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Milo S, Namawejje R, Krispin R, Covo S. Dynamic responses of Fusarium mangiferae to ultra-violet radiation. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1714-1723. [PMID: 38575245 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The repair capacity of ultra-violet (UV) light DNA damage is important for adaptation of fungi to different ecological niches. We previously showed that in the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum photo-reactivation dependent UV repair is induced at the germling stage and reduced at the filament stage. Here, we tested the developmental control of the transcription of photolyase, UV survival, UV repair capacity, and UV induced mutagenesis in the foliar pathogen Fusarium mangiferae. Unlike F. oxysporum, neither did we observe developmental control over photo-reactivation dependent repair nor the changes in gene expression of photolyase throughout the experiment. Similarly, photo-reactivation assisted reduction in UV induced mutagenesis was similar throughout the development of F. mangiferae but fluctuated during the development of F. oxysporum. To generate hypotheses regarding the recovery of F. mangiferae after UV exposure, an RNAseq analysis was performed after irradiation at different timepoints. The most striking effect of UV on F. mangiferae was developmental-dependent induction of translation related genes. We further report a complex response that changes during recovery time and involves translation, cell cycle and lipid biology related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Milo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Israel
| | - Ritah Namawejje
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Roi Krispin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment. the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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Pérez-Lara G, Olivares-Yañez C, van Bakel H, Larrondo LF, Canessa P. Genome-Wide Characterization of Light-Regulated Gene Expression in Botrytis cinerea Reveals Underlying Complex Photobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8705. [PMID: 37240051 PMCID: PMC10218500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus characterized mainly by its wide host range of infected plants. The deletion of the white-collar-1 gene (bcwcl1), which encodes for a blue-light receptor/transcription factor, causes a decrease in virulence, particularly when assays are conducted in the presence of light or photocycles. However, despite ample characterization, the extent of the light-modulated transcriptional responses regulated by BcWCL1 remains unknown. In this study, pathogen and pathogen:host RNA-seq analyses, conducted during non-infective in vitro plate growth and when infecting Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, respectively, informed on the global gene expression patterns after a 60 min light pulse on the wild-type B05.10 or ∆bcwcl1 B. cinerea strains. The results revealed a complex fungal photobiology, where the mutant did not react to the light pulse during its interaction with the plant. Indeed, when infecting Arabidopsis, no photoreceptor-encoding genes were upregulated upon the light pulse in the ∆bcwcl1 mutant. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in B. cinerea under non-infecting conditions were predominantly related to decreased energy production in response to the light pulse. In contrast, DEGs during infection significantly differ in the B05.10 strain and the ∆bcwcl1 mutant. Upon illumination at 24 h post-infection in planta, a decrease in the B. cinerea virulence-associated transcripts was observed. Accordingly, after a light pulse, biological functions associated with plant defense appear enriched among light-repressed genes in fungus-infected plants. Taken together, our results show the main transcriptomic differences between wild-type B. cinerea B05.10 and ∆bcwcl1 after a 60 min light pulse when growing saprophytically on a Petri dish and necrotrophically over A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pérez-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
| | - Consuelo Olivares-Yañez
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
- Departamento de Genetica Molecular y Microbiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 7500565, Chile
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Xia Y, Ding X, Wang S, Ren W. Circadian orchestration of host and gut microbiota in infection. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:115-131. [PMID: 36106627 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are present in almost every organism and regulate multiple aspects of biological and physiological processes (e.g. metabolism, immune responses, and microbial exposure). There exists a bidirectional circadian interaction between the host and its gut microbiota, and potential circadian orchestration of both host and gut microbiota in response to invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize what is known about these intestinal microbial oscillations and the relationships between host circadian clocks and various infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses), and discuss how host circadian clocks prime the immune system to fight pathogen infections as well as the direct effects of circadian clocks on viral activity (e.g. SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication). Finally, we consider strategies employed to realign normal circadian rhythmicity for host health, such as chronotherapy, dietary intervention, good sleep hygiene, and gut microbiota-targeted therapy. We propose that targeting circadian rhythmicity may provide therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Xia
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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4
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Cai Y, Chen X, Li P, Ren W, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Zhu P, Toyoda H, Xu L. Phosphorylation status of a conserved residue in the adenylate cyclase of Botrytis cinerea is involved in regulating photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythm, and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1112584. [PMID: 36876105 PMCID: PMC9975511 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1112584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase (AC) regulates growth, reproduction, and pathogenicity in many fungi by synthesizing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and activating downstream protein kinase A (PKA). Botrytis cinerea is a typical necrotrophic plant-pathogenic fungus. It shows a typical photomorphogenic phenotype of conidiation under light and sclerotia formation under dark; both are important reproduction structures for the dispersal and stress resistance of the fungus. The report of B. cinerea adenylate cyclase (BAC) mutation showed it affects the production of conidia and sclerotia. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP signaling pathways in photomorphogenesis have not been clarified. In this study, the S1407 site was proven to be an important conserved residue in the PP2C domain which poses a remarkable impact on the phosphorylation levels and enzyme activity of the BAC and the overall phosphorylation status of total proteins. The point mutation bacS1407P , complementation bacP1407S , phosphomimetic mutation bacS1407D , and phosphodeficient mutation bacS1407A strains were used for comparison with the light receptor white-collar mutant Δbcwcl1 to elucidate the relationship between the cAMP signaling pathway and the light response. The comparison of photomorphogenesis and pathogenicity phenotype, evaluation of circadian clock components, and expression analysis of light response transcription factor genes Bcltf1, Bcltf2, and Bcltf3 showed that the cAMP signaling pathway could stabilize the circadian rhythm that is associated with pathogenicity, conidiation, and sclerotium production. Collectively, this reveals that the conserved S1407 residue of BAC is a vital phosphorylation site to regulate the cAMP signaling pathway and affects the photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythm, and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Cai
