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Shaw T, Barr FG, Üren A. The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 38473380 PMCID: PMC10931086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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Li X, Liu H, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liou YL, Zeng M, Zhu H. PAX1 hypomethylation as a prognostic biomarker for radioresistance of cervical cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:123. [PMID: 37533109 PMCID: PMC10398938 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01538-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PAX1 gene methylation plays an important role in the development of cervical cancer. However, its prognostic value after radiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer is unknown, so this study aimed to investigate the value of PAX1 gene methylation for predicting the sensitivity of radiotherapy for cervical cancer. METHODS We selected 125 patients with primary cervical cancer who underwent concurrent chemo-radiotherapy as the study population, quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (QMSP) was used for detecting PAX1 methylation status of cervical exfoliated cells. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the risk factors associated with the short-term efficacy and to establish a prediction model of radiotherapy sensitivity based on PAX1 gene methylation. Cell viability after radiation of Hela and SiHa cells transfected with PAX1 or control vector was evaluated by CCK8. Furthermore, RNA-Seq analyses identified different expressed genes (DEGs) in PAX1 overexpressed SiHa cells. Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis was carried out to determine the biological function of DEGs. RESULTS PAX1 methylation level was associated with HPV16/18-positive rate. PAX1 hypomethylation was found to be a risk factor for tumor residual after chemo-radiotherapy. A nomogram containing the risk factors for PAX1 methylation status, lymph node metastasis, pathological type and tumor size was further constructed to predict the probability of tumor residual after chemo-radiotherapy (AUC = 0.823, 95% CI 0.736-0.910). High PAX1 protein level was more likely to cause radioresistance in both Hela and SiHa cells. Transcriptomic sequencing of PAX1 overexpressed and control cells identified 615 differentially expressed genes, and GO enrichment analysis suggested that PAX1 may be involved in the regulation of signaling receptor activity and response to viruses. CONCLUSION PAX1 hypomethylation status could be used as a promising biomarker to predict radioresistance in cervical cancer. This further provides a new idea for the individualized treatment strategy of simultaneous radiotherapy for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Manting Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Schuster HC, Hirth F. Phylogenetic tracing of midbrain-specific regulatory sequences suggests single origin of eubilaterian brains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8259. [PMID: 37224241 PMCID: PMC10208574 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Conserved cis-regulatory elements (CREs) control Engrailed-, Pax2-, and dachshund-related gene expression networks directing the formation and function of corresponding midbrain circuits in arthropods and vertebrates. Polarized outgroup analyses of 31 sequenced metazoan genomes representing all animal clades reveal the emergence of Pax2- and dachshund-related CRE-like sequences in anthozoan Cnidaria. The full complement, including Engrailed-related CRE-like sequences, is only detectable in spiralians, ecdysozoans, and chordates that have a brain; they exhibit comparable genomic locations and extensive nucleotide identities that reveal the presence of a conserved core domain, all of which are absent in non-neural genes and, together, distinguish them from randomly assembled sequences. Their presence concurs with a genetic boundary separating the rostral from caudal nervous systems, demonstrated for the metameric brains of annelids, arthropods, and chordates and the asegmental cycloneuralian and urochordate brain. These findings suggest that gene regulatory networks for midbrain circuit formation evolved within the lineage that led to the common ancestor of protostomes and deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C. Schuster
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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Li M, Zhao C, Zhao Y, Li J, Wang J, Luo H, Tang Z, Guo Y, Wei L. The role of PAX1 methylation in predicting the pathological upgrade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia before cold knife conization. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1064722. [PMID: 36713512 PMCID: PMC9875021 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1064722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the ability of PAX1 methylation (PAX1m) to predict the pathological upgrade of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) before cold knife conization (CKC). Methods A total of 218 women that underwent colposcopy-directed biopsy (CDB) pathology for the confirmation of CIN2 and CIN3 between December 2020 to September 2021 were enrolled in this study. The methylation levels of PAX1 (ΔCpPAX1) were determined by quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (qMSP). Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify the optimal cut-off value of ΔCpPAX1 for predicting the pathological upgrade of disease. Results In the CDB-confirmed CIN2 group, 36% of CIN2 was found to have pathologically upgraded to CIN3 and 30% regressed to low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and below, and none of CIN2 upgraded to early-stage cervical cancer (ESCC) after CKC. In the CDB-confirmed CIN3 group, 19.5% (23/118) of CDB-confirmed CIN3 were pathologically upgraded to ESCC after CKC. Regardless of CIN2 or CIN3, the ΔCpPAX1 level of women with upgraded pathology after CKC was significantly lower than that of women with degraded pathology. The optimal △CpPAX1 cut-off value in predicting CIN3 to be upgraded to ESCC after CKC was 6.360 and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.814, with similar sensitivity (78.3%) and higher specificity (84.2%) than cytology≥LSIL (Se:78.3%;Sp:58.9%) and HPV16/18 positive (Se:73.9%;Sp:46.3%) patients. Conclusions PAX1m could be a promising auxiliary marker in predicting the pathological upgrade of CIN before CKC. We found that if the △Cp PAX1 cut-off value is lower than 6.360, it is highly suggestive of invasive cervical cancer.
