Preparative separation and purification of rosavin in Rhodiola rosea by macroporous adsorption resins

Life cycle assessment and yield to optimize extraction time and solvent: Comparing deep eutectic solvents vs conventional ones

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are gaining interest as eco-friendly alternatives for extracting bioactive compounds, but their environmental benefits remain unclear and need further evaluation. In this work, a case study of total polyphenols (TPC) extraction from spent coffee grounds (SCG) was environmentally evaluated using life cycle assessment (LCA). First, the most convenient extraction time (1, 10, 20, or 40 min) for water and acetone 20 % from an environmental perspective was identified. Second, a comparison of different solvents-DES (choline chloride-1,6-hexanediol), water, and ethanol 20 %-under their optimal extraction yield conditions was performed using literature data. Results from the first study revealed that the environmentally optimal extraction time (10 min) was not the one leading to the highest yield. The main contributors to the impacts were the use of acetone and electricity consumption. For the second study, DES performed worse in all studied environmental impact categories compared to both ethanol 20 % and water. Ethanol 20 % was the better option compared to water due to its higher extraction yield (9.2 mg vs. 6.5 mg TPC/g SCG, respectively). The environmental impacts associated with the DES system were primarily attributed to the DES preparation step, which requires virgin raw materials (e.g., dimethyl hexanediol), and the adsorption stage involving the use of resins. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted by optimizing the DES system to the best possible described conditions (90 % reuse of DES and maximum reduction of the macroporous resin used to adsorb the TPC after extraction). Nevertheless, the DES system still performed worse than water or ethanol 20 % systems, in 11 out of 16 impact categories. The study highlights the importance to consider environmental impacts and yield when optimizing extraction processes, especially at the laboratory scale, as the insights gained are valuable for improving eco-efficiency on an industrial scale.

A review of the polyphenols purification from apple products

Apple polyphenols are one of the major bioactive compounds in apple products and have strong anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to prevent chronic diseases with health benefits. The development of apple polyphenol products is dependent on the extraction, purification and identification of apple polyphenols. The extracted polyphenols need to be further purified to improve the concentration of the extracted polyphenols. This review, therefore, presents the studies on the conventional and novel methods for polyphenols purification from apple products. The different chromatography methods, as one of the most widely used conventional purification methods, for polyphenol purification from various apple products are introduced. In addition, the perspective of the adsorption-desorption process and membrane filtration technique in enhancing the purification of polyphenols from apple products are presented in this review. The advantages and disadvantages of these purification techniques are also discussed and compared in depth. However, each of the reviewed technologies has some disadvantages that need to be overcome, and some mechanisms need to be further identified. Therefore, more competitive polyphenols purification techniques need to emerge in the future. It is hoped that this review can provide a research basis for the efficient purification of apple polyphenols, which can facilitate their application in various fields.

Rosavin thwarts amyloid-β-induced macromolecular damages and neurotoxicity, exhibiting anti-Alzheimer's disease activity in Wister rat model

Lately, interest surrounding the utilization of plant-derived compounds as a viable beneficial approach for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) has significantly increased. This study aimed to assess the defensive properties of rosavin against Alzheimer's disease induced by amyloid-β, utilizing experimental models. We found that rosavin exhibited anti-aggregation and disaggregation properties, suggesting its potential to prevent the gathering of Aβ-aggregates. In vitro experiments revealed that rosavin effectively mitigated the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ in Neuro-2a cells, showcasing its protective potential. Rosavin significantly improved the Aβ-induced cognitive deficits in Wistar rats, particularly in spatial memory. Which the pathophysiology of AD includes oxidative damage, which negatively impacts biological macromolecules. Triggers the apoptotic process, causing macromolecular destruction. Interestingly, rosavin attenuated Aβ-induced macromolecular damages, thereby preserving neuronal integrity. Furthermore, the activation of antioxidative defense enzymes by rosavin inhibited oxidative damage. The positive outcomes associated with rosavin were primarily attributed to its capacity to enhance acetylcholine-mediated effects. Finally, rosavin has the potential to alleviate Aβ-induced neurotoxicity and macromolecular damages, ultimately resulting in enhanced memorial and reasoning function in Wistar rats, offering promising prospects for the treatment of AD.

