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Dries E, Meyers Y, Liesner D, Gonzaga FM, Becker JFM, Zakka EE, Beeckman T, Coelho SM, De Clerck O, Bogaert KA. Cell wall-mediated maternal control of apical-basal patterning of the kelp Undaria pinnatifida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1887-1898. [PMID: 38984686 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The role of maternal tissue in embryogenesis remains enigmatic in many complex organisms. Here, we investigate the contribution of maternal tissue to apical-basal patterning in the kelp embryo. Focussing on Undaria pinnatifida, we studied the effects of detachment from the maternal tissue using microsurgery, staining of cell wall modifications, morphometric measurements, flow cytometry, genotyping and a modified kelp fertilisation protocol synchronising kelp embryogenesis. Detached embryos are rounder and often show aberrant morphologies. When a part of the oogonial cell wall remains attached to the zygote, the apical-basal patterning is rescued. Furthermore, the absence of contact with maternal tissue increases parthenogenesis, highlighting the critical role of maternal signals in the initial stages of development. These results show a key role for the connection to the maternal oogonial cell wall in apical-basal patterning in kelps. This observation is reminiscent of another brown alga, Fucus, where the cell wall directs the cell fate. Our findings suggest a conserved mechanism across phylogenetically distant oogamous lineages, where localised secretion of sulphated F2 fucans mediates the establishment of the apical-basal polarity. In this model, the maternal oogonial cell wall mediates basal cell fate determination by providing an extrinsic patterning cue to the future kelp embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Dries
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Yannick Meyers
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Daniel Liesner
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Floriele M Gonzaga
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Jakob F M Becker
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eliane E Zakka
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Susana M Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
| | - Kenny A Bogaert
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Max-Planck-Ring 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Boscq S, Billoud B, Charrier B. Cell-Autonomous and Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms Concomitantly Regulate the Early Developmental Pattern in the Kelp Saccharina latissima Embryo. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1341. [PMID: 38794413 PMCID: PMC11125204 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Brown algae are multicellular organisms that have evolved independently from plants and animals. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in their embryogenesis is available only for the Fucus, Dictyota, and Ectocarpus, which are brown algae belonging to three different orders. Here, we address the control of cell growth and cell division orientation in the embryo of Saccharina latissima, a brown alga belonging to the order Laminariales, which grows as a stack of cells through transverse cell divisions until growth is initiated along the perpendicular axis. Using laser ablation, we show that apical and basal cells have different functions in the embryogenesis of this alga, with the apical cell being involved mainly in growth and basal cells controlling the orientation of cell division by inhibiting longitudinal cell division and thereby the widening of the embryo. These functions were observed in the very early development before the embryo reached the 8-cell stage. In addition, the growth of the apical and basal regions appears to be cell-autonomous, because there was no compensation for the loss of a significant part of the embryo upon laser ablation, resulting in smaller and less elongated embryos compared with intact embryos. In contrast, the orientation of cell division in the apical region of the embryo appears to be controlled by the basal cell only, which suggests a polarised, non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Altogether, our results shed light on the early mechanisms of growth rate and growth orientation at the onset of the embryogenesis of Saccharina, in which non-cell-specific cell-autonomous and cell-specific non-cell-autonomous processes are involved. This complex control differs from the mechanisms described in the other brown algal embryos, in which the establishment of embryo polarity depends on environmental cues.
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De Saeger J, Coulembier Vandelannoote E, Lee H, Park J, Blomme J. Genome editing in macroalgae: advances and challenges. Front Genome Ed 2024; 6:1380682. [PMID: 38516199 PMCID: PMC10955705 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2024.1380682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This minireview examines the current state and challenges of genome editing in macroalgae. Despite the ecological and economic significance of this group of organisms, genome editing has seen limited applications. While CRISPR functionality has been established in two brown (Ectocarpus species 7 and Saccharina japonica) and one green seaweed (Ulva prolifera), these studies are limited to proof-of-concept demonstrations. All studies also (co)-targeted ADENINE PHOSPHORIBOSYL TRANSFERASE to enrich for mutants, due to the relatively low editing efficiencies. To advance the field, there should be a focus on advancing auxiliary technologies, particularly stable transformation, so that novel editing reagents can be screened for their efficiency. More work is also needed on understanding DNA repair in these organisms, as this is tightly linked with the editing outcomes. Developing efficient genome editing tools for macroalgae will unlock the ability to characterize their genes, which is largely uncharted terrain. Moreover, given their economic importance, genome editing will also impact breeding campaigns to develop strains that have better yields, produce more commercially valuable compounds, and show improved resilience to the impacts of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Emma Coulembier Vandelannoote
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hojun Lee
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Bio Environmental Science and Technology (BEST) Lab, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonas Blomme
- Department of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
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De Clerck O, LoDuca ST. Algal evolution: A touch of brown in a Paleozoic sea of greens and reds. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R150-R152. [PMID: 38412826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Previous molecular clock studies indicated a Mesozoic origin for the brown algae (Phaeophyceae). New research based on phylogenetic evidence challenges this notion and provides novel insights into the origin and diversification of brown algae, which includes multiple transitions within the group from isogamy to oogamy (and back again!).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group and Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Steven T LoDuca
- Department of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA.
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Godfroy O, Zheng M, Yao H, Henschen A, Peters AF, Scornet D, Colin S, Ronchi P, Hipp K, Nagasato C, Motomura T, Cock JM, Coelho SM. The baseless mutant links protein phosphatase 2A with basal cell identity in the brown alga Ectocarpus. Development 2023; 150:dev201283. [PMID: 36786333 PMCID: PMC10112911 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The first mitotic division of the initial cell is a key event in all multicellular organisms and is associated with the establishment of major developmental axes and cell fates. The brown alga Ectocarpus has a haploid-diploid life cycle that involves the development of two multicellular generations: the sporophyte and the gametophyte. Each generation deploys a distinct developmental programme autonomously from an initial cell, the first cell division of which sets up the future body pattern. Here, we show that mutations in the BASELESS (BAS) gene result in multiple cellular defects during the first cell division and subsequent failure to produce basal structures during both generations. BAS encodes a type B″ regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and transcriptomic analysis identified potential effector genes that may be involved in determining basal cell fate. The bas mutant phenotype is very similar to that observed in distag (dis) mutants, which lack a functional Tubulin-binding co-factor Cd1 (TBCCd1) protein, indicating that TBCCd1 and PP2A are two essential components of the cellular machinery that regulates the first cell division and mediates basal cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Godfroy
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Haiqin Yao
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Agnes Henschen
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Delphine Scornet
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Sebastien Colin
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Hipp
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chikako Nagasato
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Taizo Motomura
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Muroran, 051-0013, Japan
| | - J. Mark Cock
- Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Université, UPMC University of Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688, Roscoff, France
| | - Susana M. Coelho
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Embracing algal models. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 134:1-3. [PMID: 35779978 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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