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peixuan Li
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiheng Ren
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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5
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Henríquez-Urrutia M, Spanner R, Olivares-Yánez C, Seguel-Avello A, Pérez-Lara R, Guillén-Alonso H, Winkler R, Herrera-Estrella AH, Canessa P, Larrondo LF. Circadian oscillations in Trichoderma atroviride and the role of core clock components in secondary metabolism, development, and mycoparasitism against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. eLife 2022; 11:71358. [PMID: 35950750 PMCID: PMC9427114 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are important for an individual’s fitness, and recent studies have underlined their role in the outcome of biological interactions. However, the relevance of circadian clocks in fungal–fungal interactions remains largely unexplored. We sought to characterize a functional clock in the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride to assess its importance in the mycoparasitic interaction against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Thus, we confirmed the existence of circadian rhythms in T. atroviride, which are temperature-compensated and modulated by environmental cues such as light and temperature. Nevertheless, the presence of such molecular rhythms appears to be highly dependent on the nutritional composition of the media. Complementation of a clock null (Δfrq) Neurospora crassa strain with the T. atroviride-negative clock component (tafrq) restored core clock function, with the same period observed in the latter fungus, confirming the role of tafrq as a bona fide core clock component. Confrontation assays between wild-type and clock mutant strains of T. atroviride and B. cinerea, in constant light or darkness, revealed an inhibitory effect of light on T. atroviride’s mycoparasitic capabilities. Interestingly, when confrontation assays were performed under light/dark cycles, T. atroviride’s overgrowth capacity was enhanced when inoculations were at dawn compared to dusk. Deleting the core clock-negative element FRQ in B. cinerea, but not in T. atroviride, was vital for the daily differential phenotype, suggesting that the B. cinerea clock has a more significant influence on the result of this interaction. Additionally, we observed that T. atroviride clock components largely modulate development and secondary metabolism in this fungus, including the rhythmic production of distinct volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thus, this study provides evidence on how clock components impact diverse aspects of T. atroviride lifestyle and how daily changes modulate fungal interactions and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Henríquez-Urrutia
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Spanner
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Consuelo Olivares-Yánez
- Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Seguel-Avello
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Lara
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Guillén-Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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6
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Rijo-Ferreira F, Takahashi JS. Circadian rhythms in infectious diseases and symbiosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 126:37-44. [PMID: 34625370 PMCID: PMC9183220 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Timing is everything. Many organisms across the tree of life have evolved timekeeping mechanisms that regulate numerous of their cellular functions to optimize timing by anticipating changes in the environment. The specific environmental changes that are sensed depends on the organism. For animals, plants, and free-living microbes, environmental cues include light/dark cycles, daily temperature fluctuations, among others. In contrast, for a microbe that is never free-living, its rhythmic environment is its host's rhythmic biology. Here, we describe recent research on the interactions between hosts and microbes, from the perspective both of symbiosis as well as infections. In addition to describing the biology of the microbes, we focus specifically on how circadian clocks modulate these host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Rijo-Ferreira
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.
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7
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Rojas V, Salinas F, Romero A, Larrondo LF, Canessa P. Interactions between Core Elements of the Botrytis cinerea Circadian Clock Are Modulated by Light and Different Protein Domains. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:486. [PMID: 35628742 PMCID: PMC9144814 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea possesses a complex light-sensing system composed of eleven photoreceptors. In B. cinerea, bcwcl1 encodes for the BcWCL1 protein, the orthologue of the blue-light photoreceptor WC-1 from Neurospora crassa. The functional partner of BcWCL1 is the BcWCL2 protein, both interacting in the nucleus and forming the B. cinerea white collar complex (BcWCC). This complex is required for photomorphogenesis and circadian regulation. However, no molecular evidence shows a light-dependent interaction between the BcWCC components or light-sensing capabilities in BcWCL1. In this work, by employing a yeast two-hybrid system that allows for the in vivo analysis of protein-protein interactions, we confirm that BcWCL1 and BcWCL2 interact in the absence of light as well as upon blue-light stimulation, primarily through their PAS (Per-Arnt-Sim) domains. Deletion of the PAS domains present in BcWCL1 (BcWCL1PAS∆) or BcWCL2 (BcWCL2PAS∆) severely impairs the interaction between these proteins. Interestingly, the BcWCL1PAS∆ protein shows a blue-light response and interacts with BcWCL2 or BcWCL2PAS∆ upon light stimulation. Finally, we demonstrate that BcWCL1 and BcWCL1PAS∆ respond to blue light by introducing a point mutation in the photoactive cysteine, confirming that both proteins are capable of light sensing. Altogether, the results revealed the complexity of protein-protein interactions occurring between the core elements of the B. cinerea circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rojas
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (V.R.); (L.F.L.)
