1
|
Blasco Pedreros M, Salas N, Dos Santos Melo T, Miranda-Magalhães A, Almeida-Lima T, Pereira-Neves A, de Miguel N. Role of a novel uropod-like cell membrane protrusion in the pathogenesis of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262210. [PMID: 39129707 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis causes trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. As an extracellular parasite, adhesion to host cells is essential for the development of infection. During attachment, the parasite changes its tear ovoid shape to a flat ameboid form, expanding the contact surface and migrating through tissues. Here, we have identified a novel structure formed at the posterior pole of adherent parasite strains, resembling the previously described uropod, which appears to play a pivotal role as an anchor during the attachment process. Moreover, our research demonstrates that the overexpression of the tetraspanin T. vaginalis TSP5 protein (TvTSP5), which is localized on the cell surface of the parasite, notably enhances the formation of this posterior anchor structure in adherent strains. Finally, we demonstrate that parasites that overexpress TvTSP5 possess an increased ability to adhere to host cells, enhanced aggregation and reduced migration on agar plates. Overall, these findings unveil novel proteins and structures involved in the intricate mechanisms of T. vaginalis interactions with host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Blasco Pedreros
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
| | - Nehuen Salas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
| | - Tuanne Dos Santos Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Abigail Miranda-Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Thainá Almeida-Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz, Recife, Pernambuco CEP 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Buenos Aires CP 7130, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM), Chascomús CP 1650, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borkens Y. The Pathology of the Brain Eating Amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Indian J Microbiol 2024; 64:1384-1394. [PMID: 39282207 PMCID: PMC11399382 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-024-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Naegleria is a taxonomic subfamily consisting of 47 free-living amoebae. The genus can be found in warm aqueous or soil habitats worldwide. The species Naegleria fowleri is probably the best-known species of this genus. As a facultative parasite, the protist is not dependent on hosts to complete its life cycle. However, it can infect humans by entering the nose during water contact, such as swimming, and travel along the olfactory nerve to the brain. There it causes a purulent meningitis (primary amoebic meningoencephalitis or PAME). Symptoms are severe and death usually occurs within the first week. PAME is a frightening infectious disease for which there is neither a proven cure nor a vaccine. In order to contain the disease and give patients any chance to survival, action must be taken quickly. A rapid diagnosis is therefore crucial. PAME is diagnosed by the detection of amoebae in the liquor and later in the cerebrospinal fluid. For this purpose, CSF samples are cultured and stained and finally examined microscopically. Molecular techniques such as PCR or ELISA support the microscopic analysis and secure the diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Borkens
- Institut für Pathologie, Charité Campus Mitte, Virchowweg 15, Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shimogawa MM, Wijono AS, Wang H, Zhang J, Sha J, Szombathy N, Vadakkan S, Pelayo P, Jonnalagadda K, Wohlschlegel J, Zhou ZH, Hill KL. FAP106 is an interaction hub for assembling microtubule inner proteins at the cilium inner junction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5225. [PMID: 37633952 PMCID: PMC10460401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motility of pathogenic protozoa depends on flagella (synonymous with cilia) with axonemes containing nine doublet microtubules (DMTs) and two singlet microtubules. Microtubule inner proteins (MIPs) within DMTs influence axoneme stability and motility and provide lineage-specific adaptations, but individual MIP functions and assembly mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we show in the sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei, that FAP106, a conserved MIP at the DMT inner junction, is required for trypanosome motility and functions as a critical interaction hub, directing assembly of several conserved and lineage-specific MIPs. We use comparative cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) and quantitative proteomics to identify MIP candidates. Using RNAi knockdown together with fitting of AlphaFold models into cryoET maps, we demonstrate that one of these candidates, MC8, is a trypanosome-specific MIP required for parasite motility. Our work advances understanding of MIP assembly mechanisms and identifies lineage-specific motility proteins that are attractive targets to consider for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Shimogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Angeline S Wijono
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiayan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jihui Sha
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Natasha Szombathy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sabeeca Vadakkan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Paula Pelayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keya Jonnalagadda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kent L Hill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Osipov AV, Cheremnykh EG, Ziganshin RH, Starkov VG, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen KC, Le DT, Hoang AN, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. The Potassium Channel Blocker β-Bungarotoxin from the Krait Bungarus multicinctus Venom Manifests Antiprotozoal Activity. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041115. [PMID: 37189733 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoal infections are a world-wide problem. The toxicity and somewhat low effectiveness of the existing drugs require the search for new ways of protozoa suppression. Snake venom contains structurally diverse components manifesting antiprotozoal activity; for example, those in cobra venom are cytotoxins. In this work, we aimed to characterize a novel antiprotozoal component(s) in the Bungarus multicinctus krait venom using the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis as a model organism. To determine the toxicity of the substances under study, surviving ciliates were registered automatically by an original BioLaT-3.2 instrument. The krait venom was separated by three-step liquid chromatography and the toxicity of the obtained fractions against T. pyriformis was analyzed. As a result, 21 kDa protein toxic to Tetrahymena was isolated and its amino acid sequence was determined by MALDI TOF MS and high-resolution mass spectrometry. It was found that antiprotozoal activity was manifested by β-bungarotoxin (β-Bgt) differing from the known toxins by two amino acid residues. Inactivation of β-Bgt phospholipolytic activity with p-bromophenacyl bromide did not change its antiprotozoal activity. Thus, this is the first demonstration of the antiprotozoal activity of β-Bgt, which is shown to be independent of its phospholipolytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Osipov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | | | - Rustam H Ziganshin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladislav G Starkov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | | | - Khoa Cuu Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dung Tien Le
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Hoang
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Victor I Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yuri N Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coceres VM, Iriarte LS, Miranda-Magalhães A, Santos de Andrade TA, de Miguel N, Pereira-Neves A. Ultrastructural and Functional Analysis of a Novel Extra-Axonemal Structure in Parasitic Trichomonads. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:757185. [PMID: 34858875 PMCID: PMC8630684 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.757185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are extracellular flagellated parasites that inhabit humans and other mammals, respectively. In addition to motility, flagella act in a variety of biological processes in different cell types, and extra-axonemal structures (EASs) have been described as fibrillar structures that provide mechanical support and act as metabolic, homeostatic, and sensory platforms in many organisms. It has been assumed that T. vaginalis and T. foetus do not have EASs. However, here, we used complementary electron microscopy techniques to reveal the ultrastructure of EASs in both parasites. Such EASs are thin filaments (3-5 nm diameter) running longitudinally along the axonemes and surrounded by the flagellar membrane, forming prominent flagellar swellings. We observed that the formation of EAS increases after parasite adhesion on the host cells, fibronectin, and precationized surfaces. A high number of rosettes, clusters of intramembrane particles that have been proposed as sensorial structures, and microvesicles protruding from the membrane were observed in the EASs. Our observations demonstrate that T. vaginalis and T. foetus can connect to themselves by EASs present in flagella. The protein VPS32, a member of the ESCRT-III complex crucial for diverse membrane remodeling events, the pinching off and release of microvesicles, was found in the surface as well as in microvesicles protruding from EASs. Moreover, we demonstrated that the formation of EAS also increases in parasites overexpressing VPS32 and that T. vaginalis-VPS32 parasites showed greater motility in semisolid agar. These results provide valuable data about the role of the flagellar EASs in the cell-to-cell communication and pathogenesis of these extracellular parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas - Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Coutinho JVP, Rosa-Fernandes L, Mule SN, de Oliveira GS, Manchola NC, Santiago VF, Colli W, Wrenger C, Alves MJM, Palmisano G. The thermal proteome stability profile of Trypanosoma cruzi in epimastigote and trypomastigote life stages. J Proteomics 2021; 248:104339. [PMID: 34352427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellate protozoa being the etiological agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease, which still poses a public health problem worldwide. The intricate molecular changes during T. cruzi-host interaction have been explored using different largescale omics techniques. However, protein stability is largely unknown. Thermal proteome profiling (TPP) methodology has the potential to characterize proteome-wide stability highlighting key proteins during T. cruzi infection and life stage transition from the invertebrate to the mammalian host. In the present work, T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes cell lysates were subjected to TPP workflow and analyzed by quantitative large-scale mass spectrometry-based proteomics to fit a melting profile for each protein. A total of 2884 proteins were identified and associated to 1741 melting curves being 1370 in trypomastigotes (TmAVG 53.53 °C) and 1279 in epimastigotes (TmAVG 50.89 °C). A total of 453 proteins were identified with statistically different melting profiles between the two life stages. Proteins associated to pathogenesis and intracellular transport had regulated melting temperatures. Membrane and glycosylated proteins had a higher average Tm in trypomastigotes compared to epimastigotes. This study represents the first large-scale comparison of parasite protein stability between life stages. SIGNIFICANCE: Trypanosoma cruzi, a unicellular flagellate parasite, is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, endemic in South America and affecting more that 7 million people worldwide. There is an intense research to identify novel chemotherapeutic and diagnostic targets of Chagas disease. Proteomic approaches have helped in elucidating the quantitative proteome and PTMs changes of T. cruzi during life cycle transition and upon different biotic and abiotic stimuli. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the protein-protein interaction and protein conformation is still missing. In order to fill this gap, this manuscript elucidates the T. cruzi Y strain proteome-wide thermal stability map in the epimastigote and trypomastigote life stages. Comparison between life stages showed a higher average melting temperature stability for trypomastigotes than epimastigotes indicating a host temperature adaptation. Both presented a selective thermal stability shift for cellular compartments, molecular functions and biological processes based on the T. cruzi life stage. Membrane and glycosylated proteins presented a higher thermal stability in trypomastigotes when compared to the epimastigotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joao V P Coutinho
