic integrity within cancer cell populations undergoing replication stress due to oncogene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Hongwei Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Luanqing Che
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhengqiang Bao
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Fang Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Gaoying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ian D Hickson
- Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Huahao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China.
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Xiang X. Nuclear movement in fungi. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:3-16. [PMID: 29241689 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear movement within a cell occurs in a variety of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts and filamentous fungi. Fungal molecular genetic studies identified the minus-end-directed microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein as a critical protein for nuclear movement or orientation of the mitotic spindle contained in the nucleus. Studies in the budding yeast first indicated that dynein anchored at the cortex via its anchoring protein Num1 exerts pulling force on an astral microtubule to orient the anaphase spindle across the mother-daughter axis before nuclear division. Prior to anaphase, myosin V interacts with the plus end of an astral microtubule via Kar9-Bim1/EB1 and pulls the plus end along the actin cables to move the nucleus/spindle close to the bud neck. In addition, pushing or pulling forces generated from cortex-linked polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules drive nuclear movements in yeasts and possibly also in filamentous fungi. In filamentous fungi, multiple nuclei within a hyphal segment undergo dynein-dependent back-and-forth movements and their positioning is also influenced by cytoplasmic streaming toward the hyphal tip. In addition, nuclear movement occurs at various stages of fungal development and fungal infection of plant tissues. This review discusses our current understanding on the mechanisms of nuclear movement in fungal organisms, the importance of nuclear positioning and the regulatory strategies that ensure the proper positioning of nucleus/spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences - F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Velappan Y, Signorelli S, Considine MJ. Cell cycle arrest in plants: what distinguishes quiescence, dormancy and differentiated G1? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:495-509. [PMID: 28981580 PMCID: PMC5737280 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quiescence is a fundamental feature of plant life, which enables plasticity, renewal and fidelity of the somatic cell line. Cellular quiescence is defined by arrest in a particular phase of the cell cycle, typically G1 or G2; however, the regulation of quiescence and proliferation can also be considered across wider scales in space and time. As such, quiescence is a defining feature of plant development and phenology, from meristematic stem cell progenitors to terminally differentiated cells, as well as dormant or suppressed seeds and buds. While the physiology of each of these states differs considerably, each is referred to as 'cell cycle arrest' or 'G1 arrest'. SCOPE Here the physiology and molecular regulation of (1) meristematic quiescence, (2) dormancy and (3) terminal differentiation (cell cycle exit) are considered in order to determine whether and how the molecular decisions guiding these nuclear states are distinct. A brief overview of the canonical cell cycle regulators is provided, and the genetic and genomic, as well as physiological, evidence is considered regarding two primary questions: (1) Are the canonical cell cycle regulators superior or subordinate in the regulation of quiescence? (2) Are these three modes of quiescence governed by distinct molecular controls? CONCLUSION Meristematic quiescence, dormancy and terminal differentiation are each predominantly characterized by G1 arrest but regulated distinctly, at a level largely superior to the canonical cell cycle. Meristematic quiescence is intrinsically linked to non-cell-autonomous regulation of meristem cell identity, and particularly through the influence of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, in partnership with reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid and auxin. The regulation of terminal differentiation shares analogous features with meristematic quiescence, albeit with specific activators and a greater role for cytokinin signalling. Dormancy meanwhile appears to be regulated at the level of chromatin accessibility, by Polycomb group-type histone modifications of particular dormancy genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12900, Uruguay
| | - Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- For correspondence. Email
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Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Uncomfortable Considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 3:165-171. [PMID: 34194956 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-017-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This report defines new concepts of hematopoietic stem cell biology. Recent findings We have utilized 3 different approaches which show that long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells are actively cycling and always changing phenotype. In addition this is reversible. This indicates that the stem cell cannot be purified by current epitope selection approaches. The vast bulk of hematopoietic stem cells are discarded in different populations when stem cells are purified to lineage negative c-kit positive and Sca-1 positive cells. Studies to define the hematopoietic niche have been largely carried out on these irrelevant purified cells and thus are not definitive. Studies have indicated the presence of baseline stem cells which function during the normal lifetime of mice. Baseline hematopoiesis appears to be run by thousands of relatively short lived clones with limited differentiation capacity. Thus there appear to be two basic hematopoietic stem cell modes; emergency and baseline.
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8
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Moore DL, Jessberger S. Creating Age Asymmetry: Consequences of Inheriting Damaged Goods in Mammalian Cells. Trends Cell Biol 2016; 27:82-92. [PMID: 27717533 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mammalian cells asymmetrically segregate cellular components ranging from genomic DNA to organelles and damaged proteins during cell division. Asymmetric inheritance upon mammalian cell division may be specifically important to ensure cellular fitness and propagate cellular potency to individual progeny, for example in the context of somatic stem cell division. We review here recent advances in the field and discuss potential effects and underlying mechanisms that mediate asymmetric segregation of cellular components during mammalian cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Sebastian Jessberger
- Brain Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Abstract
Following the recognition that hematopoietic stem cells improve the outcome of myocardial infarction in animal models, bone marrow mononuclear cells, CD34-positive cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells have been introduced clinically. The intracoronary or intramyocardial injection of these cell classes has been shown to be safe and to produce a modest but significant enhancement in systolic function. However, the identification of resident cardiac stem cells in the human heart (hCSCs) has created great expectation concerning the potential implementation of this category of autologous cells for the management of the human disease. Although phase 1 clinical trials have been conducted with encouraging results, the search for the most powerful hCSC for myocardial regeneration is in its infancy. This manuscript discusses the efforts performed in our laboratory to characterize the critical biological variables that define the growth reserve of hCSCs. Based on the theory of the immortal DNA template, we propose that stem cells retaining the old DNA represent 1 of the most powerful cells for myocardial regeneration. Similarly, the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors in hCSCs recognizes a cell phenotype with superior replicating reserve. However, the impressive recovery in ventricular hemodynamics and anatomy mediated by clonal hCSCs carrying the "mother" DNA underscores the clinical relevance of this hCSC class for the treatment of human heart failure.