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 8331150, Chile; (F.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Francisco Salinas
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 8331150, Chile; (F.S.); (A.R.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Andrés Romero
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 8331150, Chile; (F.S.); (A.R.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luis F. Larrondo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (V.R.); (L.F.L.)
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 8331150, Chile; (F.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Paulo Canessa
- ANID–Millennium Science Initiative–Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBIO), Santiago 8331150, Chile; (F.S.); (A.R.)
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile
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The Effect of Photoperiod on Necrosis Development, Photosynthetic Efficiency and 'Green Islands' Formation in Brassica juncea Infected with Alternaria brassicicola. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168435. [PMID: 34445145 PMCID: PMC8395102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of growing plants under various photoperiods is to optimize photosynthesis for using the effect of day length that often acts on plants in combination with biotic and/or abiotic stresses. In this study, Brassica juncea plants were grown under four different day-length regimes, namely., 8 h day/16 h night, 12 h day/12 h night, 16 h day/8 h night, and continuous light, and were infected with a necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. The development of necroses on B. juncea leaves was strongly influenced by leaf position and day length. The largest necroses were formed on plants grown under a 16 h day/8 h night photoperiod at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi). The implemented day-length regimes had a great impact on leaf morphology in response to A. brassicicola infection. They also influenced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and photosynthesis efficiency. Both the 1st (the oldest) and 3rd infected leaves showed significantly higher minimal fluorescence (F0) compared to the control leaves. Significantly lower values of other investigated chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, e.g., maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), were observed in both infected leaves compared to the control, especially at 72 hpi. The oldest infected leaf, of approximately 30% of the B. juncea plants, grown under long-day and continuous light conditions showed a ‘green island’ phenotype in the form of a green ring surrounding an area of necrosis at 48 hpi. This phenomenon was also reflected in changes in the chloroplast’s ultrastructure and accelerated senescence (yellowing) in the form of expanding chlorosis. Further research should investigate the mechanism and physiological aspects of ‘green islands’ formation in this pathosystem.
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Cellular Calcium Levels Influenced by NCA-2 Impact Circadian Period Determination in Neurospora. mBio 2021; 12:e0149321. [PMID: 34182778 PMCID: PMC8262947 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01493-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling has been implicated in the control of a variety of circadian processes in animals and plants, but its role in microbial clocks has remained largely cryptic. To examine the role of intracellular Ca2+ in the Neurospora clock, we screened mutants with knockouts of calcium transporter genes and identified a gene encoding a calcium exporter, nca-2, uniquely as having significant period effects. The loss of NCA-2 results in an increase in the cytosolic calcium level, and this leads to hyper-phosphorylation of core clock components, FRQ and WC-1, and a short period, as measured by both the core oscillator and the overt clock. Genetic analyses showed that mutations in certain frq phospho-sites and in Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent kinase 2 (camk-2) are epistatic to nca-2 in controlling the pace of the oscillator. These data are consistent with a model in which elevated intracellular Ca2+ leads to the increased activity of CAMK-2, leading to enhanced FRQ phosphorylation, accelerated closure of the circadian feedback loop, and a shortened circadian period length. At a mechanistic level, some CAMKs undergo more auto-phosphorylations in the Δnca-2 mutant, consistent with high calcium levels in the Δnca-2 mutant influencing the enzymatic activities of CAMKs. NCA-2 interacts with multiple proteins, including CSP-6, a protein known to be required for circadian output. Most importantly, the expression of nca-2 is circadian clock-controlled at both the transcriptional and translational levels, and this in combination with the period effects seen in strains lacking NCA-2 firmly places calcium signaling within the larger circadian system, where it acts as both an input to and an output from the core clock.
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Light-Photoreceptors and Proteins Related to Monilinia laxa Photoresponses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010032. [PMID: 33430380 PMCID: PMC7827745 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Light represents a ubiquitous source of information for organisms to evaluate their environment. The influence of light on colony growth and conidiation was determined for three Monilinia laxa isolates. The highest mycelial growth rate was observed under red light for the three M. laxa isolates, followed by green light, daylight or darkness. However, reduced sporulation levels were observed in darkness and red light, but conidiation enhancement was found under daylight, black and green light with more hours of exposure to light. Putative photoreceptors for blue (white-collar and cryptochromes), green (opsins), and red light (phytochromes) were identified, and the photoresponse-related regulatory family of velvet proteins. A unique ortholog for each photoreceptor was found, and their respective domain architecture was highly conserved. Transcriptional analyses of uncovered sets of genes were performed under daylight or specific color light, and both in time course illumination, finding light-dependent triggered gene expression of MlVEL2, MlPHY2, MlOPS2, and MlCRY2, and color light as a positive inductor of MlVEL3, MlVEL4, MlPHY1, and MlCRY1 expression. M. laxa has a highly conserved set of photoreceptors with other light-responsive fungi. Our phenotypic analyses and the existence of this light-sensing machinery suggest transcriptional regulatory systems dedicated to modulating the development and dispersion of this pathogen.