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Santos de Oliveira
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Veronica Feijoli Santiago
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Walter Colli
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Wrenger
- Unit for Drug Discovery, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Castro Neto AL, da Silveira JF, Mortara RA. Comparative Analysis of Virulence Mechanisms of Trypanosomatids Pathogenic to Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:669079. [PMID: 33937106 PMCID: PMC8085324 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.669079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania spp., and T. cruzi are flagellate protozoans of the family Trypanosomatidae and the causative agents of human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and Chagas disease, respectively. These diseases affect humans worldwide and exert a significant impact on public health. Over the course of evolution, the parasites associated with these pathologies have developed mechanisms to circumvent the immune response system throughout the infection cycle. In cases of human infection, this function is undertaken by a group of proteins and processes that allow the parasites to propagate and survive during host invasion. In T. brucei, antigenic variation is promoted by variant surface glycoproteins and other proteins involved in evasion from the humoral immune response, which helps the parasite sustain itself in the extracellular milieu during infection. Conversely, Leishmania spp. and T. cruzi possess a more complex infection cycle, with specific intracellular stages. In addition to mechanisms for evading humoral immunity, the pathogens have also developed mechanisms for facilitating their adhesion and incorporation into host cells. In this review, the different immune evasion strategies at cellular and molecular levels developed by these human-pathogenic trypanosomatids have been discussed, with a focus on the key molecules responsible for mediating the invasion and evasion mechanisms and the effects of these molecules on virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Leonel de Castro Neto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krüger T, Maus K, Kreß V, Meyer-Natus E, Engstler M. Single-cell motile behaviour of [Formula: see text] in thin-layered fluid collectives. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2021; 44:37. [PMID: 33755816 PMCID: PMC7987620 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-021-00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe a system for the analysis of an important unicellular eukaryotic flagellate in a confining and crowded environment. The parasite Trypanosoma brucei is arguably one of the most versatile microswimmers known. It has unique properties as a single microswimmer and shows remarkable adaptations (not only in motility, but prominently so), to its environment during a complex developmental cycle involving two different hosts. Specific life cycle stages show fascinating collective behaviour, as millions of cells can be forced to move together in extreme confinement. Our goal is to examine such motile behaviour directly in the context of the relevant environments. Therefore, for the first time, we analyse the motility behaviour of trypanosomes directly in a widely used assay, which aims to evaluate the parasites behaviour in collectives, in response to as yet unknown parameters. In a step towards understanding whether, or what type of, swarming behaviour of trypanosomes exists, we customised the assay for quantitative tracking analysis of motile behaviour on the single-cell level. We show that the migration speed of cell groups does not directly depend on single-cell velocity and that the system remains to be simplified further, before hypotheses about collective motility can be advanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina Maus
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Verena Kreß
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Meyer-Natus
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Motility patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes correlate with the efficiency of parasite invasion in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15894. [PMID: 32985548 PMCID: PMC7522242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous works have demonstrated that trypanosomatid motility is relevant for parasite replication and sensitivity. Nonetheless, although some findings indirectly suggest that motility also plays an important role during infection, this has not been extensively investigated. This work is aimed at partially filling this void for the case of Trypanosoma cruzi. After recording swimming T. cruzi trypomastigotes (CL Brener strain) and recovering their individual trajectories, we statistically analyzed parasite motility patterns. We did this with parasites that swim alone or above monolayer cultures of different cell lines. Our results indicate that T. cruzi trypomastigotes change their motility patterns when they are in the presence of mammalian cells, in a cell-line dependent manner. We further performed infection experiments in which each of the mammalian cell cultures were incubated for 2 h together with trypomastigotes, and measured the corresponding invasion efficiency. Not only this parameter varied from cell line to cell line, but it resulted to be positively correlated with the corresponding intensity of the motility pattern changes. Together, these results suggest that T. cruzi trypomastigotes are capable of sensing the presence of mammalian cells and of changing their motility patterns accordingly, and that this might increase their invasion efficiency.
