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Horta MF, Andrade LO, Martins-Duarte ÉS, Castro-Gomes T. Cell invasion by intracellular parasites - the many roads to infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/4/jcs232488. [PMID: 32079731 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.232488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular parasites from the genera Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania and from the phylum Microsporidia are, respectively, the causative agents of toxoplasmosis, malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and microsporidiosis, illnesses that kill millions of people around the globe. Crossing the host cell plasma membrane (PM) is an obstacle these parasites must overcome to establish themselves intracellularly and so cause diseases. The mechanisms of cell invasion are quite diverse and include (1) formation of moving junctions that drive parasites into host cells, as for the protozoans Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., (2) subversion of endocytic pathways used by the host cell to repair PM, as for Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania, (3) induction of phagocytosis as for Leishmania or (4) endocytosis of parasites induced by specialized structures, such as the polar tubes present in microsporidian species. Understanding the early steps of cell entry is essential for the development of vaccines and drugs for the prevention or treatment of these diseases, and thus enormous research efforts have been made to unveil their underlying biological mechanisms. This Review will focus on these mechanisms and the factors involved, with an emphasis on the recent insights into the cell biology of invasion by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fátima Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana Oliveira Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Érica Santos Martins-Duarte
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Castro-Gomes
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
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Pavlou G, Tardieux I. Phenotyping Toxoplasma Invasive Skills by Fast Live Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2071:209-220. [PMID: 31758455 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9857-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Host cell invasion by Toxoplasma gondii/T. gondii tachyzoites is an obligate but complex multistep process occurring in second-scale. To capture the dynamic nature of the whole entry process requires fast and high-resolution live cell imaging. Recent advances in T. gondii/host cell genome editing and in quantitative live cell imaging-image acquisition and processing included-provide a systematic way to accurately phenotype T. gondii tachyzoite invasive behaviour and to highlight any variation or default from a standard scenario. Therefore, applying these combined strategies allows gaining deeper insights into the complex mechanisms underlying host cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pavlou
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.
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Nguyen MT, Luqman A, Bitschar K, Hertlein T, Dick J, Ohlsen K, Bröker B, Schittek B, Götz F. Staphylococcal (phospho)lipases promote biofilm formation and host cell invasion. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:653-663. [PMID: 29203111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most Staphylococcus aureus strains secrete two lipases SAL1 and SAL2 encoded by gehA and gehB. These two lipases differ with respect to their substrate specificity. Staphylococcus hyicus secretes another lipase, SHL, which is in contrast to S. aureus lipases Ca2+-dependent and has a broad-spectrum lipase and phospholipase activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of staphylococcal (phospho) lipases in virulence. For this we constructed a gehA-gehB double deletion mutant in S. aureus USA300 and expressed SHL in agr-positive (accessory gene regulator) and agr-negative S. aureus strains. The lipases themselves have no hemolytic or cytotoxic activity. However, in agr-negative strains SHL-expression caused an upregulation of hemolytic activity. We further show that SHL-expression significantly enhanced biofilm formation probably due to an increase of extracellular DNA release. SHL-expression also increased host cell invasion 4-6-fold. Trioleate, a main triacylglycerol component of mammalian skin, induced lipase production. Finally, in the mouse sepsis and skin colonization models the lipase producing and mutant strain showed no significant difference compared to the WT strain. In conclusion, we show that staphylococcal lipases promote biofilm formation and host cell invasion and thereby contribute to S. aureus virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Thu Nguyen
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; School of Biological and Food Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Arif Luqman
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia
| | | | - Tobias Hertlein
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Dick
- Institue of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Bröker
- Institue of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Department of Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Ferreira ÉR, Bonfim-Melo A, Cordero EM, Mortara RA. ERM Proteins Play Distinct Roles in Cell Invasion by Extracellular Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2230. [PMID: 29209287 PMCID: PMC5702390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease. In mammalian hosts, T. cruzi alternates between trypomastigote and amastigote forms. Additionally, trypomastigotes can differentiate into amastigotes in the extracellular environment generating infective extracellular amastigotes (EAs). Ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) are key proteins linking plasma membrane to actin filaments, the major host cell component responsible for EA internalization. Our results revealed that depletion of host ezrin and radixin but not moesin inhibited EAs invasion in HeLa cells. ERM are recruited and colocalize with F-actin at EA invasion sites as shown by confocal microscopy. Invasion assays performed with cells overexpressing ERM showed increased EAs invasion in ezrin and radixin but not moesin overexpressing cells. Finally, time-lapse experiments have shown altered actin dynamics leading to delayed EA internalization in ezrin and radixin depleted cells when compared to control or moesin depleted cells. Altogether, these findings show distinct roles of ERM during EAs invasion, possibly regulating F-actin dynamics and plasma membrane interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éden R Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexis Bonfim-Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Esteban M Cordero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gras S, Jackson A, Woods S, Pall G, Whitelaw J, Leung JM, Ward GE, Roberts CW, Meissner M. Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28630943 PMCID: PMC5473411 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in
Toxoplasma gondii.
Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and
in vivo virulence.
Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of
mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection
in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of
mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of
mic2 causes delayed host cell egress
in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways.
Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Allison Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gurman Pall
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jamie Whitelaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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Gras S, Jackson A, Woods S, Pall G, Whitelaw J, Leung JM, Ward GE, Roberts CW, Meissner M. Parasites lacking the micronemal protein MIC2 are deficient in surface attachment and host cell egress, but remain virulent in vivo. Wellcome Open Res 2017. [PMID: 28630943 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11594.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Micronemal proteins of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family are believed to play essential roles during gliding motility and host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites, and currently represent major vaccine candidates against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. However, recent evidence suggests that they play multiple and different roles than previously assumed. Here, we analyse a null mutant for MIC2, the TRAP homolog in Toxoplasma gondii. Methods: We performed a careful analysis of parasite motility in a 3D-environment, attachment under shear stress conditions, host cell invasion and in vivo virulence. Results: We verified the role of MIC2 in efficient surface attachment, but were unable to identify any direct function of MIC2 in sustaining gliding motility or host cell invasion once initiated. Furthermore, we find that deletion of mic2 causes a slightly delayed infection in vivo, leading only to mild attenuation of virulence; like with wildtype parasites, inoculation with even low numbers of mic2 KO parasites causes lethal disease in mice. However, deletion of mic2 causes delayed host cell egress in vitro, possibly via disrupted signal transduction pathways. Conclusions: We confirm a critical role of MIC2 in parasite attachment to the surface, leading to reduced parasite motility and host cell invasion. However, MIC2 appears to not be critical for gliding motility or host cell invasion, since parasite speed during these processes is unaffected. Furthermore, deletion of MIC2 leads only to slight attenuation of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gras
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Allison Jackson
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart Woods
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Gurman Pall
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jamie Whitelaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Craig W Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, G4 0RE, UK
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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Lazzarin M, Mu R, Fabbrini M, Ghezzo C, Rinaudo CD, Doran KS, Margarit I. Contribution of pilus type 2b to invasive disease caused by a Streptococcus agalactiae ST-17 strain. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:148. [PMID: 28673237 PMCID: PMC5496222 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of invasive disease especially in neonates. In GBS three structurally distinct pilus polymers have been identified as important virulence factors and promising vaccine candidates. The vast majority of Group B Streptococci belonging to the hypervirulent serotype III ST-17 lineage bear pilus types 1 and 2b. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative contribution of these two pilus types to the pathogenesis of a ST-17 strain. Results We performed in vivo and in vitro analysis of isogenic knockout mutants derived from the GBS COH1 ST-17 strain deprived of either pilus type 1 or 2b. We compared the two pilus mutants with the wild type strain in a mouse model of invasive disease, in vitro survival in macrophages, and adherence/invasion assays using human brain endothelial and lung epithelial cell lines. Significantly less of the pilus 2b mutant was recovered from the blood, lungs and brain tissue of infected mice compared to the wild-type and pilus 1 mutant strains. Further, while the pilus 2b mutant survived similarly in murine macrophages, it exhibited a lower capacity to adhere and invade human brain epithelial and lung endothelial cell lines. Conclusions The data suggest an important role of pilus 2b in mediating GBS infection and host cell interaction of strains belonging to the hypervirulent GBS ST-17 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rong Mu
- Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., NLS 317, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., NLS 317, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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8
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Macedo S, Rodrigues JPF, Schenkman S, Yoshida N. Beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol inhibits mammalian cell lysosome spreading and invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic forms. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:295-301. [PMID: 28111357 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) in host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigote (MT) is not known. We examined whether isoproterenol, an agonist of β-AR, or nonselective β-blocker propranolol affected MT internalization mediated the stage-specific surface molecule gp82. Treatment of HeLa cells with propranolol significantly inhibited MT invasion whereas isoproterenol had no effect. Propranolol, but not isoproterenol, also inhibited the lysosome spreading required for gp82-dependent MT invasion. The effect of propranolol in inhibiting MT internalization was not due to the prevention of gp82 interaction with β-AR. It was mainly associated with its ability to impair lysosome spreading.
