1
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Mousavinezhad S, Kadivar S, Vahidi E. Comparative life cycle analysis of critical materials recovery from spent Li-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 339:117887. [PMID: 37031596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of new generations of electric vehicles is expected to drive the growth of lithium-ion batteries in the global market. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method was utilized in this study to evaluate the environmental impacts of various hydrometallurgical processes in critical materials recovery from lithium-ion battery (LIB) cathode powder. The main objective of this work was to fill the knowledge gap regarding the environmental sustainability of various processes in LIB recycling and to generate a comprehensive comparison of the environmental burdens caused by numerous hydrometallurgical methods. According to this investigation, leaching with acetic acid, formic acid, maleic acid, and DL-malic acid demonstrates lower environmental impacts compared to lactic acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, citric acid, trichloroacetic acid, and tartaric acid. Among inorganic acids, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid show higher environmental impacts compared to sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that leaching with some organic acids such as citric, succinic, ascorbic, trichloroacetic, and tartaric acids leads to higher negative environmental impacts in most environmental categories compared to inorganic acids like sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Therefore, not all organic acids utilized in the leaching of critical and strategic materials from cathode powder can enhance environmental sustainability in the recycling process. The results of the solvent extraction study as a downstream process of leaching show that sodium hydroxide, organic reagents, and kerosene have the highest environmental impact among all inputs in this process. Generally, solvent extraction has a greater environmental impact compared to the leaching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedkamal Mousavinezhad
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Saeede Kadivar
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
| | - Ehsan Vahidi
- Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA.
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2
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Zhang N, Xu Z, Deng W, Wang X. Recycling and Upcycling Spent LIB Cathodes: A Comprehensive Review. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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4
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Lee D, Joo SH, Shin DJ, Shin SM. Evaluation of leaching characteristic and kinetic study of lithium from lithium aluminum silicate glass-ceramics by NaOH. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:98-110. [PMID: 34412791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The behavior and mechanism of Li leaching from lithium aluminum silicate glass-ceramics which can be used as a secondary source of Li using aqueous NaOH solution was investigated. The Li leaching efficiency is increased with increasing concentration of NaOH, specific surface area, and reaction temperature. When leached under optimum conditions, 2 mol/L NaOH, 53 μm particle undersize, 1:10 solid/liquid ratio, 250 r/min stirring speed, 100°C reaction temperature, 12 hr, the Li leaching efficiency was approximately 70%. However, when the leaching experiment was performed for 48 hr, the concentration of Li+ ions contained in the leach liquor decreased from 1160 to 236 mg/L. To investigate the origin of this phenomenon, the obtained leach residue was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. These analyses show that zeolite was formed around the lithium aluminum silicate glass-ceramics, which affected the leaching of by adsorbing Li+ ions. In addition, using the shrinking-core model and the Arrhenius equation, the leaching reaction with NaOH was found to depends on the chemical reaction of the two reactants, with a higher than 41.84 kJ/mol of the activation energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongseok Lee
- Resources Recovery Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea; Department of Resources Recycling, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Joo
- Resources Recovery Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Shin
- Resources Recovery Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Shun Myung Shin
- Resources Recovery Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), 124 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea; Department of Resources Recycling, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Chen Y, Shi P, Chang D, Jie Y, Yang S, Wu G, Chen H, Zhu J, Hu F, Wilson BP, Lundstrom M. Selective extraction of valuable metals from spent EV power batteries using sulfation roasting and two stage leaching process. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Guo M, Wang X, Liu L, Min X, Hu X, Guo W, Zhu N, Jia J, Sun T, Li K. Recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and their application in preparing multi-metal oxides for the removal of oxygenated VOCs: Effect of synthetic methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 193:110563. [PMID: 33278468 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the sustainable use of wastes, cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries are recovered and used as transition metal precursors to prepare metal oxides catalysts for the oxidation of VOCs. In this work, a series of manganese-based and cobalt-based metal oxides are synthesized via different preparation methods. Catalytic activities of the catalysts prepared are investigated through complete oxidation of oxygenated VOCs and the physicochemical properties of optimum samples are characterized. Evaluation results indicate that MnOx (SY) (HT) sample prepared via hydrothermal method and CoOx (GS) (CP) synthesized via co-precipitation method had better performance, because they have higher specific surface area, higher concentration of active oxygen species and high-valence metal ion, as well as better low-temperature reducibility compared to the other multi-metal oxides used in the study. In addition, TD/GC-MS results imply that further oxidation of by-products requires high reaction temperature during VOCs oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Lizhong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, PR China