Collapse
|
10
|
Horta MF, Andrade LO, Martins-Duarte ÉS, Castro-Gomes T. Cell invasion by intracellular parasites - the many roads to infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs232488. [PMID: 32079731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Santos Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Malli S, Loiseau PM, Bouchemal K. Trichomonas vaginalis Motility Is Blocked by Drug-Free Thermosensitive Hydrogel. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:114-123. [PMID: 31713413 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis motility in biological fluids plays a prominent, but understudied, role in parasite infectivity. In this study, the ability of a thermosensitive hydrogel (pluronic F127) to physically immobilize T. vaginalis was investigated. Blocking parasite motility could prevent its attachment to the mucosa, thus reducing the acquisition of the infection. The trajectory of individual parasites was monitored by multiple particle tracking. Mean square displacement, diffusivity, and velocity were calculated from x, y coordinates during time. Major results are that T. vaginalis exhibited different types of trajectories in a diluted solution composed of lactate buffer similar to "run-and-tumble" motion reported for flagellated bacteria. The fastest T. vaginalis specimen moves with a velocity of 19 μm/s. Observation of T. vaginalis movements showed that the cell body remains rigid during swimming and that the propulsive forces necessary to generate the movement are the result of flagellar beating. Parasite motility was partially slowed down using hydroxyethylcellulose hydrogel, used as a reference for the development of vaginal microbicides, while 100% of T. vaginalis were immobile in F127 hydrogel. Once completed by biological investigations on mice, this report suggests using drug-free formulation composed of F127 as a new strategy to prevent T. vaginalis attachment to the mucosa. The concept will be extended to other flagellated organisms where the motility is driven by cilia and flagella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Malli
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- Antiparasite Chemotherapy PARACHEM, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kawthar Bouchemal
- Institut Galien Paris Sud, Junior member of the Institut Universitaire de France, UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5, rue J-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Motility analysis of microswimmers has long been limited to a few model cell types and broadly restricted by technical challenges of high-resolution in vivo microscopy. Recently, interdisciplinary interest in detailed analysis of the motile behavior of various species has gained momentum. Here we describe a basic protocol for motility analysis of an important, highly diverse group of eukaryotic flagellate microswimmers, using high spatiotemporal resolution videomicroscopy. Further, we provide a special, time-dependent tomographic approach for the proof of rotational locomotion of periodically oscillating microswimmers, using the same data. Taken together, the methods describe part of an integrative approach to generate decisive information on three-dimensional in vivo motility from standard two-dimensional videomicroscopy data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dóró É, Jacobs SH, Hammond FR, Schipper H, Pieters RP, Carrington M, Wiegertjes GF, Forlenza M. Visualizing trypanosomes in a vertebrate host reveals novel swimming behaviours, adaptations and attachment mechanisms. eLife 2019; 8:48388. [PMID: 31547905 PMCID: PMC6759355 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomes are important disease agents of humans, livestock and cold-blooded species, including fish. The cellular morphology of trypanosomes is central to their motility, adaptation to the host’s environments and pathogenesis. However, visualizing the behaviour of trypanosomes resident in a live vertebrate host has remained unexplored. In this study, we describe an infection model of zebrafish (Danio rerio) with Trypanosoma carassii. By combining high spatio-temporal resolution microscopy with the transparency of live zebrafish, we describe in detail the swimming behaviour of trypanosomes in blood and tissues of a vertebrate host. Besides the conventional tumbling and directional swimming, T. carassii can change direction through a ‘whip-like’ motion or by swimming backward. Further, the posterior end can act as an anchoring site in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a vertebrate infection model that allows detailed imaging of trypanosome swimming behaviour in vivo in a natural host environment. Trypanosomes are one-celled parasites that cause the disease trypanosomiasis, which is also known as sleeping sickness. Trypanosomiasis is transmitted to humans and animals by a type of fly, known as tse-tse, which is commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa. A bite from the tse-tse fly transfers the trypanosome cells into the host’s bloodstream, where they spread from the blood to the internal organs and brain. This leads to a long-term illness, which can sometimes result in a coma and eventually death. Once in the blood trypanosomes move around using a structure similar to an underwater propeller called the flagellum. How the trypanosomes move and behave in the blood determines how the infection will progress. Until now it has only been possible to observe trypanosomes in plastic dishes or in blood drawn from infected patients. However, neither of these settings mimic the conditions of the bloodstream, and it is currently impossible to look inside human hosts to watch how trypanosomes move. To overcome this hurdle, Doro et al. infected zebrafish with Trypanosoma carassii, a close relative of the sub-Saharan trypanosomes that specifically infects fish. Zebrafish are transparent when young, making it possible to observe the parasite in the blood and tissues of live fish using a microscope. Doro et al. noticed that Trypanosoma carassii cells adapt to different environments in the host by using different swimming techniques. For example, in small capillaries trypanosomes were dragged along with the blood flow, whilst in larger vessels, when blood flow was slow or there were fewer red blood cells, trypanosomes actively swam against the current. The parasites were also able to change direction by using their flagella in a ‘whip-like’ motion. Lastly, it was discovered that Trypanosoma carassii could rapidly attach to blood vessel walls using one end of its cell body, even when blood flow was strong. This behaviour may help the parasites escape from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissues, making the infection more dangerous. Studying how trypanosomes infect zebrafish at this high level of detail provides new insights into how these parasites move and behave inside a host. An important question that remains to be answered, is how exactly the trypanosomes leave the bloodstream. A better understanding of the whole infection process may hint at new ways of fighting these deadly infections in future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Dóró