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Plant Defence Mechanisms Are Modulated by the Circadian System. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120454. [PMID: 33317013 PMCID: PMC7763185 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The circadian clock is an endogenous time keeping mechanism found in living organisms and their respective pathogens. Numerous studies demonstrate that rhythms generated by this internal biological oscillator regulate and modulate most of the physiological, developmental, and biochemical processes of plants. Importantly, plant defence responses have also been shown to be modulated by the host circadian clock and vice versa. In this review we discuss the current understanding of the interactions between plant immunity and the circadian system. We also describe the possibility of pathogens directly or indirectly influencing plants’ circadian rhythms and suggest that these interactions could help us devise better disease management strategies for plants. Our review raises further research questions and we conclude that experimentation should be completed to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying interactions between plant defence and the circadian system. Abstract Plant health is an important aspect of food security, with pathogens, pests, and herbivores all contributing to yield losses in crops. Plants’ defence against pathogens is complex and utilises several metabolic processes, including the circadian system, to coordinate their response. In this review, we examine how plants’ circadian rhythms contribute to defence mechanisms, particularly in response to bacterial pathogen attack. Circadian rhythms contribute to many aspects of the plant–pathogen interaction, although significant gaps in our understanding remain to be explored. We conclude that if these relationships are explored further, better disease management strategies could be revealed.
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12
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Cascant-Lopez E, Crosthwaite SK, Johnson LJ, Harrison RJ. No Evidence That Homologs of Key Circadian Clock Genes Direct Circadian Programs of Development or mRNA Abundance in Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1977. [PMID: 33013740 PMCID: PMC7493669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many organisms harbor circadian clocks that promote their adaptation to the rhythmic environment. While a broad knowledge of the molecular mechanism of circadian clocks has been gained through the fungal model Neurospora crassa, little is known about circadian clocks in other fungi. N. crassa belongs to the same class as many important plant pathogens including the vascular wilt fungus Verticillium dahliae. We identified homologs of N. crassa clock proteins in V. dahliae, which showed high conservation in key protein domains. However, no evidence for an endogenous, free-running and entrainable rhythm was observed in the daily formation of conidia and microsclerotia. In N. crassa the frequency (frq) gene encodes a central clock protein expressed rhythmically and in response to light. In contrast, expression of Vdfrq is not light-regulated. Temporal gene expression profiling over 48 h in constant darkness and temperature revealed no circadian expression of key clock genes. Furthermore, RNA-seq over a 24 h time-course revealed no robust oscillations of clock-associated transcripts in constant darkness. Comparison of gene expression between wild-type V. dahliae and a ΔVdfrq mutant showed that genes involved in metabolism, transport and redox processes are mis-regulated in the absence of Vdfrq. In addition, VdΔfrq mutants display growth defects and reduced pathogenicity in a strain dependent manner. Our data indicate that if a circadian clock exists in Verticillium, it is based on alternative mechanisms such as post-transcriptional interactions of VdFRQ and the WC proteins or the components of a FRQ-less oscillator. Alternatively, it could be that whilst the original functions of the clock proteins have been maintained, in this species the interactions that generate robust rhythmicity have been lost or are only triggered when specific environmental conditions are met. The presence of conserved clock genes in genomes should not be taken as definitive evidence of circadian function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise J Johnson
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Harrison
- Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Defects in the Ferroxidase That Participates in the Reductive Iron Assimilation System Results in Hypervirulence in Botrytis Cinerea. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01379-20. [PMID: 32753496 PMCID: PMC7407086 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01379-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-pathogenic fungus B. cinerea causes enormous economic losses, estimated at anywhere between $10 billion and $100 billion worldwide, under both pre- and postharvest conditions. Here, we present the characterization of a loss-of-function mutant in a component involved in iron acquisition that displays hypervirulence. While in different microbial systems iron uptake mechanisms appear to be critical to achieve full pathogenic potential, we found that the absence of the ferroxidase that is part of the reductive iron assimilation system leads to hypervirulence in this fungus. This is an unusual and rather underrepresented phenotype, which can be modulated by iron levels in the plant and provides an unexpected link between iron acquisition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and pathogenesis in the Botrytis-plant interaction. The plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea is responsible for gray-mold disease, which infects a wide variety of species. The outcome of this host-pathogen interaction, a result of the interplay between plant defense and fungal virulence pathways, can be modulated by various environmental factors. Among these, iron availability and acquisition play a crucial role in diverse biological functions. How B. cinerea obtains iron, an essential micronutrient, during infection is unknown. We set out to determine the role of the reductive iron assimilation (RIA) system during B. cinerea infection. This system comprises the BcFET1 ferroxidase, which belongs to the multicopper oxidase (MCO) family of proteins, and the BcFTR1 membrane-bound iron permease. Gene knockout and complementation studies revealed that, compared to the wild type, the bcfet1 mutant displays delayed conidiation, iron-dependent sclerotium production, and significantly reduced whole-cell iron content. Remarkably, this mutant exhibited a hypervirulence phenotype, whereas the bcftr1 mutant presents normal virulence and unaffected whole-cell iron levels and developmental programs. Interestingly, while in iron-starved plants wild-type B. cinerea produced slightly reduced necrotic lesions, the hypervirulence phenotype of the bcfet1 mutant is no longer observed in iron-deprived plants. This suggests that B. cinerea bcfet1 knockout mutants require plant-derived iron to achieve larger necrotic lesions, whereas in planta analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed increased ROS levels only for infections caused by the bcfet1 mutant. These results suggest that increased ROS production, under an iron sufficiency environment, at least partly underlie the observed infection phenotype in this mutant.