| | - Xin Min
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- Lab Center for the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, ShanghaiJiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Lab Center for the School of Environmental Science and Engineering, ShanghaiJiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Nanwen Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecology Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Tonghua Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Kan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecology Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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7
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Bi H, Zhu H, Zu L, Gao Y, Gao S, Peng J, Li H. Low-temperature thermal pretreatment process for recycling inner core of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2021; 39:146-155. [PMID: 32938335 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20957403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries contain abundant strategic lithium resources and are thus considered attractive secondary lithium sources. However, these batteries may contaminate the environment because they contain hazardous materials. In this work, a novel process involving low-temperature heat treatment is used as an alternative pretreatment method for recycling spent LFP batteries. When the temperature reaches 300°C, the dissociation effect of the anode material gradually improves with heat treatment time. At the heat treatment time of 120 minutes, an electrode material can be dissociated. The extension of heat treatment time has a minimal effect on quality loss. The physicochemical changes in thermally treated solid cathode and anode materials are examined through scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The heat treatment results in the complete separation of the materials from aluminium foil without contamination. The change in heat treatment temperature has a small effect on the quality of LFP material shedding. When the heat treatment temperature reaches 300°C and the time reaches 120 minutes, heat treatment time increases, and the yield of each particle size is stable and basically unchanged. The method can be scaled up and may reduce environmental pollution due to waste LFP batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Bi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Jielin Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
| | - Huabing Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, People's Republic of China
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8
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Dong P, Ning P, Li Q. Recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries by multi-step directional precipitation. RSC Adv 2020; 11:268-277. [PMID: 35423005 PMCID: PMC8690296 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel strategy of multi-step directional precipitation is proposed for recovering valuable metals from the leachate of cathode material obtained by mechanical disassembly from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries. Based on thermodynamics and directional precipitation, Mn2+ is selectively precipitated under conditions of MRNM (molar ratio of (NH4)2S2O8 to Mn2+) = 3, pH = 5.5 and 80 °C for 90 min. Ni2+ was then selectively precipitated using C4H8N2O2 under conditions of pH = 6, MRCN (molar ratio of C4H8N2O2 to Ni2+) = 2, 30 °C and 20 min. Then, the pH was adjusted to 10 to precipitate Co2+ as Co(OH)2. Finally, Li+ was recovered by Na2CO3 at 90 °C. The precipitation rates of Mn, Ni, Co, and Li reached 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.2% and 90%, respectively. The precipitation products with high purity can be used as raw materials for industrial production based on characterization. The economical and efficient recovery process can be applied in industrialized large-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China .,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qi Meng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peichao Ning
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518118 China
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9
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From spent graphite to recycle graphite anode for high-performance lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Abstract
In the context of constant growth in the utilization of the Li-ion batteries, there was a great surge in the quest for electrode materials and predominant usage that lead to the retiring of Li-ion batteries. This review focuses on the recent advances in the anode and cathode materials for the next-generation Li-ion batteries. To achieve higher power and energy demands of Li-ion batteries in future energy storage applications, the selection of the electrode materials plays a crucial role. The electrode materials, such as carbon-based, semiconductor/metal, metal oxides/nitrides/phosphides/sulfides, determine appreciable properties of Li-ion batteries such as greater specific surface area, a minimal distance of diffusion, and higher conductivity. Various classifications of the anode materials such as the intercalation/de- intercalation, alloy/de-alloy, and various conversion materials are illustrated lucidly. Further, the cathode materials, such as nickel-rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), were discussed. NCM members such as NCM 333, NCM 523 that enabled to advance for NCM622 and NCM81are reported. The nanostructured materials bridged the gap in the realization of next-generation Li-ion batteries. Li-ion batteries’ electrode nanostructure synthesis, performance, and reaction mechanisms were considered with great concern. The serious effects of Li-ion batteries disposal need to be cut significantly to reduce the detrimental effect on the environment. Hence, the recycling of spent Li-ion batteries has gained much attention in recent years. Various recycling techniques and their effect on the electroactive materials are illustrated. The key areas covered in this review are anode and cathode materials and recent advances along with their recycling techniques. In light of crucial points covered in this review, it constitutes a suitable reference for engineers, researchers, and designers in energy storage applications.