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sem H Jacobs
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ffion R Hammond
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Schipper
- Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Remco Pm Pieters
- Department of Animal Sciences, Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Department of Animal Sciences, Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Beneke T, Demay F, Hookway E, Ashman N, Jeffery H, Smith J, Valli J, Becvar T, Myskova J, Lestinova T, Shafiq S, Sadlova J, Volf P, Wheeler RJ, Gluenz E. Genetic dissection of a Leishmania flagellar proteome demonstrates requirement for directional motility in sand fly infections. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007828. [PMID: 31242261 PMCID: PMC6615630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses a single flagellum, which is remodelled during the parasite’s life cycle from a long motile flagellum in promastigote forms in the sand fly to a short immotile flagellum in amastigotes residing in mammalian phagocytes. This study examined the protein composition and in vivo function of the promastigote flagellum. Protein mass spectrometry and label free protein enrichment testing of isolated flagella and deflagellated cell bodies defined a flagellar proteome for L. mexicana promastigote forms (available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD011057). This information was used to generate a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout library of 100 mutants to screen for flagellar defects. This first large-scale knockout screen in a Leishmania sp. identified 56 mutants with altered swimming speed (52 reduced and 4 increased) and defined distinct mutant categories (faster swimmers, slower swimmers, slow uncoordinated swimmers and paralysed cells, including aflagellate promastigotes and cells with curled flagella and disruptions of the paraflagellar rod). Each mutant was tagged with a unique 17-nt barcode, providing a simple barcode sequencing (bar-seq) method for measuring the relative fitness of L. mexicana mutants in vivo. In mixed infections of the permissive sand fly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis, paralysed promastigotes and uncoordinated swimmers were severely diminished in the fly after defecation of the bloodmeal. Subsequent examination of flies infected with a single paralysed mutant lacking the central pair protein PF16 or an uncoordinated swimmer lacking the axonemal protein MBO2 showed that these promastigotes did not reach anterior regions of the fly alimentary tract. These data show that L. mexicana need directional motility for successful colonisation of sand flies. Leishmania are protozoan parasites, transmitted between mammals by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Promastigote forms in the sand fly have a long flagellum, which is motile and used for anchoring the parasites to prevent clearance with the digested blood meal remnants. To dissect flagellar functions and their importance in life cycle progression, we generated here a comprehensive list of >300 flagellar proteins and produced a CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockout library of 100 mutant Leishmania. We studied their behaviour in vitro before examining their fate in the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. Measuring mutant swimming speeds showed that about half behaved differently compared to the wild type: a few swam faster, many slower and some were completely paralysed. We also found a group of uncoordinated swimmers. To test whether flagellar motility is required for parasite migration from the fly midgut to the foregut from where they reach the next host, we infected sand flies with a mixed mutant population. Each mutant carried a unique tag and tracking these tags up to nine days after infection showed that paralysed and uncoordinated Leishmania were rapidly lost from flies. These data indicate that directional swimming is important for successful colonisation of sand flies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - François Demay
- University of Lille 1, Cité Scientifique, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Edward Hookway
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Ashman
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Jeffery
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Smith
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Valli
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Becvar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Myskova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Shahaan Shafiq
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jovana Sadlova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Richard John Wheeler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Gluenz
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Ceylan Koydemir H, Shimogawa MM, Yalcin S, Guziak A, Liu T, Oguz I, Huang Y, Bai B, Luo Y, Luo Y, Wei Z, Wang H, Bianco V, Zhang B, Nadkarni R, Hill K, Ozcan A. Motility-based label-free detection of parasites in bodily fluids using holographic speckle analysis and deep learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:108. [PMID: 30564314 PMCID: PMC6290798 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic infections constitute a major global public health issue. Existing screening methods that are based on manual microscopic examination often struggle to provide sufficient volumetric throughput and sensitivity to facilitate early diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate a motility-based label-free computational imaging platform to rapidly detect motile parasites in optically dense bodily fluids by utilizing the locomotion of the parasites as a specific biomarker and endogenous contrast mechanism. Based on this principle, a cost-effective and mobile instrument, which rapidly screens ~3.2 mL of fluid sample in three dimensions, was built to automatically detect and count motile microorganisms using their holographic time-lapse speckle patterns. We demonstrate the capabilities of our platform by detecting trypanosomes, which are motile protozoan parasites, with various species that cause deadly diseases affecting millions of people worldwide. Using a holographic speckle analysis algorithm combined with deep learning-based classification, we demonstrate sensitive and label-free detection of trypanosomes within spiked whole blood and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, achieving a limit of detection of ten trypanosomes per mL of whole blood (~five-fold better than the current state-of-the-art parasitological method) and three trypanosomes per mL of CSF. We further demonstrate that this platform can be applied to detect other motile parasites by imaging Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, which affects 275 million people worldwide. With its cost-effective, portable design and rapid screening time, this unique platform has the potential to be applied for sensitive and timely diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases caused by motile parasites and other parasitic infections in resource-limited regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Michelle M. Shimogawa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sener Yalcin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Guziak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Ilker Oguz