Magnetic Prussian blue nanoshells are controllable anchored on the surface of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets for efficient separation of radioactive cesium from water

The rapid development of nuclear energy in China has led to increased attention to the treatment of radioactive wastewaters. Herein, a novel magnetic adsorbent, magnetic Prussian blue‑molybdenum disulfide (PB/Fe3O4/MoS2) nanocomposite, was prepared by a simple in-situ fixation of ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) and Prussian Blue (PB) shell layers on the surface of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets carrier. The prepared PB/Fe3O4/MoS2 nanocomposites adsorbent displayed excellent fast magnetic separation and adsorption capacity of Cs+ (Qm = 80.51 mg/g) from water. The adsorption behavior of Cs+ by PB/Fe3O4/MoS2 conformed to Langmuir isothermal and second-order kinetic model, which belonged to chemical adsorption and endothermic reaction. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of PB/Fe3O4/MoS2 to Cs+ has reached 90 % in less than 110 min. Moreover, the adsorption properties of PB/Fe3O4/MoS2 remained good in the pH range of 2-7. Based on this, PB/Fe3O4/MoS2 complex was a fast and high selectivity adsorption material for Cs+, which was expected to be used in the practical treatment of cesium-containing radioactive wastewater.

HPLC-DAD-MS Identification and Quantification of Phenolic Components in Japanese Knotweed and American Pokeweed Extracts and Their Phytotoxic Effect on Seed Germination

We performed a detailed HPLC-MSn analysis of the phenolic compounds from the extracts of two invasive alien plant species (IAPS): Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr.) and American pokeweed (Phytolacca americana L.). The major phenolic groups were hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols in Japanese knotweed (J. knotweed) and flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, and stilbenes in American pokeweed (A. pokeweed). We investigated the influence of solvent type and extraction time on the extraction efficiency of the phenolic compounds. The solvent 80% methanol had a higher polyphenolic extraction efficiency than water, since 14.5 times more flavonols and 2.3 times more stilbenes were extracted from J. knotweed and 5.2 times more flavonols and 2.6 times more stilbenes were extracted from A. pokeweed. In contrast, with water, we obtained a 52% higher hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) content from J. knotweed. Hydroxycinnamic acids were best extracted in water after 24 h, flavanols after 12 h, stilbenes between 12 and 24 h, and flavonol glycosides after 48 h of extraction. We also tested the allelopathic effect of the aqueous extract of A. pokeweed and J. knotweed on seed germination and shoot and root growth of perennial ryegrass. The results showed that the water extract of J. knotweed resulted in 38 to 48% lower seed germination of perennial ryegrass, and the extract of A. pokeweed resulted in 83 to 90% lower seed germination. The phytotoxic effect of the extract of J. knotweed and A. pokeweed was also reflected in a characteristic reduced growth of shoots and roots of perennial ryegrass. The phytotoxic action of IAPS could also be applied for beneficial purposes, since this would be an effective strategy for their control and a reduction of their spread in the environment.

Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Roasted Hazelnut Skin Extract Using Macroporous Resins

Hazelnut skin is a rich source of polyphenols but is generally discarded during the roasting process of hazelnuts. Previous studies reported the extraction and identification of these compounds using different solvents and procedures; however, there are few reports on their enrichment and purification. In this study, three types of Amberlite macroporous resins (XAD 16, XAD 4, and XAD 7) were compared to evaluate the enrichment of polyphenols via adsorption and desorption mechanisms. The operating condition parameters for polyphenol adsorption/desorption of each resin were determined, the kinetics of adsorption were examined, and a method for polyphenol recovery was developed using static and dynamic adsorption/desorption. Antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection were used to confirm the increase in polyphenols obtained using the adsorption/desorption technique. XAD16 showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a recovery of 87.7%, and the adsorption kinetics fit well with a pseudo-second-order model. The highest poly-phenol desorption ratio was observed using an ethanol/water solution (70% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 bed volume/h.