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11
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He S, Liu Z. Efficient process for recovery of waste LiMn 2O 4 cathode material precipitation thermodynamic analysis and separation experiments. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 113:105-117. [PMID: 32526637 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient process is proposed for recovery of waste LiMn2O4 cathode material, which is one of the most commonly used cathode materials in LIBs. This report constitutes the precipitation thermodynamic analysis and separation experiments based on the water-leaching solutions during the processes of low-temperature calcination with (NH4)2SO4 and water-leaching. Precipitation thermodynamic analysis is undertaken to investigate the effects of initial concentration of the target solution, [N]T1, excess precipitant, and addition of (NH4)2SO4 on the manganese precipitation in the Mn2+-Li+-SO42--NH3-NH4+-CO32--H2O system. Moreover, the effects of initial concentration of the target solution, [N]T2, and excess precipitant on the lithium precipitation in the Li+-SO42--NH3-NH4+-CO32--H2O system are investigated. All these factors clearly influence the manganese and lithium precipitation, particularly the [N]T and the presence of excess precipitant in the system. The precipitation experimental results demonstrate that the optimal conditions are: a precipitation temperature of 35 °C; an excess coefficient of the precipitant of 2.4; the use of NHC-3 to precipitate the ML-3 solution; a maximum precipitation percentage of manganese of 99.96%; and an absence of Li2CO3 precipitation. The double-sulfate salts (Li(NH4)SO4 & (NH4)2SO4) evaporated and crystallised from the Li+/NH4+ solution are mixed with the waste LiMn2O4 cathode material for calcination and water leaching, for which the efficiencies of Li and Mn are 100% and 96.89%, respectively. The double-sulfate salts are calcined at 550 °C for 45 min to obtain the Li2SO4 product. Finally, the complete recovery and separation of Mn and Li in the waste LiMn2O4 cathode material are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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12
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Lin J, Li L, Fan E, Liu C, Zhang X, Cao H, Sun Z, Chen R. Conversion Mechanisms of Selective Extraction of Lithium from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries by Sulfation Roasting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:18482-18489. [PMID: 32223210 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the undergoing unprecedented development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the recycling of end-of-life batteries has become an urgent task considering the demand for critical materials, environmental pollution, and ecological impacts. Selective recovery of targeted element(s) is becoming a topical field that enables metal recycling in a short path with highly improved material efficiencies. This research demonstrates a process of selective recovery of spent Ni-Co-Mn (NCM)-based lithium-ion battery by systematically understanding the conversion mechanisms and controlling the sulfur behavior during a modified-sulfation roasting. As a result, Li from complex cathode components can be selectively extracted with high efficiency by only using water. Notably, the sulfur driven recovery processes can be divided into two stages: (i) part of the structure of NCM523 was destroyed, and Ni, Co, and Mn were reduced to divalent in different degrees to form sulfate (NiSO4, CoSO4, MnSO4) when reacting with H2SO4 at ambient temperature; (ii) with increasing temperature, Li ions in the unstable layered structure are released and combined with SO42- in the transition metal sulfate to form Li2SO4, and the sulfates of transition metals react to form Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O1.4. Studies have shown sulfur can be recirculated thoroughly in the form of SO42-, which in principle avoids secondary pollutions. By controlling the appropriate conversion temperature, we envisage that the sulfation selective roasting recovery technology could be easily applied to other spent lithium-ion battery materials. Besides, this work may also provide a unique platform for further study on the efficient extracting of other mineral resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Lin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ersha Fan
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunwei Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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13
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Shi D, Cui B, Li L, Peng X, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Lithium extraction from low-grade salt lake brine with ultrahigh Mg/Li ratio using TBP – kerosene – FeCl3 system. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Wang L, Li Q, Sun X, Wang L. Separation and recovery of copper from waste printed circuit boards leach solution using solvent extraction with Acorga M5640 as extractant. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2018.1539106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Engineering Research Center for Chemical Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lianjun Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Chemical Pollution Control (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Li L, Zhang X, Li M, Chen R, Wu F, Amine K, Lu J. The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hua Long