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Mechanism of selective induction of apoptosis of HCT116 tumor cells in circulating blood by riboflavin photochemistry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B: BIOLOGY 2022; 237:112588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Potential Satellite Cell-Linked Biomarkers in Aging Skeletal Muscle Tissue: Proteomics and Proteogenomics to Monitor Sarcopenia. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10030029. [PMID: 35997441 PMCID: PMC9396989 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia (Sp) is the loss of skeletal muscle mass associated with aging which causes an involution of muscle function and strength. Satellite cells (Sc) are myogenic stem cells, which are activated by injury or stress, and repair muscle tissue. With advancing age, there is a decrease in the efficiency of the regenerative response of Sc. Diagnosis occurs with the Sp established by direct assessments of muscle. However, the detection of biomarkers in real-time biofluids by liquid biopsy could represent a step-change in the understanding of the molecular biology and heterogeneity of Sp. A total of 13 potential proteogenomic biomarkers of Sp by their physiological and biological interaction with Sc have been previously described in the literature. Increases in the expression of GDF11, PGC-1α, Sirt1, Pax7, Pax3, Myf5, MyoD, CD34, MyoG, and activation of Notch signaling stimulate Sc activity and proliferation, which could modulate and delay Sp progression. On the contrary, intensified expression of GDF8, p16INK4a, Mrf4, and activation of the Wnt pathway would contribute to early Sp development by directly inducing reduced and/or altered Sc function, which would attenuate the restorative capacity of skeletal muscle. Additionally, tissue biopsy remains an important diagnostic tool. Proteomic profiling of aged muscle tissues has shown shifts toward protein isoforms characteristic of a fast-to-slow transition process and an elevated number of oxidized proteins. In addition, a strong association between age and plasma values of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) has been described and serpin family A member 3 (serpin A3n) was more secreted by atrophied muscle cells. The identification of these new biomarkers holds the potential to change personalized medicine because it could predict in real time the course of Sp by monitoring its evolution and assessing responses to potential therapeutic strategies.
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Drugs and Endogenous Factors as Protagonists in Neurogenic Stimulation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2852-2871. [PMID: 35962176 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a biological process characterized by new neurons formation from stem cells. For decades, it was believed that neurons only multiplied during development and in the postnatal period but the discovery of neural stem cells (NSCs) in mature brain promoted a revolution in neuroscience field. In mammals, neurogenesis consists of migration, differentiation, maturation, as well as functional integration of newborn cells into the pre-existing neuronal circuit. Actually, NSC density drops significantly after the first stages of development, however in specific places in the brain, called neurogenic niches, some of these cells retain their ability to generate new neurons and glial cells in adulthood. The subgranular (SGZ), and the subventricular zones (SVZ) are examples of regions where the neurogenesis process occurs in the mature brain. There, the potential of NSCs to produce new neurons has been explored by new advanced methodologies and in neuroscience for the treatment of brain damage and/or degeneration. Based on that, this review highlights endogenous factors and drugs capable of stimulating neurogenesis, as well as the perspectives for the use of NSCs for neurological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Herrera-Úbeda C, Garcia-Fernàndez J. New Genes Born-In or Invading Vertebrate Genomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:713918. [PMID: 34295903 PMCID: PMC8290160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.713918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Which is the origin of genes is a fundamental question in Biology, indeed a question older than the discovery of genes itself. For more than a century, it was uneven to think in origins other than duplication and divergence from a previous gene. In recent years, however, the intersection of genetics, embryonic development, and bioinformatics, has brought to light that de novo generation from non-genic DNA, horizontal gene transfer and, noticeably, virus and transposon invasions, have shaped current genomes, by integrating those newcomers into old gene networks, helping to shape morphological and physiological innovations. We here summarized some of the recent research in the field, mostly in the vertebrate lineage with a focus on protein-coding novelties, showing that the placenta, the adaptative immune system, or the highly developed neocortex, among other innovations, are linked to de novo gene creation or domestication of virus and transposons. We provocatively suggest that the high tolerance to virus infections by bats may also be related to previous virus and transposon invasions in the bat lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordi Garcia-Fernàndez