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Turinetto V, Giachino C. Multiple facets of histone variant H2AX: a DNA double-strand-break marker with several biological functions. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:2489-98. [PMID: 25712102 PMCID: PMC4357700 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, many papers highlighted that the histone variant H2AX and its phosphorylation on Ser 139 (γH2AX) cannot be simply considered a specific DNA double-strand-break (DSB) marker with a role restricted to the DNA damage response, but rather as a ‘protagonist’ in different scenarios. This review will present and discuss an up-to-date view regarding the ‘non-canonical’ H2AX roles, focusing in particular on possible functional and structural parts in contexts different from the canonical DNA DSB response. We will present aspects concerning sex chromosome inactivation in male germ cells, X inactivation in female somatic cells and mitosis, but will also focus on the more recent studies regarding embryonic and neural stem cell development, asymmetric sister chromosome segregation in stem cells and cellular senescence maintenance. We will discuss whether in these new contexts there might be a relation with the canonical DNA DSB signalling function that could justify γH2AX formation. The authors will emphasize that, just as H2AX phosphorylation signals chromatin alteration and serves the canonical function of recruiting DSB repair factors, so the modification of H2AX in contexts other than the DNA damage response may contribute towards creating a specific chromatin structure frame allowing ‘non-canonical’ functions to be carried out in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Turinetto
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Zhang J, Lou X, Zellmer L, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. Just like the rest of evolution in Mother Nature, the evolution of cancers may be driven by natural selection, and not by haphazard mutations. Oncoscience 2014; 1:580-90. [PMID: 25594068 PMCID: PMC4278337 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic carcinogenesis starts from immortalization of a differentiated somatic cell or an organ-specific stem cell. The immortalized cell incepts a new or quasinew organism that lives like a parasite in the patient and usually proceeds to progressive simplification, constantly engendering intermediate organisms that are simpler than normal cells. Like organismal evolution in Mother Nature, this cellular simplification is a process of Darwinian selection of those mutations with growth- or survival-advantages, from numerous ones that occur randomly and stochastically. Therefore, functional gain of growth- or survival-sustaining oncogenes and functional loss of differentiation-sustaining tumor suppressor genes, which are hallmarks of cancer cells and contribute to phenotypes of greater malignancy, are not drivers of carcinogenesis but are results from natural selection of advantageous mutations. Besides this mutation-load dependent survival mechanism that is evolutionarily low and of an asexual nature, cancer cells may also use cell fusion for survival, which is an evolutionarily-higher mechanism and is of a sexual nature. Assigning oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes or their mutants as drivers to induce cancer in animals may somewhat coerce them to create man-made oncogenic pathways that may not really be a course of sporadic cancer formations in the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Lucas Zellmer
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100021, P.R. China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
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Mammalian aPKC/Par polarity complex mediated regulation of epithelial division orientation and cell fate. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:296-302. [PMID: 25128813 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oriented cell division is a key regulator of tissue architecture and crucial for morphogenesis and homeostasis. Balanced regulation of proliferation and differentiation is an essential property of tissues not only to drive morphogenesis but also to maintain and restore homeostasis. In many tissues orientation of cell division is coupled to the regulation of differentiation producing daughters with similar (symmetric cell division, SCD) or differential fate (asymmetric cell division, ACD). This allows the organism to generate cell lineage diversity from a small pool of stem and progenitor cells. Division orientation and/or the ratio of ACD/SCD need to be tightly controlled. Loss of orientation or an altered ratio can promote overgrowth, alter tissue architecture and induce aberrant differentiation, and have been linked to morphogenetic diseases, cancer and aging. A key requirement for oriented division is the presence of a polarity axis, which can be established through cell intrinsic and/or extrinsic signals. Polarity proteins translate such internal and external cues to drive polarization. In this review we will focus on the role of the polarity complex aPKC/Par3/Par6 in the regulation of division orientation and cell fate in different mammalian epithelia. We will compare the conserved function of this complex in mitotic spindle orientation and distribution of cell fate determinants and highlight common and differential mechanisms in which this complex is used by tissues to adapt division orientation and cell fate to the specific properties of the epithelium.
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13
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A quiescent path to plant longevity. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:443-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Abstract
The immortal strand hypothesis proposes that stem cells retain a template copy of genomic DNA (i.e. an 'immortal strand') to avoid replication-induced mutations. An alternative hypothesis suggests that certain cells segregate sister chromatids non-randomly to transmit distinct epigenetic information. However, this area of research has been highly controversial, with conflicting data even from the same cell types. Moreover, historically, the same term of 'non-random sister chromatid segregation' or 'biased sister chromatid segregation' has been used to indicate distinct biological processes, generating a confusion in the biological significance and potential mechanism of each phenomenon. Here, we discuss the models of non-random sister chromatid segregation, and we explore the strengths and limitations of the various techniques and experimental model systems used to study this question. We also describe our recent study on Drosophila male germline stem cells, where sister chromatids of X and Y chromosomes are segregated non-randomly during cell division. We aim to integrate the existing evidence to speculate on the underlying mechanisms and biological relevance of this long-standing observation on non-random sister chromatid segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Yadlapalli
- Life Sciences Institute, Center for Stem Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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