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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18
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Virolainen S, Fallah Fini M, Laitinen A, Sainio T. Solvent extraction fractionation of Li-ion battery leachate containing Li, Ni, and Co. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li J, Wang G, Xu Z. Generation and detection of metal ions and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the pretreatment processes for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 52:221-227. [PMID: 27021697 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries brings benefits to both economic and environmental terms, but it can also lead to contaminants in a workshop environment. This study focused on metals, non-metals and volatile organic compounds generated by the discharging and dismantling pretreatment processes which are prerequisite for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries. After discharging in NaCl solution, metal contents in supernate and concentrated liquor were detected. Among results of condition #2, #3, #4 and #5, supernate and concentrated liquor contain high levels of Na, Al, Fe; middle levels of Co, Li, Cu, Ca, Zn; and low levels of Mn, Sn, Cr, Zn, Ba, K, Mg, V. The Hg, Ag, Cr and V are not detected in any of the analyzed supernate. 10wt% NaCl solution was a better discharging condition for high discharge efficiency, less possible harm to environment. To collect the gas released from dismantled LIB belts, a set of gas collecting system devices was designed independently. Two predominant organic vapour compounds were dimethyl carbonate (4.298mgh(-1)) and tert-amylbenzene (0.749mgh(-1)) from one dismantled battery cell. To make sure the concentrations of dimethyl carbonate under recommended industrial exposure limit (REL) of 100mgL(-1), for a workshop on dismantling capacity of 1000kg spent LIBs, the minimum flow rate of ventilating pump should be 235.16m(3)h(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxu Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Guo Y, Li F, Zhu H, Li G, Huang J, He W. Leaching lithium from the anode electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by hydrochloric acid (HCl). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:227-233. [PMID: 26674969 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are considered as an important secondary resource for its high contents of valuable components, such as lithium and cobalt. Currently, studies mainly focus on the recycling of cathode electrodes. There are few studies concentrating on the recovery of anode electrodes. In this work, based on the analysis result of high amount of lithium contained in the anode electrode, the acid leaching process was applied to recycle lithium from anode electrodes of spent LIBs. Hydrochloric acid was introduced as leaching reagent, and hydrogen peroxide as reducing agent. Within the range of experiment performed, hydrogen peroxide was found to have little effect on lithium leaching process. The highest leaching recovery of 99.4wt% Li was obtained at leaching temperature of 80°C, 3M hydrochloric acid and S/L ratio of 1:50g/ml for 90min. The graphite configuration with a better crystal structure obtained after the leaching process can also be recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cooperative Centre for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haochen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Cooperative Centre for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Zhang X, Cao H, Xie Y, Ning P, An H, You H, Nawaz F. A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: Process optimization and kinetics analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Liu Y, Lee M. Separation of Co and Ni from a chloride leach solutions of laterite ore by solvent extraction with extractant mixtures. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Zuo X, Jiao Q, Zhu X, Zhang C, Xiao X, Nan J. Preparation, characterization and electrochemical properties of a graphene-like carbon nano-fragment material. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Baba Y, Kubota F, Kamiya N, Goto M. Development of Novel Extractants with Amino Acid Structure for Efficient Separation of Nickel and Cobalt from Manganese Ions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Baba
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kubota
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center
for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744
Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center
for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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