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Jia H, Aadland K, Kolaczkowski O, Kolaczkowski B. Direct molecular evidence for an ancient, conserved developmental toolkit controlling post-transcriptional gene regulation in land plants. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4765-4777. [PMID: 34196710 PMCID: PMC8557471 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, miRNA production is orchestrated by a suite of proteins that control transcription of the pri-miRNA gene, post-transcriptional processing and nuclear export of the mature miRNA. Post-transcriptional processing of miRNAs is controlled by a pair of physically interacting proteins, hyponastic leaves 1 (HYL1) and Dicer-like 1 (DCL1). However, the evolutionary history and structural basis of the HYL1–DCL1 interaction is unknown. Here we use ancestral sequence reconstruction and functional characterization of ancestral HYL1 in vitro and in Arabidopsis thaliana to better understand the origin and evolution of the HYL1–DCL1 interaction and its impact on miRNA production and plant development. We found the ancestral plant HYL1 evolved high affinity for both double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and its DCL1 partner before the divergence of mosses from seed plants (∼500 Ma), and these high-affinity interactions remained largely conserved throughout plant evolutionary history. Structural modeling and molecular binding experiments suggest that the second of two dsRNA-binding motifs (DSRMs) in HYL1 may interact tightly with the first of two C-terminal DCL1 DSRMs to mediate the HYL1–DCL1 physical interaction necessary for efficient miRNA production. Transgenic expression of the nearly 200 Ma-old ancestral flowering-plant HYL1 in A. thaliana was sufficient to rescue many key aspects of plant development disrupted by HYL1− knockout and restored near-native miRNA production, suggesting that the functional partnership of HYL1–DCL1 originated very early in and was strongly conserved throughout the evolutionary history of terrestrial plants. Overall, our results are consistent with a model in which miRNA-based gene regulation evolved as part of a conserved plant “developmental toolkit.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kelsey Aadland
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Oralia Kolaczkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Bryan Kolaczkowski
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute for Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Li X, Zhou X, Zeng M, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Liou YL, Zhu H. Methylation of PAX1 gene promoter in the prediction of concurrent chemo-radiotherapy efficacy in cervical cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:5136-5143. [PMID: 34335930 PMCID: PMC8317535 DOI: 10.7150/jca.57460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. In currently, aberrant methylation of PAX1 is found in variety of solid tumors, including cervical cancer. In addition, the role of PAX1 gene methylation in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening has been confirmed in previous study. Here, we evaluated the predictive value of PAX1 methylation in concurrent chemo-radiotherapy (CCRT) outcomes in cervical cancer. Methods: This study enrolled 82 cervical cancer patients from August 2018 to August 2020. We compared the clinical results between different PAX1 methylation status. Hyper-methylation patients were subjects to MRI and quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP) for PAX1 before, in the middle, immediately after, 1 month and 3 months after CCRT. The changes in PAX1 methylation during CCRT were analyzed. Results: The lower PAX1 methylation status were related to a poor tumor response. Based on the MRI findings three months post-treatment, the hypermethylated patients were classified into the complete response (CR; n=50) and partial remission (PR; n=18) groups. The average PAX1 △Cp value of CR and PR groups before radiotherapy was 5.08±1.98 and 4.32±2.00 respectively, and after concurrent chemo-radiotherapy was significantly increased to 17.35±4.96 and 16.99±6.17, respectively (P<0.05). Furthermore, the PAX1 △Cp value between CR and PR groups were significantly different at mid-treatment and performed well in predicting short-term efficacy (AUC 0.84) in this period, and its sensitivity and specificity for predicting PR were 0.72 and 0.88, respectively. Conclusion: The PAX1 methylation level may predict the sensitivity and efficacy of CCRT in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Manting Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan 410008 China
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Wang M, Song W, Jin C, Huang K, Yu Q, Qi J, Zhang Q, He Y. Pax3 and Pax7 Exhibit Distinct and Overlapping Functions in Marking Muscle Satellite Cells and Muscle Repair in a Marine Teleost, Sebastes schlegelii. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073769. [PMID: 33916485 PMCID: PMC8038590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax3 and Pax7 are members of the Pax gene family which are essential for embryo and organ development. Both genes have been proved to be markers of muscle satellite cells and play key roles in the process of muscle growth and repair. Here, we identified two Pax3 genes (SsPax3a and SsPax3b) and two Pax7 genes (SsPax7a and SsPax7b) in a marine teleost, black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). Our results showed SsPax3 and SsPax7 marked distinct populations of muscle satellite cells, which originated from the multi-cell stage and somite stage, respectively. In addition, we constructed a muscle injury model to explore the function of these four genes during muscle repair. Hematoxylin–eosin (H–E) of injured muscle sections showed new-formed myofibers occurred at 16 days post-injury (dpi). ISH (in situ hybridization) analysis demonstrated that the expression level of SsPax3a and two SsPax7 genes increased gradually during 0–16 dpi and peaked at 16 dpi. Interestingly, SsPax3b showed no significant differences during the injury repair process, indicating that the satellite cells labeled by SsPax3b were not involved in muscle repair. These results imply that the muscle stem cell populations in teleosts are more complicated than in mammals. This lays the foundation for future studies on the molecular mechanism of indeterminant growth and muscle repair of large fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Weihao Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Chaofan Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Kejia Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qianwen Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Jie Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Quanqi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (M.W.); (W.S.); (C.J.); (K.H.); (Q.Y.); (J.Q.); (Q.Z.)