Superadsorbent Fe3O4-coated carbon black nanocomposite for separation of light rare earth elements from aqueous solution: GMDH-based Neural Network and sensitivity analysis

A series of nanocomposites adsorbents with different magnetite/carbon black ratios were synthesized by using the co-precipitation method and used for separation of LREEs (Ce, La, and Nd) from aqueous solution. The adsorption efficiency of nanocomposites is strongly dependent on both pH and the loading carbon on nanocomposite. The maximum adsorption capacity (370 mg/g) was reported by nanocomposite with 20% Fe3O4 and 80% carbon in pH 7 for LREE initial concentration of 250 ppm. Results revealed that the LREEs adsorption behavior of the optimal adsorbent fits well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Moreover, the average values of thermodynamic parameters suggest the endothermic and irreversible chemisorption mechanism. An empirical correlation was obtained by using GMDH (Group Method of Data Handling)-based Neural Network to predict the adsorption kinetics of LREEs as a function of ion's electronegativity, molecular weight, and initial concentration. The results showed that the correlation can predict the experimental data mostly lower than 12.5% and it can predict the results of other researches with similar conditions with up to 25% from the experimental values. Finally, the results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the adsorption of LREEs is more sensitive to ions electronegativity and molecular weight at equilibrium conditions.

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of a phenolic compound from Ecklonia cava on macroporous resin

This study aimed to develop efficient adsorption and desorption processes to purify phenolic compounds from Ecklonia cava. We compared the adsorption and desorption properties of five resins. HP2MG showed the highest adsorption and desorption capacities and adsorption rate; hence, it was selected for phenolic compound purification. Adsorption isotherm parameters indicated favorable adsorption between HP2MG and phenolic compounds. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the absorption process physically proceeded. In the dynamic adsorption process, adsorption property was assessed based on bed length (4-10 cm) and flow rate (1.64-3.27 mL/min). The breakthrough point increased with increased bed length and decreased adsorption flow rate. However, the high desorption flow rate shortened the processing time. The phenolic contents, anti-glycation activity and antioxidant activity of the extract were measured before and after purification. The dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol-A increased three times after purification. The purified extract showed higher anti-glycation and antioxidant activities than the extract.

Efficient direct preparation of antifungal Alteramide B from Lysobacter enzymogenes fermentation broth by macroporous resin adsorption

Alteramide B (ATB) is an antifungal metabolite produced by Lysobacter enzymogenes. However, its separation method has not been explored. This study attempted to directly adsorb ATB from fermentation broth using macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) NKA resin exhibited better adsorption as well as desorption capacities. The static and dynamic adsorption characteristics were assessed to determine the following optimal separation conditions: initial fermentation broth with a pH of 12.0, 2 BV/h flow rate, 8 BV loading volume, and 6 BV 80% aqueous ethanol for elution. After a single treatment, ATB content in the final product was higher by 4.51-fold (i.e, from 12.72 ± 1.21% to 57.35 ± 3.46%), resulting in a recovery yield of 86.20 ± 4.47%. In addition, NKA resin showed superior reusability within eight cycles of adsorption/desorption. The developed method is thus a simple, efficient, and economical process for ATB separation.

Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds of Western Siberia Astragalus danicus in different regions