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yujia Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yilin Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhensong Wei
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hongda Wang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Rohan Nadkarni
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kent Hill
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krüger T, Schuster S, Engstler M. Beyond Blood: African Trypanosomes on the Move. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:1056-1067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
17
|
Mukhopadhyay AG, Dey CS. Effect of inhibition of axonemal dynein ATPases on the regulation of flagellar and ciliary waveforms in Leishmania parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 225:27-37. [PMID: 30145318 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes of the genus Leishmania swim by undulating motions of a single flagellum driven by axonemal dynein ATPases, essential for parasite survival and infectivity. The flagellum possesses two waveforms; flagellar (tip-to-base) responsible for forward movements and ciliary (base-to-tip) possibly responsible for reorientation in response to changes in surroundings. However, the role of dyneins in regulating the two waveforms remains unknown. Moreover, the unpredictable nature of the parasite ciliary waveform makes it difficult to study. We have previously reported a detergent-extracted, ATP-reactivated model ideal for investigating flagellar motility regulation in Leishmania that allows one to generate reactivated Leishmania flagella with constitutively beating ciliary waves in presence of cyclic-AMP. Here, using three dynein inhibitors [erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine, ciliobrevin A and vanadate] we investigated the role of dyneins in regulating the two waveforms of Leishmania. Using high speed videomicroscopy we observed differential inhibition of beat frequencies and waveforms of flagellar and ciliary beats in live (in vivo) and ATP-reactivated (in vitro) parasites. Beat frequency of flagellar waveform was more strongly reduced than ciliary waveform. Surprisingly, inhibition of the ciliary waveform led to an altered phenotype with the distal half of the flagellum paralysed. ATPase assays confirmed that dynein activity of flagellar cells was more strongly inhibited compared to ciliary cells irrespective of the mechanism of inhibition. Possibly the two different waveforms are an outcome of changes in the mechanical properties of axonemal dyneins present at the tip of the flagellum that contains a sliding resistive structure. Our study suggests that dyneins responsible for the two waveforms in Leishmania bear different structural and functional conformations. Moreover, during ciliary beating, there is heterogeneity along the flagellum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Gautam Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parasite motility is critical for virulence of African trypanosomes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9122. [PMID: 29904094 PMCID: PMC6002391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes, Trypanosoma brucei spp., are lethal pathogens that cause substantial human suffering and limit economic development in some of the world's most impoverished regions. The name Trypanosoma ("auger cell") derives from the parasite's distinctive motility, which is driven by a single flagellum. However, despite decades of study, a requirement for trypanosome motility in mammalian host infection has not been established. LC1 is a conserved dynein subunit required for flagellar motility. Prior studies with a conditional RNAi-based LC1 mutant, RNAi-K/R, revealed that parasites with defective motility could infect mice. However, RNAi-K/R retained residual expression of wild-type LC1 and residual motility, thus precluding definitive interpretation. To overcome these limitations, here we generate constitutive mutants in which both LC1 alleles are replaced with mutant versions. These double knock-in mutants show reduced motility compared to RNAi-K/R and are viable in culture, but are unable to maintain bloodstream infection in mice. The virulence defect is independent of infection route but dependent on an intact host immune system. By comparing different mutants, we also reveal a critical dependence on the LC1 N-terminus for motility and virulence. Our findings demonstrate that trypanosome motility is critical for establishment and maintenance of bloodstream infection, implicating dynein-dependent flagellar motility as a potential drug target.
Collapse
|
19
|
The Fantastic Voyage of the Trypanosome: A Protean Micromachine Perfected during 500 Million Years of Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9020063. [PMID: 30393339 PMCID: PMC6187515 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The human body is constantly attacked by pathogens. Various lines of defence have evolved, among which the immune system is principal. In contrast to most pathogens, the African trypanosomes thrive freely in the blood circulation, where they escape immune destruction by antigenic variation and incessant motility. These unicellular parasites are flagellate microswimmers that also withstand the harsh mechanical forces prevailing in the bloodstream. They undergo complex developmental cycles in the bloodstream and organs of the mammalian host, as well as the disease-transmitting tsetse fly. Each life cycle stage has been shaped by evolution for manoeuvring in distinct microenvironments. Here, we introduce trypanosomes as blueprints for nature-inspired design of trypanobots, micromachines that, in the future, could explore the human body without affecting its physiology. We review cell biological and biophysical aspects of trypanosome motion. While this could provide a basis for the engineering of microbots, their actuation and control still appear more like fiction than science. Here, we discuss potentials and challenges of trypanosome-inspired microswimmer robots.