- Laboratory of Tropical Marine Germplasm Resources and Breeding Engineering, Sanya Oceanographic Institution, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China
- Correspondence:
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Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Chaves-Moreira D, Morin PJ, Drapkin R. Unraveling the Mysteries of PAX8 in Reproductive Tract Cancers. Cancer Res 2021; 81:806-810. [PMID: 33361393 PMCID: PMC8026505 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Paired Box 8 (PAX8) is a lineage-specific transcription factor that has essential roles during embryogenesis and tumorigenesis. The importance of PAX8 in the development of the reproductive system is highlighted by abnormalities observed upon the loss or mutation of this PAX family member. In cancer, PAX8 expression is deregulated in a key set of neoplasms, including those arising from the Müllerian ducts. The roles of PAX8 in oncogenesis are diverse and include epigenetic remodeling, stimulation of proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and regulation of angiogenesis. PAX8 can interact with different protein partners during cancer progression and may exhibit significant function-altering alternative splicing. Moreover, expression of PAX8 in cancer can also serve as a biomarker for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In this review, we focus on the roles of PAX8 in cancers of the reproductive system. Understanding the diverse mechanisms of action of PAX8 in development and oncogenesis may identify new vulnerabilities in malignancies that currently lack effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Chaves-Moreira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrice J Morin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ronny Drapkin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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14
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Mostafa-He G, Ewaiss Has M, Sabry D, Ibrahim Al R. Anti-diabetic Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-derived Exosomes. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.437.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Jia S, Zhou J, D'Souza RN. Pax9's dual roles in modulating Wnt signaling during murine palatogenesis. Dev Dyn 2020; 249:1274-1284. [PMID: 32390226 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the strides made in understanding the complex network of key regulatory genes and cellular processes that drive palate morphogenesis, patients suffering from these conditions face treatment options that are limited to complex surgeries and multidisciplinary care throughout life. Hence, a better understanding of how molecular interactions drive palatal growth and fusion is critical for the development of treatment and preventive strategies for cleft palates in humans. Our previous work demonstrated that Pax9-dependent Wnt signaling is critical for the growth and fusion of palatal shelves. We showed that controlled intravenous delivery of small molecule Wnt agonists specifically blocks the action of Dkks (inhibitors of Wnt signaling) and corrects secondary palatal clefts in Pax9-/- mice. While these data underscore the importance of the functional upstream relationship of Pax9 to the Wnt pathway, not much is known about how the genetic nature of Pax9's interactions in vivo and how it modulates the actions of these downstream effectors during palate formation. RESULTS Here, we show that the genetic reduction of Dkk1 during palatogenesis corrected secondary palatal clefts in Pax9-/- mice with restoration of Wnt signaling activities. In contrast, genetically induced overexpression of Dkk1 mice phenocopied the defects in tooth and palate development visible in Pax9-/- strains. Results of ChIP-qPCR assays showed that Pax9 can bind to regions near the transcription start sites of Dkk1 and Dkk2 as well as the intergenic region of Wnt9b and Wnt3 ligands that are downregulated in Pax9-/- palates. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that the molecular mechanisms underlying Pax9's role in modulating Wnt signaling activity likely involve the inhibition of Dkk expression and the control of Wnt ligands during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Jia
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- School of Dentistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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16
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Cheng J, Cao XK, Peng SJ, Wang XG, Li Z, Elnour IE, Huang YZ, Lan XY, Chen H. Transcriptional regulation of the bovine FGFR1 gene facilitates myoblast proliferation under hypomethylation of the promoter. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8667-8678. [PMID: 32324257 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, which can affect the expression level of genes, is one of the most vital epigenetic modifications in mammals. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) plays an important role in muscle development; however, DNA methylation of the FGFR1 promoter has not been studied to date in cattle. Our study focused on methylation of the FGFR1 promoter and its effect on bovine myoblast proliferation and differentiation. We identified the FGFR1 core promoter by using luciferase reporter assays; we then studied FGFR1 expression by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the methylation pattern in the FGFR1 core promoter by bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction in bovine muscle tissue at three different developmental stages. We used RNAi strategy to investigate the function of FGFR1 in myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Results showed that the FGFR1 core promoters were located at the R2 (-509 to ~-202 bp) and R4 (-1295 to ~-794 bp) regions upstream of the FGFR1 gene. FGFR1 expression level was negatively associated with the degree of methylation of the FGFR1 core promoter during the developmental process. In addition, we found that FGFR1 can promote myoblast proliferation, but had no effect on myoblast differentiation. In conclusion, our results suggest that FGFR1 can promote myoblast proliferation and its transcription can be regulated by the methylation level of the core promoter. Our findings provide a mechanistic basis for the improvement of animal breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Kai Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shu-Jun Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ibrahim-Elsaeid Elnour
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan
| | - Yong-Zhen Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xian-Yong Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Romero MA, Mumford PW, Roberson PA, Osburn SC, Parry HA, Kavazis AN, Gladden LB, Schwartz TS, Baker BA, Toedebusch RG, Childs TE, Booth FW, Roberts MD. Five months of voluntary wheel running downregulates skeletal muscle LINE-1 gene expression in rats. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1313-C1323. [PMID: 31618076 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00301.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA and constitute approximately half of the human genome. LINE-1 (L1) is the only active autonomous TE in the mammalian genome and has been implicated in a number of diseases as well as aging. We have previously reported that skeletal muscle L1 expression is lower following acute and chronic exercise training in humans. Herein, we used a rodent model of voluntary wheel running to determine whether long-term exercise training affects markers of skeletal muscle L1 regulation. Selectively bred high-running female Wistar rats (n = 11 per group) were either given access to a running wheel (EX) or not (SED) at 5 wk of age, and these conditions were maintained until 27 wk of age. Thereafter, mixed gastrocnemius tissue was harvested and analyzed for L1 mRNA expression and DNA content along with other L1 regulation markers. We observed significantly (P < 0.05) lower L1 mRNA expression, higher L1 DNA methylation, and less L1 DNA in accessible chromatin regions in EX versus SED rats. We followed these experiments with 3-h in vitro drug treatments in L6 myotubes to mimic transient exercise-specific signaling events. The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR; 4 mM) significantly decreased L1 mRNA expression in L6 myotubes. However, this effect was not facilitated through increased L1 DNA methylation. Collectively, these data suggest that long-term voluntary wheel running downregulates skeletal muscle L1 mRNA, and this may occur through chromatin modifications. Enhanced AMPK signaling with repetitive exercise bouts may also decrease L1 mRNA expression, although the mechanism of action remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hailey A Parry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | - Tonia S Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Brent A Baker
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Thomas E Childs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
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18
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Panneerselvam A, Kannan A, Mariajoseph-Antony LF, Prahalathan C. PAX proteins and their role in pancreas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2019; 155:107792. [PMID: 31325538 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene regulatory factors that govern the expression of heritable information come in an array of flavors, chiefly with transcription factors, the proteins which bind to regions of specific genes and modulate gene transcription, subsequently altering cellular function. PAX transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins exerting its regulatory activity in many tissues. Notably, three members of the PAX family namely PAX2, PAX4 and PAX6 have emerged as crucial players at multiple steps of pancreatic development and differentiation and also play a pivotal role in the regulation of pancreatic islet hormones synthesis and secretion. Providing a comprehensive outline of these transcription factors and their primordial and divergent roles in the pancreas is far-reaching in contemporary diabetes research. Accordingly, this review furnishes an outline of the role of pancreatic specific PAX regulators in the development of the pancreas and its associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antojenifer Panneerselvam
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Arun Kannan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Lezy Flora Mariajoseph-Antony
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India
| | - Chidambaram Prahalathan
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, India.