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14
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Costantini C, Renga G, Sellitto F, Borghi M, Stincardini C, Pariano M, Zelante T, Chiarotti F, Bartoli A, Mosci P, Romani L, Brancorsini S, Bellet MM. Microbes in the Era of Circadian Medicine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:30. [PMID: 32117804 PMCID: PMC7013081 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organisms of most domains of life have adapted to circadian changes of the environment and regulate their behavior and physiology accordingly. A particular case of such paradigm is represented by some types of host-pathogen interaction during infection. Indeed, not only some hosts and pathogens are each endowed with their own circadian clock, but they are also influenced by the circadian changes of the other with profound consequences on the outcome of the infection. It comes that daily fluctuations in the availability of resources and the nature of the immune response, coupled with circadian changes of the pathogen, may influence microbial virulence, level of colonization and damage to the host, and alter the equilibrium between commensal and invading microorganisms. In the present review, we discuss the potential relevance of circadian rhythms in human bacterial and fungal pathogens, and the consequences of circadian changes of the host immune system and microbiome on the onset and development of infection. By looking from the perspective of the interplay between host and microbes circadian rhythms, these concepts are expected to change the way we approach human infections, not only by predicting the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction, but also by indicating the best time for intervention to potentiate the anti-microbial activities of the immune system and to weaken the pathogen when its susceptibility is higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Costantini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Sellitto
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Borghi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Marilena Pariano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Teresa Zelante
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Flavia Chiarotti
- Reference Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bartoli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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15
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Developmentally Regulated Oscillations in the Expression of UV Repair Genes in a Soilborne Plant Pathogen Dictate UV Repair Efficiency and Survival. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02623-19. [PMID: 31796540 PMCID: PMC6890992 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02623-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum infects plants through the roots and therefore is not exposed to the sun regularly. However, the ability to survive sun exposure expands the distribution of the population. UV from the sun is toxic and mutagenic, and to survive sun exposure, fungi encode several DNA repair mechanisms. We found that Fusarium oxysporum has a gene expression program that activates photolyase at the first hours of germination when the pathogen is not established in the plant tissue. Later on, the expression of photolyase decreases, and the expression of a light-independent UV repair mechanism increases. We suggest a novel point of view to a very fundamental question of how soilborne microorganisms defend themselves against sudden UV exposure. The ability to withstand UV damage shapes the ecology of microbes. While mechanisms of UV tolerance were extensively investigated in microorganisms regularly exposed to the sun, far less is known about UV repair of soilborne microorganisms. Fusarium oxysporum is a soilborne fungal plant pathogen that is resistant to UV light. We hypothesized that its UV repair capacity is induced to deal with irregular sun exposure. Unlike the SOS paradigm, our analysis revealed only sporadic increases and even decreases in UV repair gene expression following UVC irradiation or exposure to visible light. Strikingly, a major factor determining the expression of UV repair genes was the developmental status of the fungus. At the early stages of germination, the expression of photolyase increased while the expression of UV endonuclease decreased, and then the trend was reversed. These gene expression oscillations were dependent on cell cycle progression. Consequently, the contribution of photoreactivation to UV repair and survival was stronger at the beginning of germination than later when a filament was established. F. oxysporum germinates following cues from the host. Early on in germination, it is most vulnerable to UV; when the filament is established, the pathogen is protected from the sun because it is already within the host tissue.
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16
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Barik S. Molecular Interactions between Pathogens and the Circadian Clock. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235824. [PMID: 31756974 PMCID: PMC6928883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The daily periodicity of the Earth's rotation around the Sun, referred to as circadian (Latin "circa" = about, and "diem" = day), is also mirrored in the behavior and metabolism of living beings. The discovery that dedicated cellular genes control various aspects of this periodicity has led to studies of the molecular mechanism of the circadian response at the cellular level. It is now established that the circadian genes impact on a large network of hormonal, metabolic, and immunological pathways, affecting multiple aspects of biology. Recent studies have extended the role of the circadian system to the regulation of infection, host-pathogen interaction, and the resultant disease outcome. This critical review summarizes our current knowledge of circadian-pathogen interaction at both systemic and cellular levels, but with emphasis on the molecular aspects of the regulation. Wherever applicable, the potential of a direct interaction between circadian factors and pathogenic macromolecules is also explored. Finally, this review offers new directions and guidelines for future research in this area, which should facilitate progress.