The potential of phenolic compounds of medicinal plants including Astragalus danicus L is determined by but not limited to their antioxidant activity. Their anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and other useful properties are known, which allows using these phytochemicals within preventive activities to reduce the risk of many serious diseases. Chromatographic analysis of the Astragalus danicus L. biomaterial from the plant samples collected in three regions of the Kemerovo region (Western Siberia, Russia) established the presence of compounds of flavonols (isorhamnetin glucoside, kaempferol glucoside), flavones (apigenin 7-glucoside), phenylpropanoids (chlorogenic acid) in the aerial part of plants. The total content of phenolic compounds in plant samples ranged from 100.75 ± 3.87 mg/g (Yashkinsky district) to 190.95 ± 7.34 mg/g (Belovsky district). The content of chlorogenic acid in the studied samples was from 0.14 ± 0.01 mg/g to 1.16 ± 0.04 mg/g. Isorhamnetin glucoside was found only in samples of plants from two districts - Prokopievsky (41.39 ± 1.58 mg/g) and Belovsky (95.0 ± 3.66 mg/g). The content of glucosides of kaempferol ranged from 0.38 ± 0.01 mg/g to 0.55 ± 0.02 mg/g. Its content is almost twice as high as the content in the well-known analogues of Astragalus. Apigenin-7-glucoside was isolated in Astragalus samples for the first time, in a small amount (3.34 ± 0.13 mg/g) in a sample of plants of one growing zone. Studies have confirmed that the content of flavonoids in plants significantly depends not only on the genetic characteristics of plants, but also on the hydrothermal regime, the climatic conditions of different botanical and geographical areas of the habitat. This work shows that Astragalus danicus L. growing in Kemerovo region is a promising raw material for pharmacological preparations.

Purification of total flavonoids from Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae through cyclodextrin-assisted extraction and resin adsorption

Flavonoids are the main bioactive components responded for the health promoting effects of Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae (RSG), an herbal material used in many functional food of China. An eco-friendly method with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-assisted extraction and resin adsorption/desorption was developed for total flavonoids purification from RSG. Because of complexes formation between flavonoids and β-CD, aqueous solution was used for extraction instead of ethanol. The CD-assisted extraction was optimized through defining optimal CD species, concentration, extraction temperature, and time. The adsorption property of eight macroporous resins on astilbin was compared by adsorption kinetics and capacity. All resins could reach the adsorption equilibrium within 2 hr. Further analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models, H103 resin with the best adsorption capacity was selected. The desorption property of different ethanol-water solution was compared. Results showed that by using 75% ethanol, astilbin could be well desorbed from the resin with the recovery of 96.3%. Because of complexes formation, the presence of β-CD would slightly decrease the adsorption rate and capacity of H103 with concentration dependent. In dynamic adsorption, decreasing the flow rate could minish the effects of β-CD. The developed method was successfully used for total flavonoids purified from RSG. The yield of purified product was 8.78%, with astilbin and total flavonoids content of 363.8 and 505.7 mg/g, respectively. The purity was 1.74 times increased with the recovery of 94.38% compared with the extract obtained directly through 50% ethanol extraction.

Highly selective separation and purification of chicoric acid from Echinacea purpurea by quality control methods in macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography

Chicoric acid is the main phenolic active ingredient in Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae), best known for its immune-enhancing ability, as well as used as a herbal medicine. To achieve further utilization of medicinal ingredients from E. purpurea, an efficient preparative separation of chicoric acid was developed based on macroporous adsorption resin chromatography. The separation characteristics of several different typical macroporous adsorption resins were evaluated by adsorption/desorption column experiments, and HPD100 was revealed as the optimal one, which exhibited that the adsorbents fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm model, and the optimal process parameters were obtained. The breakthrough curves could be predicted and end-point could be determined early. Besides, the optimal elution conditions of chicoric acid can be achieved using the quality control methods. As a result, the purity of chicoric acid was increased 15.8-fold (from 4 to 63%) after the treatment with HPD100. The process of the enrichment and separation of chicoric acid is considerate, because of its high efficiency and simple operation. The established separation and purification method of chicoric acid is expected to be valuable for further utilization of E. purpurea according to product application in pharmaceutical fields in the future.