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19
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Guan D, Li C, Lv X, Yang Y. Pseudolaric acid B inhibits PAX2 expression through Wnt signaling and induces BAX expression, therefore promoting apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells. J Gynecol Oncol 2019; 30:e77. [PMID: 31328459 PMCID: PMC6658601 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2019.30.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pseudolaric acid B (PAB) has been shown to inhibit the growth of various tumor cells, but the molecular details of its function are still unknown. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which PAB induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Methods The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays were performed to investigate the effect of PAB treatment in various cervical cancer cell lines. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining combined with flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining were used to assess PAB-induced apoptosis. Additionally, we performed bioinformatics analyses and identified a paired box 2 (PAX2) binding site on the BAX promoter. We then validated the binding using luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Finally, western blotting assays were used to investigate PAB effect on the Wnt signaling and the involved signaling molecules. Results PAB promotes apoptosis and downregulates PAX2 expression in HeLa cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PAX2 binds to the promoter of BAX and inhibits its expression; therefore, PAX2 inhibition is associated with increased levels of BAX, which induces apoptosis of HeLa cells via the mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, PAB inhibits classical Wnt signaling. Conclusion PAB effectively inhibits Wnt signaling and PAX2 expression, and increases BAX levels, which induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Therefore, PAB is a promising natural molecule for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Guan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxiu Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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20
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Fang C, Wang SY, Liou YL, Chen MH, Ouyang W, Duan KM. The promising role of PAX1 (aliases: HUP48, OFC2) gene methylation in cancer screening. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e506. [PMID: 30636379 PMCID: PMC6418350 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paired‐box gene 1 (PAX1), a member of the PAX family, plays a role in pattern formation during embryogenesis, and might be essential for development of the vertebral column. Methods PAX1 is silenced by methylation in several cancers and is considered a tumor suppressor gene. Our previous studies reported PAX1 as hypermethylated in cervical cancer tissues, thereby suggesting it as a potential screening marker. Recently, an increasing number of studies have confirmed PAX1 methylation as a promising biomarker in cervical cancer based on its excellent discriminatory ability between high‐grade cervical lesions and normal tissues, resulting in a reduced necessity for referral for colposcopy and biopsy. Additionally, PAX1 is also hypermethylated in other tumors, including those associated with epithelial ovarian cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma, and shows relatively good sensitivity and specificity for the detection of these tumors. Results This review summarizes reports of PAX1 methylation and its promising role in cancer screening, especially that associated with cervical cancer. Conclusion According to current evidence, combined testing for human papillomavirus and PAX1 methylation analysis represents an efficacious cervical cancer‐screening protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Postdoctoral Research Workstation of Clinical Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sai-Ying Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Xiangya Medical Laboratory, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai-Ming Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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21
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Lu M, Guo S, Hong F, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Ma C, Ma J. Pax2 is essential for proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mouse mesenchymal stem cells via Runx2. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:342-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Li J, Li H, Lv X, Yang Z, Gao M, Bi Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Cui Z, Zhou B, Yin Z. Polymorphism in lncRNA AC016683.6 and its interaction with smoking exposure on the susceptibility of lung cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:91. [PMID: 29997452 PMCID: PMC6031149 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs play pivotal roles in the carcinogenesis of multiple types of cancers. This study is firstly to evaluate influence of rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms in long non-coding RNA AC016683.6 on the susceptibility of lung cancer. Methods The present study was a hospital-based case–control study with 434 lung cancer patients and 593 cancer-free controls. Genotyping of the two SNPs detected by Taqman® allelic discrimination method. Results There were no statistically significant associations between rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms in AC016683.6 and risk of lung cancer in overall population. However, in the smoking population, rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms significantly increased the risk of lung cancer in dominant and homozygous models (Rs4848320: P = 0.029; Rs1110839: P = 0.034), respectively. In male population, rs1110839 genetic variant was related to the risk of lung cancer in all genetic models (GG vs. TT: P = 0.008; Dominant model: P = 0.029; Recessive model: P = 0.027) rather than heterozygous model. The crossover analyses provided rs4848320 and rs1110839 risk genotypes carriers combined with smoking exposure 2.218-fold, 1.755-fold increased risk of lung cancer (Rs4848320: P = 0.005; Rs1110839: P = 0.017). Additionally, there were significantly positive multiplicative interaction of rs4848320 polymorphism with smoking status, with adjusted OR of 2.244 (1.162–4.334), but rs1110839 polymorphism did not exist. Conclusions Rs4848320 and rs1110839 polymorphisms may be associated with lung cancer susceptibility. Interaction of rs4848320 risk genotypes with smoking exposure may strengthen the risk effect on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Lv
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zitai Yang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Bi
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Wang
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Cui
- 3School of Nursing, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 China
| | - Baosen Zhou
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Yin