Collapse
|
20
|
Muthinja JM, Ripp J, Krüger T, Imle A, Haraszti T, Fackler OT, Spatz JP, Engstler M, Frischknecht F. Tailored environments to study motile cells and pathogens. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20. [PMID: 29316156 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motile cells and pathogens migrate in complex environments and yet are mostly studied on simple 2D substrates. In order to mimic the diverse environments of motile cells, a set of assays including substrates of defined elasticity, microfluidics, micropatterns, organotypic cultures, and 3D gels have been developed. We briefly introduce these and then focus on the use of micropatterned pillar arrays, which help to bridge the gap between 2D and 3D. These structures are made from polydimethylsiloxane, a moldable plastic, and their use has revealed new insights into mechanoperception in Caenorhabditis elegans, gliding motility of Plasmodium, swimming of trypanosomes, and nuclear stability in cancer cells. These studies contributed to our understanding of how the environment influences the respective cell and inform on how the cells adapt to their natural surroundings on a cellular and molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Mendi Muthinja
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Ripp
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Krüger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Imle
- Integrative Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tamás Haraszti
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Deutsches Wollforschungsinstitut-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Integrative Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Integrative Parasitology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mukhopadhyay AG, Dey CS. Role of calmodulin and calcineurin in regulating flagellar motility and wave polarity in Leishmania. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3221-3228. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5608-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
22
|
Schuster S, Krüger T, Subota I, Thusek S, Rotureau B, Beilhack A, Engstler M. Developmental adaptations of trypanosome motility to the tsetse fly host environments unravel a multifaceted in vivo microswimmer system. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28807106 PMCID: PMC5570225 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly motile and versatile protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei undergoes a complex life cycle in the tsetse fly. Here we introduce the host insect as an expedient model environment for microswimmer research, as it allows examination of microbial motion within a diversified, secluded and yet microscopically tractable space. During their week-long journey through the different microenvironments of the fly´s interior organs, the incessantly swimming trypanosomes cross various barriers and confined surroundings, with concurrently occurring major changes of parasite cell architecture. Multicolour light sheet fluorescence microscopy provided information about tsetse tissue topology with unprecedented resolution and allowed the first 3D analysis of the infection process. High-speed fluorescence microscopy illuminated the versatile behaviour of trypanosome developmental stages, ranging from solitary motion and near-wall swimming to collective motility in synchronised swarms and in confinement. We correlate the microenvironments and trypanosome morphologies to high-speed motility data, which paves the way for cross-disciplinary microswimmer research in a naturally evolved environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schuster
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Timothy Krüger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Subota
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sina Thusek
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur and INSERM U1201, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Daum B, Vonck J, Bellack A, Chaudhury P, Reichelt R, Albers SV, Rachel R, Kühlbrandt W. Structure and in situ organisation of the Pyrococcus furiosus archaellum machinery. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28653905 PMCID: PMC5517150 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The archaellum is the macromolecular machinery that Archaea use for propulsion or surface adhesion, enabling them to proliferate and invade new territories. The molecular composition of the archaellum and of the motor that drives it appears to be entirely distinct from that of the functionally equivalent bacterial flagellum and flagellar motor. Yet, the structure of the archaellum machinery is scarcely known. Using combined modes of electron cryo-microscopy (cryoEM), we have solved the structure of the Pyrococcus furiosus archaellum filament at 4.2 Å resolution and visualise the architecture and organisation of its motor complex in situ. This allows us to build a structural model combining the archaellum and its motor complex, paving the way to a molecular understanding of archaeal swimming motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Daum
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.,Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,College of Physics, Engineering and Physical Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Vonck
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annett Bellack
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Paushali Chaudhury
- Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Reichelt
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sonja-Verena Albers
- Institute of Biology II, Molecular Biology of Archaea, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Institute of Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reactivation of flagellar motility in demembranated Leishmania reveals role of cAMP in flagellar wave reversal to ciliary waveform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37308. [PMID: 27849021 PMCID: PMC5110981 DOI: 10.1038/srep37308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellum of parasitic trypanosomes is a multifunctional appendage essential for its viability and infectivity. However, the biological mechanisms that make the flagellum so dynamic remains unexplored. No method is available to access and induce axonemal motility at will to decipher motility regulation in trypanosomes. For the first time we report the development of a detergent-extracted/demembranated ATP-reactivated model for studying flagellar motility in Leishmania. Flagellar beat parameters of reactivated parasites were similar to live ones. Using this model we discovered that cAMP (both exogenous and endogenous) induced flagellar wave reversal to a ciliary waveform in reactivated parasites via cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. The effect was reversible and highly specific. Such an effect of cAMP on the flagellar waveform has never been observed before in any organism. Flagellar wave reversal allows parasites to change direction of swimming. Our findings suggest a possible cAMP-dependent mechanism by which Leishmania responds to its surrounding microenvironment, necessary for its survival. Our demembranated-reactivated model not only serves as an important tool for functional studies of flagellated eukaryotic parasites but has the potential to understand ciliary motility regulation with possible implication on human ciliopathies.