Purification of phlorotannins from Macrocystis pyrifera using macroporous resins

Phlorotannins are secondary metabolites produced by brown seaweed, which are known for their nutraceutical and pharmacological properties. The aim of this work was to determine the type of macroporous resin and the conditions of operation that improve the purification of phlorotannins extracted from brown seaweed, Macrocystis pyrifera. For the purification of phlorotannins, six resins (HP-20, SP-850, XAD-7, XAD-16N, XAD-4 and XAD-2) were assessed. The kinetic adsorption allowed determination of an average adsorption time for the resins of 9h. The highest level of purification of phlorotannins was obtained with XAD-16N, 42%, with an adsorption capacity of 183±18mgPGE/g resin, and a desorption ratio of 38.2±7.7%. According to the adsorption isotherm the best temperature of operation was 25°C, and the model that best described the adsorption properties was the Freundlich model. The purification of phlorotannins might expand their use as a bioactive substance in the food, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Preparative separation of gallocatechin gallate from Camellia ptilophylla using macroporous resins followed by sephadex LH-20 column chromatography

Gallocatechin gallate (GCG) possesses multiple potential biological activities. However, the content of GCG in traditional green tea is too low which limits its in-depth pharmacological research and application. In the present study, a simple, efficient and environment-friendly chromatographic separation method was developed for preparative enrichment and separation of GCG from cocoa tea (Camellia ptilophylla) which contains high content of GCG. In the first step, the adsorption properties of selected resins were evaluated, and XAD-7HP resin was chosen by its adsorption and desorption properties for GCG. In order to maximize column efficiency for GCG collection, the operating parameters (e.g., flow rate, ethanol concentration, and bed height) were optimized. We found that the best combination was the feed concentration at 20mg/mL, flow rate at 0.75 BV/h and the ratio of diameter to bed heights as 1:12. Under these conditions, the purity of GCG was 45% with a recovery of 89%. In order to obtain pure target, a second step was established using column chromatography with sephadex LH-20 gel and 55% ethanol-water solution as eluent. After this step, the purity of the GCG was 91% with a recovery of 68% finally.

A polyamide resin based method for adsorption of anthocyanins from blackberries

A polyamide resin was successfully employed for the purification of blackberry anthocyanins and this proved to be an efficient and low-cost method.

Adsorption and Desorption Studies of Anthocyanins from Black Peanut Skins on Macroporous Resins

Adsorption of black peanut skin anthocyanins, a natural pigment, onto various macroporous resins was optimized to develop a potential approach for large-scale production of black peanut skin anthocyanins. Seven different macroporous resins (AB-8, SP-207, LS-305A, HP-20, LS-305, DM-21 and LS-610B) were evaluated for the adsorption properties of the anthocyanins extracted from the black peanut skins of Arachis hypogaea L. The adsorption experiment proved that compared to AB-8, SP-207 and LS-305A, four resins, i.e., LS-610B, DM-21, LS-305 and HP-20 have relatively higher capacity of adsorbing black peanut skin anthocyanins from the aqueous solution, which are verified by the related adsorption experiments. The adsorption isotherm data was successfully described by Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order rate model simulates the kinetic process well. Column adsorption and desorption tests further proved DM-21 is a promising adsorbent for field applications to recover black peanut skin anthocyanins from aqueous solution. The overall yield of pigment product was 14% based on dried black peanut skin, and anthocyanins purity is at about 5.7% in the pigment product.

In vitro and in vivo biological activities of anthocyanins from Nitraria tangutorun Bobr. fruits

Anthocyanins are the main compounds in Nitraria tangutorun Bobr. The enrichment and purification of anthocyanins on macroporous resins were investigated. Regarding anthocyanin purification, static adsorption and desorption were studied. The optimal experimental conditions were the following: resin type: X-5; static adsorption time: 6h; desorption solution: ethanol-water-HCl (80:19:1, V/V/V; pH 1); desorption time: 40min. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo biological activities of the anthocyanins were evaluated. The anthocyanins showed ideal scavenging effects on free radicals in vitro, especially on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl free radical (OH). In the animal experiment, blood lipid metabolism of hyperlipidemia rats was regulated by anthocyanin contents. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of hyperlipidemia rats were also improved by anthocyanins. These results showed that anthocyanins from N. tangutorun Bobr. fruits had potential biological activities in vivo as well as in vitro.