- 1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,2Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Intervention, University of Liaoning Province, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China
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23
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Salzano FM. Remembering the past - studies on evolution done by the genetics group at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Genet Mol Biol 2018; 41:181-188. [PMID: 29583152 PMCID: PMC5913724 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2017-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After a brief introduction about the factors that are involved in science development, and world and Brazilian evolutionary genetics, the studies developed in Porto Alegre in this area were reviewed. Four periods in the development of this group were distinguished: (a) Origins and first expansion (1949-1961); (b) Second expansion (1962-1988); (c) Third expansion (1989-2001); and (d) The last 15 years (2002-present). The international Porto Alegre Biological Evolution Workshops (PABEWs), with five biannual events from 2007 o 2015, were also mentioned. The final message stressed the importance of the maintenance of this and other Brazilian groups of research through adequate finance and recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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24
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Watanabe M, Yasuoka Y, Mawaribuchi S, Kuretani A, Ito M, Kondo M, Ochi H, Ogino H, Fukui A, Taira M, Kinoshita T. Conservatism and variability of gene expression profiles among homeologous transcription factors in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 426:301-324. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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25
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Konnova TA, Singer CM, Nesmelova IV. NMR solution structure of the RED subdomain of the Sleeping Beauty transposase. Protein Sci 2017; 26:1171-1181. [PMID: 28345263 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA transposons can be employed for stable gene transfer in vertebrates. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) DNA transposon has been recently adapted for human application and is being evaluated in clinical trials, however its molecular mechanism is not clear. SB transposition is catalyzed by the transposase enzyme, which is a multi-domain protein containing the catalytic and the DNA-binding domains. The DNA-binding domain of the SB transposase contains two structurally independent subdomains, PAI and RED. Recently, the structures of the catalytic domain and the PAI subdomain have been determined, however no structural information on the RED subdomain and its interactions with DNA has been available. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy to determine the solution structure of the RED subdomain and characterize its interactions with the transposon DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Konnova
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
| | - Christopher M Singer
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
| | - Irina V Nesmelova
- Department of Physics and Optical Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223.,Center for Biomedical Engineering and Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28223
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26
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Navet S, Buresi A, Baratte S, Andouche A, Bonnaud-Ponticelli L, Bassaglia Y. The Pax gene family: Highlights from cephalopods. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172719. [PMID: 28253300 PMCID: PMC5333810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax genes play important roles in Metazoan development. Their evolution has been extensively studied but Lophotrochozoa are usually omitted. We addressed the question of Pax paralog diversity in Lophotrochozoa by a thorough review of available databases. The existence of six Pax families (Pax1/9, Pax2/5/8, Pax3/7, Pax4/6, Paxβ, PoxNeuro) was confirmed and the lophotrochozoan Paxβ subfamily was further characterized. Contrary to the pattern reported in chordates, the Pax2/5/8 family is devoid of homeodomain in Lophotrochozoa. Expression patterns of the three main pax classes (pax2/5/8, pax3/7, pax4/6) during Sepia officinalis development showed that Pax roles taken as ancestral and common in metazoans are modified in S. officinalis, most likely due to either the morphological specificities of cephalopods or to their direct development. Some expected expression patterns were missing (e.g. pax6 in the developing retina), and some expressions in unexpected tissues have been found (e.g. pax2/5/8 in dermal tissue and in gills). This study underlines the diversity and functional plasticity of Pax genes and illustrates the difficulty of using probable gene homology as strict indicator of homology between biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Navet
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Auxane Buresi
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Baratte
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Sorbonne-ESPE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Aude Andouche
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Yann Bassaglia
- UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS7208/IRD207/UPMC/UCN/UA, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
- Univ. Paris Est Créteil-Val de Marne, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Sivakamasundari V, Kraus P, Sun W, Hu X, Lim SL, Prabhakar S, Lufkin T. A developmental transcriptomic analysis of Pax1 and Pax9 in embryonic intervertebral disc development. Biol Open 2017; 6:187-199. [PMID: 28011632 PMCID: PMC5312110 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax1 and Pax9 play redundant, synergistic functions in the patterning and differentiation of the sclerotomal cells that give rise to the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs (IVD) of the axial skeleton. They are conserved in mice and humans, whereby mutation/deficiency of human PAX1/PAX9 has been associated with kyphoscoliosis. By combining cell-type-specific transcriptome and ChIP-sequencing data, we identified the roles of Pax1/Pax9 in cell proliferation, cartilage development and collagen fibrillogenesis, which are vital in early IVD morphogenesis. Pax1 is up-regulated in the absence of Pax9, while Pax9 is unaffected by the loss of Pax1/Pax9 We identified the targets compensated by a single- or double-copy of Pax9 They positively regulate many of the cartilage genes known to be regulated by Sox5/Sox6/Sox9 and are connected to Sox5/Sox6 by a negative feedback loop. Pax1/Pax9 are intertwined with BMP and TGF-B pathways and we propose they initiate expression of chondrogenic genes during early IVD differentiation and subsequently become restricted to the outer annulus by the negative feedback mechanism. Our findings highlight how early IVD development is regulated spatio-temporally and have implications for understanding kyphoscoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakamasundari
- The Single Cell Biology Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Petra Kraus
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Siew Lan Lim
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, 138672, Singapore
| | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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Huang J, Liou YL, Kang YN, Tan ZR, Peng MJ, Zhou HH. Real-time colorimetric detection of DNA methylation of the PAX1 gene in cervical scrapings for cervical cancer screening with thiol-labeled PCR primers and gold nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5335-5347. [PMID: 27789946 PMCID: PMC5068476 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s116288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA methylation can induce carcinogenesis by silencing key tumor suppressor genes. Analysis of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes can be used as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for cancer. In this study, we propose a colorimetric method for the detection of DNA methylation of the paired box gene 1 (PAX1) gene in cervical scrapings obtained from 42 patients who underwent cervical colposcopic biopsy. Methods A thiolated methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) primer was used to generate MSP products labeled with the thiol group at one end. After bisulfite conversion and MSP amplification, the unmodified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were placed in a reaction tube and NaCl was added to induce aggregation of bare AuNPs without generating polymerase chain reaction products. After salt addition, the color of AuNPs remained red in the methylated PAX1 gene samples because of binding to the MSP-amplified products. By contrast, the color of the AuNP colloid solution changed from red to blue in the non-methylated PAX1 gene samples because of aggregation of AuNPs in the absence of the MSP-amplified products. Furthermore, PAX1 methylation was quantitatively detected in cervical scrapings of patients with varied pathological degrees of cervical cancer. Conventional quantitative MSP (qMSP) was also performed for comparison. Results The two methods showed a significant correlation of the methylation frequency of the PAX1 gene in cervical scrapings with severity of cervical cancer (n=42, P<0.05). The results of the proposed method showed that the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of PAX1 were 0.833, 0.742, and 0.739 for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms grade 2 and worse lesions (CIN2+), cervical intraepithelial neoplasms grade 3 and worse lesions (CIN3+), and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting CIN2+ lesions were 0.941 and 0.600, respectively, with a cutoff value of 31.27%. The proposed method also showed superior sensitivity over qMSP methods for the detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+ (0.941 vs 0.824 and 1.000 vs 0.800, respectively). Furthermore, the novel method exhibited higher AUC (0.833) for the detection of CIN2+ than qMSP (0.807). Conclusion The results of thiol-labeled AuNP method were clearly observed by the naked eyes without requiring any expensive equipment. Therefore, the thiol-labeled AuNP method could be a simple but efficient strategy for cervical cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University
| | - Yu-Ligh Liou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University
| | - Ya-Nan Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University
| | - Ming-Jing Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University
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Puthiyaveetil JSV, Kota K, Chakkarayan R, Chakkarayan J, Thodiyil AKP. Epithelial - Mesenchymal Interactions in Tooth Development and the Significant Role of Growth Factors and Genes with Emphasis on Mesenchyme - A Review. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZE05-ZE09. [PMID: 27790596 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21719.8502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The recent advancements in medical research field mainly highlights the genetic and molecular aspects of various disease processes and related treatment options, in a specialized "custom-made" approach. The medical and dental field has made tremendous progress in providing even with the smallest insight into pathological entities, thus, making patient management more fruitful. But, short comings have occurred in dental treatments involving odontogenic lesions mainly due to poor understanding of the developmental cycle involved during early stages of developmental process. Multiple numbers of interactions take place during embryo formation and further proliferation of tissue. One such important step is the interaction between epithelium and mesenchyme which tantamount to functional requirements of an individual tooth. The role of extra cellular molecules and genes has to be studied in depth to assess the impact and significance attached to it as the synergistic function of various elements underlines the complex process of development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasim Kota
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kannur Dental College , Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Roopesh Chakkarayan
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Kannur Dental College , Kannur, Kerala, India
| | - Jithesh Chakkarayan
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Kannur Dental College , Kannur, Kerala, India
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Marcellini S, González F, Sarrazin AF, Pabón-Mora N, Benítez M, Piñeyro-Nelson A, Rezende GL, Maldonado E, Schneider PN, Grizante MB, Da Fonseca RN, Vergara-Silva F, Suaza-Gaviria V, Zumajo-Cardona C, Zattara EE, Casasa S, Suárez-Baron H, Brown FD. Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-Devo) Research in Latin America. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2016; 328:5-40. [PMID: 27491339 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Famous for its blind cavefish and Darwin's finches, Latin America is home to some of the richest biodiversity hotspots of our planet. The Latin American fauna and flora inspired and captivated naturalists from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including such notable pioneers such as Fritz Müller, Florentino Ameghino, and Léon Croizat who made a significant contribution to the study of embryology and evolutionary thinking. But, what are the historical and present contributions of the Latin American scientific community to Evo-Devo? Here, we provide the first comprehensive overview of the Evo-Devo laboratories based in Latin America and describe current lines of research based on endemic species, focusing on body plans and patterning, systematics, physiology, computational modeling approaches, ecology, and domestication. Literature searches reveal that Evo-Devo in Latin America is still in its early days; while showing encouraging indicators of productivity, it has not stabilized yet, because it relies on few and sparsely distributed laboratories. Coping with the rapid changes in national scientific policies and contributing to solve social and health issues specific to each region are among the main challenges faced by Latin American researchers. The 2015 inaugural meeting of the Pan-American Society for Evolutionary Developmental Biology played a pivotal role in bringing together Latin American researchers eager to initiate and consolidate regional and worldwide collaborative networks. Such networks will undoubtedly advance research on the extremely high genetic and phenotypic biodiversity of Latin America, bound to be an almost infinite source of amazement and fascinating findings for the Evo-Devo community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Marcellini