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Whitelaw JA, Latorre-Barragan F, Gras S, Pall GS, Leung JM, Heaslip A, Egarter S, Andenmatten N, Nelson SR, Warshaw DM, Ward GE, Meissner M. Surface attachment, promoted by the actomyosin system of Toxoplasma gondii is important for efficient gliding motility and invasion. BMC Biol 2017; 15:1. [PMID: 28100223 PMCID: PMC5242020 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apicomplexan parasites employ a unique form of movement, termed gliding motility, in order to invade the host cell. This movement depends on the parasite’s actomyosin system, which is thought to generate the force during gliding. However, recent evidence questions the exact molecular role of this system, since mutants for core components of the gliding machinery, such as parasite actin or subunits of the MyoA-motor complex (the glideosome), remain motile and invasive, albeit at significantly reduced efficiencies. While compensatory mechanisms and unusual polymerisation kinetics of parasite actin have been evoked to explain these findings, the actomyosin system could also play a role distinct from force production during parasite movement. Results In this study, we compared the phenotypes of different mutants for core components of the actomyosin system in Toxoplasma gondii to decipher their exact role during gliding motility and invasion. We found that, while some phenotypes (apicoplast segregation, host cell egress, dense granule motility) appeared early after induction of the act1 knockout and went to completion, a small percentage of the parasites remained capable of motility and invasion well past the point at which actin levels were undetectable. Those act1 conditional knockout (cKO) and mlc1 cKO that continue to move in 3D do so at speeds similar to wildtype parasites. However, these mutants are virtually unable to attach to a collagen-coated substrate under flow conditions, indicating an important role for the actomyosin system of T. gondii in the formation of attachment sites. Conclusion We demonstrate that parasite actin is essential during the lytic cycle and cannot be compensated by other molecules. Our data suggest a conventional polymerisation mechanism in vivo that depends on a critical concentration of G-actin. Importantly, we demonstrate that the actomyosin system of the parasite functions in attachment to the surface substrate, and not necessarily as force generator. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0343-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Whitelaw
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Fernanda Latorre-Barragan
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Simon Gras
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gurman S Pall
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Myers Hall 240, 915 E 3rd St Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.,University of Vermont, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Aoife Heaslip
- University of Vermont, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Saskia Egarter
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Nicole Andenmatten
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Shane R Nelson
- University of Vermont, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - David M Warshaw
- University of Vermont, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
| | - Gary E Ward
- University of Vermont, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Markus Meissner
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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Strobel M, Pförtner H, Tuchscherr L, Völker U, Schmidt F, Kramko N, Schnittler HJ, Fraunholz MJ, Löffler B, Peters G, Niemann S. Post-invasion events after infection with Staphylococcus aureus are strongly dependent on both the host cell type and the infecting S. aureus strain. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:799-809. [PMID: 27393124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Host cell invasion is a major feature of Staphylococcus aureus and contributes to infection development. The intracellular metabolically active bacteria can induce host cell activation and death but they can also persist for long time periods. In this study a comparative analysis was performed of different well-characterized S. aureus strains in their interaction with a variety of host cell types. Staphylococcus aureus (strains 6850, USA300, LS1, SH1000, Cowan1) invasion was compared in different human cell types (epithelial and endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts). The number of intracellular bacteria was determined, cell inflammation was investigated, as well as cell death and phagosomal escape of bacteria. To explain strain-dependent differences in the secretome, a proteomic approach was used. Barrier cells took up high amounts of bacteria and were killed by aggressive strains. These strains expressed high levels of toxins, and possessed the ability to escape from phagolysosomes. Osteoblasts and keratinocytes ingested less bacteria, and were not killed, even though the primary osteoblasts were strongly activated by S. aureus. In all cell types S. aureus was able to persist. Strong differences in uptake, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory response were observed between primary cells and their corresponding cell lines, demonstrating that cell lines reflect only partially the functions and physiology of primary cells. This study provides a contribution for a better understanding of the pathomechanisms of S. aureus infections. The proteomic data provide important basic knowledge on strains commonly used in the analysis of S. aureus-host cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Strobel
- University Hospital of Muenster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Muenster, Germany
| | - H Pförtner
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - L Tuchscherr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - U Völker
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - F Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - N Kramko
- Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Muenster, Germany
| | - H-J Schnittler
- Westfaelische-Wilhelms University, Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Muenster, Germany
| | - M J Fraunholz
- Department of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - B Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - G Peters
- University Hospital of Muenster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Muenster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Niemann
- University Hospital of Muenster, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Muenster, Germany.