Separation of salvianic acid A from the fermentation broth of engineered Escherichia coli using macroporous resins

Salvianic acid A (also known as danshensu) is a plant-derived polyphenolic acid, and has a variety of physiological and pharmacological activities. Our laboratory previously constructed an unprecedented artificial biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli and established the fermentation process to produce salvianic acid A. Here, we developed an efficient method for separating salvianic acid A from the fermentation broth of engineered Escherichia coli by macroporous resins. Among ten tested macroporous resins, the static and dynamic adsorption/desorption experiments demonstrated that X5 resin was the best to separate salvianic acid A from fermentation broth. Other parameters during static and dynamic procedures were also investigated. Under the optimum separation conditions, the average adsorption capacity of SAA were 10.66±0.54 mg/g dry resin and the desorption ratio was 85.6±4.1%. The purity and recovery yield of salvianic acid A in the final dry product were 90.2±1.5 and 81.5±2.3%, respectively. The results show that adsorption separation with macroporous resin X5 was an efficient method to prepare salvianic acid A from fermentation broth. This work will benefit the development and application of plant-derived salvianic acid A and its derivatives.

An UPLC-MS-based metabolomics investigation on the anti-fatigue effect of salidroside in mice

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-based metabolomic approach was developed to study influence of salidroside, an anti-fatigue ingredient from Rhoiola rosea, on urinary metabolic profiling of rats to a single dose of 180 mg/kg per day. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised orthogonal pre-projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) on metabolite profiling revealed obvious differentiation between the salidroside treated groups and controls in both positive and negative ion modes. Eleven urinary metabolites contributing to the differentiation were identified as anti-fatigue biomarkers: N-acetylserotonin, 2-Methoxyestrone 3-glucuronide, Taurine, Melatonin, Sorbitol, Geranyl diphosphate, Z-nucleotide, Cortisone, Dihydrocortisol, Sebacic acid, Pregnenolone sulfate. The physiological significance of these biomarkers is discussed. The work showed that metabolomics is a powerful tool in studying the anti-fatigue effects of natural compound salidroside on multiple targets in vivo.

Adsorption properties and preparative separation of phenylethanoid glycosides from Cistanche deserticola by use of macroporous resins

A simple and efficient chromatographic method for large-scale preparative separation of phenylethanoid glycosides (mainly contain echinacoside and acteoside) from Cistanche deserticola was developed. The adsorption properties of eight macroporous resins were evaluated. Three selected resins were further screened depending on the adsorption kinetics curves, in which HPD300 resin showed the best separation efficiency. The adsorption isotherm data on HPD300 resin were fitted to the Freundlich equation in certain concentration range. The dynamic adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out on columns packed with HPD300 resin to optimize the separation process. The breakthrough curves showed that acteoside had a higher affinity to the resin than echinacoside. The contents of echinacoside and acteoside in the product increased from 1.79% and 1.43% in the crude extracts to 16.66% and 15.17%, with recovery yields of 80.41% and 90.17%, respectively. The purity of total phenylethanoid glycosides in the product was 76.58%.

Preparative separation and purification of steroidal saponins in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis by macroporous adsorption resins

CONTEXT

Saponins are active compounds in natural products. Many researchers have tried to find the method for knowing their concentration in herbs. Some methods, such as solid-liquid extraction and solvent extraction, have been developed. However, the extraction methods of the steroidal saponins from Paris polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (Liliaceae) are not fully researched.

OBJECTIVE

To establish a simple extraction method for the separation of steroidal saponins from the rhizomes of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Macroporous adsorption resins were used for the separation of steroidal saponins. To select the most suitable resins, seven kinds of macroporous resins were selected in this study. The static adsorption and desorption tests on macroporous resins were determined. Also, we optimized the temperature and the ethanol concentration in the extraction method by the contents of five kinds of saponins. Then, we compared the extraction method with two other methods.

RESULTS

D101 resin demonstrated the best adsorption and desorption properties for steroidal saponins. Its adsorption data fits best to the Freundlich adsorption model. The contents of steroidal saponins in the product were 4.83-fold increased with recovery yields of 85.47%.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The process achieved simple and effective enrichment and separation for steroidal saponins. The method provides a scientific basis for large-scale preparation of steroidal saponins from the Rhizoma Paridis and other plants.