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17
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Abstract
The circadian clock is a biological mechanism that permits some organisms to anticipate daily environmental variations. This clock generates biological rhythms, which can be reset by environmental cues such as cycles of light or temperature, a process known as entrainment. After entrainment, circadian rhythms typically persist with approximately 24 hours periodicity in free-running conditions, i.e. in the absence of environmental cues. Experimental evidence also shows that a free-running period close to 24 hours is maintained across a range of temperatures, a process known as temperature compensation. In the plant Arabidopsis, the effect of light on the circadian system has been widely studied and successfully modelled mathematically. However, the role of temperature in periodicity, and the relationship between entrainment and compensation, are not fully understood. Here we adapt recent models to incorporate temperature dependence by applying Arrhenius equations to the parameters of the models that characterize transcription, translation, and degradation rates. We show that the resulting models can exhibit thermal entrainment and temperature compensation, but that these phenomena emerge from physiologically different sets of processes. Further simulations combining thermal and photic forcing in more realistic scenarios clearly distinguish between the processes of entrainment and compensation, and reveal temperature compensation as an emergent property which can arise as a result of multiple temperature-dependent interactions. Our results consistently point to the thermal sensitivity of degradation rates as driving compensation and entrainment across a range of conditions.
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18
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Loros JJ. Principles of the animal molecular clock learned from Neurospora. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 51:19-33. [PMID: 30687965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Study of Neurospora, a model system evolutionarily related to animals and sharing a circadian system having nearly identical regulatory architecture to that of animals, has advanced our understanding of all circadian rhythms. Work on the molecular bases of the Oscillator began in Neurospora before any clock genes were cloned and provided the second example of a clock gene, frq, as well as the first direct experimental proof that the core of the Oscillator was built around a transcriptional translational negative feedback loop (TTFL). Proof that FRQ was a clock component provided the basis for understanding how light resets the clock, and this in turn provided the generally accepted understanding for how light resets all animal and fungal clocks. Experiments probing the mechanism of light resetting led to the first identification of a heterodimeric transcriptional activator as the positive element in a circadian feedback loop, and to the general description of the fungal/animal clock as a single step TTFL. The common means through which DNA damage impacts the Oscillator in fungi and animals was first described in Neurospora. Lastly, the systematic study of Output was pioneered in Neurospora, providing the vocabulary and conceptual framework for understanding how Output works in all cells. This model system has contributed to the current appreciation of the role of Intrinsic Disorder in clock proteins and to the documentation of the essential roles of protein post-translational modification, as distinct from turnover, in building a circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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19
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Veloso J, van Kan JAL. Many Shades of Grey in Botrytis-Host Plant Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:613-622. [PMID: 29724660 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The grey mould Botrytis cinerea causes disease in more than 1000 plant species, including important crops. The interaction between Botrytis and its (potential) hosts is determined by quantitative susceptibility and virulence traits in both interacting partners, resulting in a greyscale of disease outcomes. Fungal infection was long thought to rely mainly on its capacity to kill the host plant and degrade plant tissue. Recent research has revealed that Botrytis exploits two crucial biological processes in host plants for its own success. We highlight recent findings that illustrate that the interactions between Botrytis and its host plants are subtle and we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling the many shades of grey during these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Veloso
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Foley BJ, Stutts H, Schmitt SL, Lokhandwala J, Nagar A, Zoltowski BD. Characterization of a Vivid Homolog in Botrytis cinerea. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:985-993. [PMID: 29682744 DOI: 10.1111/php.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Blue light-signaling pathways regulated by members of the light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domain family integrate stress responses, circadian rhythms and pathogenesis in fungi. The canonical signaling mechanism involves two LOV-containing proteins that maintain homology to Neurospora crassa Vivid (NcVVD) and White Collar 1 (NcWC1). These proteins engage in homo- and heterodimerization events that modulate gene transcription in response to light. Here, we clone and characterize the VVD homolog in Botrytis cinerea (BcVVD). BcVVD retains divergent photocycle kinetics and is incapable of LOV mediated homodimerization, indicating modification of the classical hetero/homodimerization mechanism of photoadaptation in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Haley Stutts
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Sydney L Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Jameela Lokhandwala
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Aditi Nagar
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
| | - Brian D Zoltowski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX
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21
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Liversage J, Coetzee MP, Bluhm BH, Berger DK, Crampton BG. LOVe across kingdoms: Blue light perception vital for growth and development in plant–fungal interactions. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Larrondo LF, Canessa P. The Clock Keeps on Ticking: Emerging Roles for Circadian Regulation in the Control of Fungal Physiology and Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 422:121-156. [PMID: 30255278 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tic-tac, tic-tac, the sound of time is familiar to us, yet, it also silently shapes daily biological processes conferring 24-hour rhythms in, among others, cellular and systemic signaling, gene expression, and metabolism. Indeed, circadian clocks are molecular machines that permit temporal control of a variety of processes in individuals, with a close to 24-hour period, optimizing cellular dynamics in synchrony with daily environmental cycles. For over three decades, the molecular bases of these clocks have been extensively described in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, yet, there have been few molecular studies in fungi other than Neurospora, despite evidence of rhythmic phenomena in many fungal species, including pathogenic ones. This chapter will revise the mechanisms underlying clock regulation in the model fungus N. crassa, as well as recent findings obtained in several fungi. In particular, this chapter will review the effect of circadian regulation of virulence and organismal interactions, focusing on the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea, as well as several entomopathogenic fungi, including the behavior-manipulating species Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae and Entomophthora muscae. Finally, this review will comment current efforts in the study of mammalian pathogenic fungi, while highlighting recent circadian lessons from parasites such as Trypanosoma and Plasmodium. The clock keeps on ticking, whether we can hear it or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Larrondo