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Evolución, Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Favio González
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andres F Sarrazin
- Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Mariana Benítez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Piñeyro-Nelson
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gustavo L Rezende
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, CBB, LQFPP, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Lab, Unidad de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, México
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Nunes Da Fonseca
- Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SócioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macae, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Casasa
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Thompson KW, Joshi P, Dymond JS, Gorrepati L, Smith HE, Krause MW, Eisenmann DM. The Paired-box protein PAX-3 regulates the choice between lateral and ventral epidermal cell fates in C. elegans. Dev Biol 2016; 412:191-207. [PMID: 26953187 PMCID: PMC4846358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of the single cell layer skin or hypodermis of Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent model for understanding cell fate specification and differentiation. Early in C. elegans embryogenesis, six rows of hypodermal cells adopt dorsal, lateral or ventral fates that go on to display distinct behaviors during larval life. Several transcription factors are known that function in specifying these major hypodermal cell fates, but our knowledge of the specification of these cell types is sparse, particularly in the case of the ventral hypodermal cells, which become Vulval Precursor Cells and form the vulval opening in response to extracellular signals. Previously, the gene pvl-4 was identified in a screen for mutants with defects in vulval development. We found by whole genome sequencing that pvl-4 is the Paired-box gene pax-3, which encodes the sole PAX-3 transcription factor homolog in C. elegans. pax-3 mutants show embryonic and larval lethality, and body morphology abnormalities indicative of hypodermal cell defects. We report that pax-3 is expressed in ventral P cells and their descendants during embryogenesis and early larval stages, and that in pax-3 reduction-of-function animals the ventral P cells undergo a cell fate transformation and express several markers of the lateral seam cell fate. Furthermore, forced expression of pax-3 in the lateral hypodermal cells causes them to lose expression of seam cell markers. We propose that pax-3 functions in the ventral hypodermal cells to prevent these cells from adopting the lateral seam cell fate. pax-3 represents the first gene required for specification solely of the ventral hypodermal fate in C. elegans providing insights into cell type diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Thompson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Pradeep Joshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Jessica S Dymond
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Lakshmi Gorrepati
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Harold E Smith
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Michael W Krause
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 5 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - David M Eisenmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
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Xiang J, Forrest IS, Pick L. Dermestes maculatus: an intermediate-germ beetle model system for evo-devo. EvoDevo 2015; 6:32. [PMID: 26478804 PMCID: PMC4609124 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how genes change during evolution to direct the development of diverse body plans is a major goal of the evo-devo field. Achieving this will require the establishment of new model systems that represent key points in phylogeny. These new model systems must be amenable to laboratory culture, and molecular and functional approaches should be feasible. To date, studies of insects have been best represented by the model system Drosophila melanogaster. Given the enormous diversity represented by insect taxa, comparative studies within this clade will provide a wealth of information about the evolutionary potential and trajectories of alternative developmental strategies. RESULTS Here we established the beetle Dermestes maculatus, a member of the speciose clade Coleoptera, as a new insect model system. We have maintained a continuously breeding culture in the lab and documented Dermestes maculatus embryogenesis using nuclear and phalloidin staining. Anterior segments are specified during the blastoderm stage before gastrulation, and posterior segments are added sequentially during germ band elongation. We isolated and studied the expression and function of the pair-rule segmentation gene paired in Dermestes maculatus. In this species, paired is expressed in stripes during both blastoderm and germ band stages: four primary stripes arise prior to gastrulation, confirming an intermediate-germ mode of development for this species. As in other insects, these primary stripes then split into secondary stripes. To study gene function, we established both embryonic and parental RNAi. Knockdown of Dmac-paired with either method resulted in pair-rule-like segmentation defects, including loss of Engrailed expression in alternate stripes. CONCLUSIONS These studies establish basic approaches necessary to use Dermestes maculatus as a model system. Methods are now available for use of this intermediate-germ insect for future studies of the evolution of regulatory networks controlling insect segmentation, as well as of other processes in development and homeostasis. Consistent with the role of paired in long-germ Drosophila and shorter-germ Tribolium, paired functions as a pair-rule segmentation gene in Dermestes maculatus. Thus, paired retains pair-rule function in insects with different modes of segment addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiang
- />Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- />Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Iain S. Forrest
- />Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Leslie Pick
- />Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
- />Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, 4112 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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