Collapse
|
25
|
Hochstetter A, Pfohl T. Motility, Force Generation, and Energy Consumption of Unicellular Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2016; 32:531-541. [PMID: 27157805 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Motility is a key factor for pathogenicity of unicellular parasites, enabling them to infiltrate and evade host cells, and perform several of their life-cycle events. State-of-the-art methods of motility analysis rely on a combination of optical tweezers with high-resolution microscopy and microfluidics. With this technology, propulsion forces, energies, and power generation can be determined so as to shed light on the motion mechanisms, chemotactic behavior, and specific survival strategies of unicellular parasites. With these new tools in hand, we can elucidate the mechanisms of motility and force generation of unicellular parasites, and identify ways to manipulate and eventually inhibit them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Hochstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Perdomo D, Bonhivers M, Robinson DR. The Trypanosome Flagellar Pocket Collar and Its Ring Forming Protein-TbBILBO1. Cells 2016; 5:cells5010009. [PMID: 26950156 PMCID: PMC4810094 DOI: 10.3390/cells5010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei are the causal agents of human African sleeping sickness and Nagana in domesticated livestock. These pathogens have developed an organelle-like compartment called the flagellar pocket (FP). The FP carries out endo- and exocytosis and is the only structure this parasite has evolved to do so. The FP is essential for parasite viability, making it an interesting structure to evaluate as a drug target, especially since it has an indispensible cytoskeleton component called the flagellar pocket collar (FPC). The FPC is located at the neck of the FP where the flagellum exits the cell. The FPC has a complex architecture and division cycle, but little is known concerning its organization. Recent work has focused on understanding how the FP and the FPC are formed and as a result of these studies an important calcium-binding, polymer-forming protein named TbBILBO1 was identified. Cellular biology analysis of TbBILBO1 has demonstrated its uniqueness as a FPC component and until recently, it was unknown what structural role it played in forming the FPC. This review summarizes the recent data on the polymer forming properties of TbBILBO1 and how these are correlated to the FP cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doranda Perdomo
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Mélanie Bonhivers
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Derrick R Robinson
- CNRS, Microbiology Fundamental and Pathogenicity, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bargul JL, Jung J, McOdimba FA, Omogo CO, Adung’a VO, Krüger T, Masiga DK, Engstler M. Species-Specific Adaptations of Trypanosome Morphology and Motility to the Mammalian Host. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005448. [PMID: 26871910 PMCID: PMC4752354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes thrive in the bloodstream and tissue spaces of a wide range of mammalian hosts. Infections of cattle cause an enormous socio-economic burden in sub-Saharan Africa. A hallmark of the trypanosome lifestyle is the flagellate's incessant motion. This work details the cell motility behavior of the four livestock-parasites Trypanosoma vivax, T. brucei, T. evansi and T. congolense. The trypanosomes feature distinct swimming patterns, speeds and flagellar wave frequencies, although the basic mechanism of flagellar propulsion is conserved, as is shown by extended single flagellar beat analyses. Three-dimensional analyses of the trypanosomes expose a high degree of dynamic pleomorphism, typified by the 'cellular waveform'. This is a product of the flagellar oscillation, the chirality of the flagellum attachment and the stiffness of the trypanosome cell body. The waveforms are characteristic for each trypanosome species and are influenced by changes of the microenvironment, such as differences in viscosity and the presence of confining obstacles. The distinct cellular waveforms may be reflective of the actual anatomical niches the parasites populate within their mammalian host. T. vivax displays waveforms optimally aligned to the topology of the bloodstream, while the two subspecies T. brucei and T. evansi feature distinct cellular waveforms, both additionally adapted to motion in more confined environments such as tissue spaces. T. congolense reveals a small and stiff waveform, which makes these parasites weak swimmers and destined for cell adherence in low flow areas of the circulation. Thus, our experiments show that the differential dissemination and annidation of trypanosomes in their mammalian hosts may depend on the distinct swimming capabilities of the parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel L. Bargul
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jamin Jung
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francis A. McOdimba
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins O. Omogo
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vincent O. Adung’a
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Timothy Krüger
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel K. Masiga
- Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Markus Engstler
- Lehrstuhl für Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Biozentrum, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|