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Oliveira AS, Braga GUL, Rangel DEN. Metarhizium robertsii illuminated during mycelial growth produces conidia with increased germination speed and virulence. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:555-562. [PMID: 29801800 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Light conditions during fungal growth are well known to cause several physiological adaptations in the conidia produced. In this study, conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii were produced on: 1) potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium in the dark; 2) PDA medium under white light (4.98 W m-2); 3) PDA medium under blue light (4.8 W m-2); 4) PDA medium under red light (2.8 W m-2); and 5) minimum medium (Czapek medium without sucrose) supplemented with 3 % lactose (MML) in the dark. The conidial production, the speed of conidial germination, and the virulence to the insect Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were evaluated. Conidia produced on MML or PDA medium under white or blue light germinated faster than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. Conidia produced under red light germinated slower than conidia produced on PDA medium in the dark. Conidia produced on MML were the most virulent, followed by conidia produced on PDA medium under white light. The fungus grown under blue light produced more conidia than the fungus grown in the dark. The quantity of conidia produced for the fungus grown in the dark, under white, and red light was similar. The MML afforded the least conidial production. In conclusion, white light produced conidia that germinated faster and killed the insects faster; in addition, blue light afforded the highest conidial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel S Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, SP 08230-030, Brazil.
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24
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Alder-Rangel A, Bailão AM, da Cunha AF, Soares CMA, Wang C, Bonatto D, Dadachova E, Hakalehto E, Eleutherio ECA, Fernandes ÉKK, Gadd GM, Braus GH, Braga GUL, Goldman GH, Malavazi I, Hallsworth JE, Takemoto JY, Fuller KK, Selbmann L, Corrochano LM, von Zeska Kress MR, Bertolini MC, Schmoll M, Pedrini N, Loera O, Finlay RD, Peralta RM, Rangel DEN. The second International Symposium on Fungal Stress: ISFUS. Fungal Biol 2017; 122:386-399. [PMID: 29801782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The topic of 'fungal stress' is central to many important disciplines, including medical mycology, chronobiology, plant and insect pathology, industrial microbiology, material sciences, and astrobiology. The International Symposium on Fungal Stress (ISFUS) brought together researchers, who study fungal stress in a variety of fields. The second ISFUS was held in May 8-11 2017 in Goiania, Goiás, Brazil and hosted by the Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública at the Universidade Federal de Goiás. It was supported by grants from CAPES and FAPEG. Twenty-seven speakers from 15 countries presented their research related to fungal stress biology. The Symposium was divided into seven topics: 1. Fungal biology in extreme environments; 2. Stress mechanisms and responses in fungi: molecular biology, biochemistry, biophysics, and cellular biology; 3. Fungal photobiology in the context of stress; 4. Role of stress in fungal pathogenesis; 5. Fungal stress and bioremediation; 6. Fungal stress in agriculture and forestry; and 7. Fungal stress in industrial applications. This article provides an overview of the science presented and discussed at ISFUS-2017.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre M Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Anderson F da Cunha
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Genética Aplicada, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 90040-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia M A Soares
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, 74690-900, GO, Brazil
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 13565-905, RS, Brazil
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Elias Hakalehto
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, P.O.B. 27, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elis C A Eleutherio
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901, RJ, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geoffrey M Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, D-37077, Germany
| | - Gilberto U L Braga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - John E Hallsworth
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, MBC, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jon Y Takemoto
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Kevin K Fuller
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luis M Corrochano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marcia R von Zeska Kress
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Célia Bertolini
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Tecnologia Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14800-060, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), CCT La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Octavio Loera
- Department of Biotechnology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roger D Finlay
- Uppsala Biocenter, Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7026, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rosane M Peralta
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Drauzio E N Rangel
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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25
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Franco DL, Canessa P, Bellora N, Risau-Gusman S, Olivares-Yañez C, Pérez-Lara R, Libkind D, Larrondo LF, Marpegan L. Spontaneous circadian rhythms in a cold-adapted natural isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13837. [PMID: 29062053 PMCID: PMC5653790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian systems enable organisms to synchronize their physiology to daily and seasonal environmental changes relying on endogenous pacemakers that oscillate with a period close to 24 h even in the absence of external timing cues. The oscillations are achieved by intracellular transcriptional/translational feedback loops thoroughly characterized for many organisms, but still little is known about the presence and characteristics of circadian clocks in fungi other than Neurospora crassa. We sought to characterize the circadian system of a natural isolate of Aureobasidium pullulans, a cold-adapted yeast bearing great biotechnological potential. A. pullulans formed daily concentric rings that were synchronized by light/dark cycles and were also formed in constant darkness with a period of 24.5 h. Moreover, these rhythms were temperature compensated, as evidenced by experiments conducted at temperatures as low as 10 °C. Finally, the expression of clock-essential genes, frequency, white collar-1, white collar-2 and vivid was confirmed. In summary, our results indicate the existence of a functional circadian clock in A. pullulans, capable of sustaining rhythms at very low temperatures and, based on the presence of conserved clock-gene homologues, suggest a molecular and functional relationship to well-described circadian systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L Franco
