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Velappan Y, de Simone A, Signorelli S, Considine JA, Foyer CH, Considine MJ. Hydrogen Cyanamide Causes Reversible G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest Accompanied by Oxidation of the Nucleus and Cytosol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1330. [PMID: 37507870 PMCID: PMC10376265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) has been widely used in horticulture to trigger bud burst following dormancy. Its use has been banned in some countries due to human health concerns, however the search for effective safe alternatives is delayed by lack of knowledge of the mechanism of HC action. Earlier studies demonstrate that HC stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alters the rate of cell division. However, the relationships between HC effects on ROS, redox (reduction/oxidation) homeostasis and cell division are unknown. This study used Arabidopsis thaliana ((L.) Heynh.) seedlings expressing the redox reporter roGFP2 to measure the oxidation states of the nuclei and cytosol in response to HC treatment. The Cytrap dual cell cycle phase marker system and flow cytometry were used to study associated changes in cell proliferation. HC (1.5 mM) reversibly inhibited root growth during a 24 h treatment. Higher concentrations were not reversible. HC did not synchronise the cell cycle, in contrast to hydroxyurea. Rather, HC caused a gradual accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase and decline of G1/S phase cells, 16 to 24 h post-treatment. This was accompanied by increased oxidation of both the nuclei and cytosol. Taken together, these findings show that HC impairs proliferation of embryonic root meristem cells in a reversible manner through restriction of G2/M transition accompanied by increased cellular oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Ambra de Simone
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Food and Plant Biology Group, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Sayago CP 12900, Uruguay
| | - John A Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Horticulture and Irrigated Agriculture, Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
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Velappan Y, Considine JA, Signorelli S, Considine MJ. Contrasting seasonal dynamics of dormancy, respiratory metabolism and cell cycle state in grapevine buds of a subtropical and Mediterranean climate. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - John A. Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía Universidad de la República Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Michael J. Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development South Perth WA Australia
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Velappan Y, Chabikwa TG, Considine JA, Agudelo-Romero P, Foyer CH, Signorelli S, Considine MJ. The bud dormancy disconnect: latent buds of grapevine are dormant during summer despite a high metabolic rate. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:2061-2076. [PMID: 35022731 PMCID: PMC8982382 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) displays wide plasticity to climate; however, the physiology of dormancy along a seasonal continuum is poorly understood. Here we investigated the apparent disconnect between dormancy and the underlying respiratory physiology and transcriptome of grapevine buds, from bud set in summer to bud burst in spring. The establishment of dormancy in summer was pronounced and reproducible; however, this was coupled with little or no change in physiology, indicated by respiration, hydration, and tissue oxygen tension. The release of dormancy was biphasic; the depth of dormancy declined substantially by mid-autumn, while the subsequent decline towards spring was moderate. Observed changes in physiology failed to explain the first phase of dormancy decline, in particular. Transcriptome data contrasting development from summer through to spring also indicated that dormancy was poorly reflected by metabolic quiescence during summer and autumn. Gene Ontology and enrichment data revealed the prevailing influence of abscisic acid (ABA)-related gene expression during the transition from summer to autumn, and promoter motif analysis suggested that photoperiod may play an important role in regulating ABA functions during the establishment of dormancy. Transcriptomic data from later transitions reinforced the importance of oxidation and hypoxia as physiological cues to regulate the maintenance of quiescence and resumption of growth. Collectively these data reveal a novel disconnect between growth and metabolic quiescence in grapevine following bud set, which requires further experimentation to explain the phenology and dormancy relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and the School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Tinashe G Chabikwa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and the School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Present address: QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - John A Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and the School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Present address: Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Ave, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and the School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12900, Uruguay
| | - Michael J Considine
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, and the School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
- Correspondence:
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de Simone A, Hubbard R, de la Torre NV, Velappan Y, Wilson M, Considine MJ, Soppe WJJ, Foyer CH. Redox Changes During the Cell Cycle in the Embryonic Root Meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1505-1519. [PMID: 28457165 PMCID: PMC5678362 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize redox changes in the nuclei and cytosol occurring during the mitotic cell cycle in the embryonic roots of germinating Arabidopsis seedlings, and to determine how redox cycling was modified in mutants with a decreased capacity for ascorbate synthesis. RESULTS Using an in vivo reduction-oxidation (redox) reporter (roGFP2), we show that transient oxidation of the cytosol and the nuclei occurred at G1 in the synchronized dividing cells of the Arabidopsis root apical meristem, with reduction at G2 and mitosis. This redox cycle was absent from low ascorbate mutants in which nuclei were significantly more oxidized than controls. The cell cycle-dependent increase in nuclear size was impaired in the ascorbate-deficient mutants, which had fewer cells per unit area in the root proliferation zone. The transcript profile of the dry seeds and size of the imbibed seeds was strongly influenced by low ascorbate but germination, dormancy release and seed aging characteristics were unaffected. INNOVATION These data demonstrate the presence of a redox cycle within the plant cell cycle and that the redox state of the nuclei is an important factor in cell cycle progression. CONCLUSIONS Controlled oxidation is a key feature of the early stages of the plant cell cycle. However, sustained mild oxidation restricts nuclear functions and impairs progression through the cell cycle leading to fewer cells in the root apical meristem. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1505-1519.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra de Simone
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hubbard
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natanael Viñegra de la Torre
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany
| | - Yazhini Velappan
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
| | - Michael Wilson
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Considine
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,3 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,5 The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia .,6 The Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, Australia
| | - Wim J J Soppe
- 2 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research , Cologne, Germany .,7 Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine H Foyer
- 1 Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds, United Kingdom .,4 School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Perth, Australia
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Velappan Y, Signorelli S, Considine MJ. Cell cycle arrest in plants: what distinguishes quiescence, dormancy and differentiated G1? Ann Bot 2017; 120:495-509. [PMID: 28981580 PMCID: PMC5737280 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quiescence is a fundamental feature of plant life, which enables plasticity, renewal and fidelity of the somatic cell line. Cellular quiescence is defined by arrest in a particular phase of the cell cycle, typically G1 or G2; however, the regulation of quiescence and proliferation can also be considered across wider scales in space and time. As such, quiescence is a defining feature of plant development and phenology, from meristematic stem cell progenitors to terminally differentiated cells, as well as dormant or suppressed seeds and buds. While the physiology of each of these states differs considerably, each is referred to as 'cell cycle arrest' or 'G1 arrest'. SCOPE Here the physiology and molecular regulation of (1) meristematic quiescence, (2) dormancy and (3) terminal differentiation (cell cycle exit) are considered in order to determine whether and how the molecular decisions guiding these nuclear states are distinct. A brief overview of the canonical cell cycle regulators is provided, and the genetic and genomic, as well as physiological, evidence is considered regarding two primary questions: (1) Are the canonical cell cycle regulators superior or subordinate in the regulation of quiescence? (2) Are these three modes of quiescence governed by distinct molecular controls? CONCLUSION Meristematic quiescence, dormancy and terminal differentiation are each predominantly characterized by G1 arrest but regulated distinctly, at a level largely superior to the canonical cell cycle. Meristematic quiescence is intrinsically linked to non-cell-autonomous regulation of meristem cell identity, and particularly through the influence of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, in partnership with reactive oxygen species, abscisic acid and auxin. The regulation of terminal differentiation shares analogous features with meristematic quiescence, albeit with specific activators and a greater role for cytokinin signalling. Dormancy meanwhile appears to be regulated at the level of chromatin accessibility, by Polycomb group-type histone modifications of particular dormancy genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhini Velappan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Santiago Signorelli
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 12900, Uruguay
| | - Michael J Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- The School of Molecular Sciences, and The UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6151, Australia
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- For correspondence. Email
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