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11
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Maeda FY, Clemente TM, Macedo S, Cortez C, Yoshida N. Host cell invasion and oral infection by Trypanosoma cruzi strains of genetic groups TcI and TcIV from chagasic patients. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:189. [PMID: 27038796 PMCID: PMC4818890 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of acute Chagas disease by oral infection have been reported frequently over the last ten years, with higher incidence in northern South America, where Trypanosoma cruzi lineage TcI predominates, being responsible for the major cause of resurgent human disease, and a small percentage is identified as TcIV. Mechanisms of oral infection and host-cell invasion by these parasites are poorly understood. To address that question, we analyzed T. cruzi strains isolated from chagasic patients in Venezuela, Guatemala and Brazil. METHODS Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes were orally inoculated into mice. The mouse stomach collected four days later, as well as the stomach and the heart collected 30 days post-infection, were processed for histological analysis. Assays to mimic parasite migration through the gastric mucus layer were performed by counting the parasites that traversed gastric mucin-coated transwell filters. For cell invasion assays, human epithelial HeLa cells were incubated with metacyclic forms and the number of internalized parasites was counted. RESULTS All TcI and TcIV T. cruzi strains were poorly infective by the oral route. Parasites were either undetectable or were detected in small numbers in the mouse stomach four days post oral administration. Replicating parasites were found in the stomach and/or in the heart 30 days post-infection. As compared to TcI lineage, the migration capacity of TcIV parasites through the gastric mucin-coated filter was higher but lower than that exhibited by TcVI metacyclic forms previously shown to be highly infective by the oral route. Expression of pepsin-resistant gp90, the surface molecule that downregulates cell invasion, was higher in TcI than in TcIV parasites and, accordingly, the invasion capacity of TcIV metacyclic forms was higher. Gp90 molecules spontaneously released by TcI metacyclic forms inhibited the parasite entry into host cells. TcI parasites exhibited low intracellular replication rate. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the poor capacity of TcI lineage, and to a lesser degree of TcIV parasites, in invading gastric epithelium after oral infection of mice may be associated with the inefficiency of metacyclic forms, in particular of TcI parasites, to migrate through the gastric mucus layer, to invade target epithelial cells and to replicate intracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Yukio Maeda
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Mordente Clemente
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silene Macedo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Bhardwaj R, Shakri AR, Hans D, Gupta P, Fernandez-Becerra C, Del Portillo HA, Pandey G, Chitnis CE. Production of recombinant PvDBPII, receptor binding domain of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein, and evaluation of immunogenicity to identify an adjuvant formulation for vaccine development. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 136:52-57. [PMID: 26578115 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is dependent on interaction with the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC) for invasion of human erythrocytes. The P. vivax Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) mediates interaction of P. vivax merozoites with DARC. The DARC receptor-binding domain lies in a conserved N-terminal cysteine-rich region of PvDBP referred to as region II (PvDBPII). PvDBPII is an attractive vaccine candidate since antibodies raised against PvDBPII block erythrocyte invasion by P. vivax. Here, we describe methods to produce recombinant PvDBPII in its correctly folded conformation. A synthetic gene optimized for expression of PvDBPII in Escherichia coli and fed batch fermentation process based on exponential feeding strategy was used to achieve high levels of expression of recombinant PvDBPII. Recombinant PvDBPII was isolated from inclusion bodies, refolded by rapid dilution and purified by ion exchange chromatography. Purified recombinant PvDBPII was characterized for identity, purity and functional activity using standardized release assays. Recombinant PvDBPII formulated with various human compatible adjuvants including glycosylpyranosyl lipid A-stable emulsion (GLA-SE) and alhydrogel was used for immunogenicity studies in small animals to downselect a suitable formulation for clinical development. Sera collected from immunized animals were tested for recognition of PvDBPII and inhibition of PvDBPII-DARC binding. GLA-SE formulations of PvDBPII yielded higher ELISA and binding inhibition titres compared to PvDBPII formulated with alhydrogel. These data support further development of a recombinant vaccine for P. vivax based on PvDBPII formulated with GLA-SE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Protozoan/genetics
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Malaria Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Malaria Vaccines/genetics
- Malaria Vaccines/immunology
- Malaria Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/immunology
- Protein Domains
- Protozoan Proteins/biosynthesis
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Cell Surface/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukmini Bhardwaj
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Ahmad Rushdi Shakri
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Dhiraj Hans
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Hernando A Del Portillo
- Barcelona Centre for International Health (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaurav Pandey
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program (MVDP), New Delhi, India
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India.
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13
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D'Ascenzio M, Bizzarri B, De Monte C, Carradori S, Bolasco A, Secci D, Rivanera D, Faulhaber N, Bordón C, Jones-Brando L. Design, synthesis and biological characterization of thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as promising inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:17-30. [PMID: 25140751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a large number of novel thiazolidin-4-one derivatives for the evaluation of their anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity. This scaffold was functionalized at the N1-hydrazine portion with aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and (hetero)aromatic moieties. Then, a benzyl pendant was introduced at the lactamic NH of the core nucleus to evaluate the influence of this chemical modification on biological activity. The compounds were subjected to several in vitro assays to assess their anti-parasitic efficacy, cytotoxicity on fibroblasts, inhibition of tachyzoite invasion/attachment and replication after treatment. Results showed that fourteen of these thiazole-based compounds compare favorably to control compound trimethoprim in terms of parasite growth inhibition.
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