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, CRUB, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.,Departamento de Física Médica Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (MN-FISB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Bellora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, CRUB, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | | | - Consuelo Olivares-Yañez
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (MN-FISB), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pérez-Lara
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (MN-FISB), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Libkind
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBIOMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, CONICET, CRUB, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (MN-FISB), Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Marpegan
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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26
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Koritala BSC, Lee K. Natural Variation of the Circadian Clock in Neurospora. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2017; 99:1-37. [PMID: 29050553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most living organisms on earth experience daily and expected changes from the rotation of the earth. For an organism, the ability to predict and prepare for incoming stresses or resources is a very important skill for survival. This cellular process of measuring daily time of the day is collectively called the circadian clock. Because of its fundamental role in survival in nature, there is a great interest in studying the natural variation of the circadian clock. However, characterizing the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying natural variation of circadian clocks remains a challenging task. In this chapter, we will summarize the progress in studying natural variation of the circadian clock in the successful eukaryotic model Neurospora, which led to discovering many design principles of the molecular mechanisms of the eukaryotic circadian clock. Despite the success of the system in revealing the molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock, Neurospora has not been utilized to extensively study natural variation. We will review the challenges that hindered the natural variation studies in Neurospora, and how they were overcome. We will also review the advantages of Neurospora for natural variation studies. Since Neurospora is the model fungal species for circadian study, it represents over 5 million species of fungi on earth. These fungi play important roles in ecosystems on earth, and as such Neurospora could serve as an important model for understanding the ecological role of natural variation in fungal circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bala S C Koritala
- Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States; Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Camden, NJ, United States.
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27
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28
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Dunlap JC, Loros JJ. Making Time: Conservation of Biological Clocks from Fungi to Animals. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0039-2016. [PMID: 28527179 PMCID: PMC5446046 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0039-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for biological timekeeping arose at least three times through evolution, in prokaryotic cyanobacteria, in cells that evolved into higher plants, and within the group of organisms that eventually became the fungi and the animals. Neurospora is a tractable model system for understanding the molecular bases of circadian rhythms in the last of these groups, and is perhaps the most intensively studied circadian cell type. Rhythmic processes described in fungi include growth rate, stress responses, developmental capacity, and sporulation, as well as much of metabolism; fungi use clocks to anticipate daily environmental changes. A negative feedback loop comprises the core of the circadian system in fungi and animals. In Neurospora, the best studied fungal model, it is driven by two transcription factors, WC-1 and WC-2, that form the White Collar Complex (WCC). WCC elicits expression of the frq gene. FRQ complexes with other proteins, physically interacts with the WCC, and reduces its activity; the kinetics of these processes is strongly influenced by progressive phosphorylation of FRQ. When FRQ becomes sufficiently phosphorylated that it loses the ability to influence WCC activity, the circadian cycle starts again. Environmental cycles of light and temperature influence frq and FRQ expression and thereby reset the internal circadian clocks. The molecular basis of circadian output is also becoming understood. Taken together, molecular explanations are emerging for all the canonical circadian properties, providing a molecular and regulatory framework that may be extended to many members of the fungal and animal kingdoms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Dunlap
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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29
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Kelliher CM, Haase SB. Connecting virulence pathways to cell-cycle progression in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Curr Genet 2017; 63:803-811. [PMID: 28265742 PMCID: PMC5605583 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation and host evasion are critical processes to understand at a basic biological level for improving infectious disease treatment options. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans causes fungal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals by proliferating in cerebrospinal fluid. Current antifungal drugs target "virulence factors" for disease, such as components of the cell wall and polysaccharide capsule in C. neoformans. However, mechanistic links between virulence pathways and the cell cycle are not as well studied. Recently, cell-cycle synchronized C. neoformans cells were profiled over time to identify gene expression dynamics (Kelliher et al., PLoS Genet 12(12):e1006453, 2016). Almost 20% of all genes in the C. neoformans genome were periodically activated during the cell cycle in rich media, including 40 genes that have previously been implicated in virulence pathways. Here, we review important findings about cell-cycle-regulated genes in C. neoformans and provide two examples of virulence pathways-chitin synthesis and G-protein coupled receptor signaling-with their putative connections to cell division. We propose that a "comparative functional genomics" approach, leveraging gene expression timing during the cell cycle, orthology to genes in other fungal species, and previous experimental findings, can lead to mechanistic hypotheses connecting the cell cycle to fungal virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Kelliher
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708-0338, USA
| | - Steven B Haase
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708-0338, USA.
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30
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Fuller K, Dunlap J, Loros J. Fungal Light Sensing at the Bench and Beyond. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 96:1-51. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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