1
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Sahu S, Agrawala M, Patra SR, Devi N. Synergistic Approach for Selective Leaching and Separation of Strategic Metals from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10556-10565. [PMID: 38463278 PMCID: PMC10918833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Recycling spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is paramount to pursuing resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study introduces a synergistic approach for selectively leaching and separating strategic metals from waste LIBs, representing a more efficient alternative to traditional single-acid-based leaching methods. The research also thoroughly analyzes diverse extraction parameters, aiming to achieve clean metal separation through synergistic concepts rather than single-phase extraction. The outcome of this study is developing a comprehensive downstream process, advancing the cause of sustainable waste management in the LIB industry. Under specific conditions with 0.6 mol/L total acid content (0.5 mol/L tartaric acid + 0.1 mol/L ascorbic acid), 99.9% cobalt and 100% lithium were effectively leached. The subsequent extraction process achieved a clean separation, with 48.3% of cobalt extracted using a mixture of 0.1 mol/L Alamine-336-Cyanex-272 (A-336-Cy-272) from the leach liquor with no coextraction of lithium, and this efficiency was improved to 67.3% by adjusting the pH from 2.44 to 7.5. However, it is worth noting that increasing the extractant concentration led to an antagonistic effect. To further enhance cobalt enrichment in the organic phase, the McCabe-Thiele plot method was recommended, employing saponified Cy-272. Moreover, the regeneration of saponified Cy-272 was investigated, and the stripped solution was processed with NaOH to form Co(OH)2, subsequently converting it into cobalt oxide (Co3O4) through calcination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibananda Sahu
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Mili Agrawala
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
| | - Niharbala Devi
- Biofuels and Bioprocessing Research Center, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha "O" Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751030, Odisha, India
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2
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Wang T, Tao T, Lv W, Zhao Y, Kang F, Cao H, Sun Z. Selective Recovery of Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Material with a Near-Room-Temperature Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10267-10276. [PMID: 38363101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Effective separation of cathode materials from the current collector is a critical step in recycling a spent lithium-ion battery (LIB). This typically necessitates the decomposition or dissolution of the organic binder, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), to achieve efficient recovery of cathode materials. However, this process requires a high decomposition temperature, typically between 400 and 600 °C, and can lead to side reactions, such as current collector oxidation/brittleness, decomposition of cathode materials, and formation of metal fluorides. In this study, we propose that non-thermal plasma (NTP) treatment can be used to achieve an extremely high separation of cathode materials and aluminum current collector at near room temperature. Instead of relying on PVDF decomposition, which requires high temperatures, PVDF can be deactivated by partially breaking down long molecular chains with appropriate NTP conditions. With a total treatment time of around 2000 s and an environmental temperature of approximately 80 °C, minor side reactions can be avoided. The separation rate can reach up to 95.69%, and high-quality cathode materials can be obtained with only 0.02 wt % aluminum impurity content. This research could potentially offer a new approach toward minimizing recycling steps and reducing energy consumption in the recycling of spent LIBs. It could also be extended to the recovery of a broader range of electronic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianya Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Tao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguang Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Kang
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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3
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Kumar R, Dhiman S, Gupta H. Indium extraction from nitrate medium using Cyphos ionic liquid 104 and its mathematical modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:107341-107349. [PMID: 36574124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24936-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and recovery of pollutants in aquatic system is one of the greatest challenges for environmentalists throughout the world. In this study, solvent extraction of indium using phosphonium ionic liquid (Cyphos IL 104) as an extractant and its mathematical model was proposed for prediction of In(III) ion transport across a FSSLM (flat-sheet-supported liquid membrane). Solvent extraction experiments on indium have been carried out under various experimental conditions in order to assert some fundamental parameters using mathematical analysis for mass transfer process. Diffusion is the process which facilitates metal ion transport across liquid membrane, indicating the applicability of Fick's law of diffusion in model formulation. The influence of different parameters like composition of diluent, feed acidity, and ligand concentration on In(III) ion transport rate has been reported. At different extractant concentrations, the modeling outputs and experimental indium extraction were observed to be in reasonably good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, Moradabad, India
| | - Soniya Dhiman
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Himanshu Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Uttar Pradesh, 244102, Moradabad, India.
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4
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Mahran GMA, Gado MA, Fathy WM, ElDeeb AB. Eco-Friendly Recycling of Lithium Batteries for Extraction of High-Purity Metals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4662. [PMID: 37444978 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The significant increase in lithium batteries consumption produces a significant quantity of discarded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). On the one hand, the shortage of high-grade ores leads to the necessity of processing low-grade ores, which contain a low percentage of valuable metals in comparison to the discarded LIBs that contain a high percentage of these metals, which enhances the processing of the discarded LIBs. On the other hand, the processing of discarded LIBs reduces the negative environmental effects that result from their storage and the harmful elements contained in their composition. Hence, the current study aims at developing cost-effective and ecofriendly technology for cobalt and lithium metal ion recovery based on discarded LIBs. A novel synthesized solid-phase adsorbent (TZAB) was utilized for the selective removal of cobalt from synthetic solutions and spent LIBs. The synthesized TZAB adsorbent was characterized by using 13C-NMR, GC-MS, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and TGA. The factors affecting the adsorption of cobalt and lithium ions from synthetic solutions and spent LIBs, including the sorbent dose, pH, contact time, temperature, and cobalt concentration were investigated. The conditions surrounding the recovery of cobalt and lithium from processing discarded LIBs, were investigated to optimize the maximum recovery. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models were used to study the kinetics of the adsorption process. The obtained results showed that high-purity CoC2O4 and Li3PO4 were obtained with a purity of 95% and 98.3% and a percent recovery of 93.48% and 95.76%, respectively. The maximum recovery of Co(II) from synthetic solutions was obtained at C0 = 500 mg·L-1, dose of 0.08 g, pH 7.5, T = 25 °C, and reaction time = 90 min. The collected data from Langmuir's isotherm and the adsorption processes of Co agree with the data predicted by the D-R isotherm models, which shows that the adsorption of Co(II) onto the TZAB seems to be chemisorption, and the results agree with the Langmuir and D-R isotherm models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal M A Mahran
- Mining Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Wael M Fathy
- Mining and Petroleum Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Amr B ElDeeb
- Mining and Petroleum Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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5
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Li B, Li Q, Wang Q, Yan X, Shi M, Wu C. Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19029-19051. [PMID: 35938373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05968h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy. Compared with inorganic acids, the physicochemical properties of DESs and their applications in recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries were summarized. The viscosity, metal solubility, toxicological properties and biodegradation of DESs depend on the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) and acceptor (HBA). The viscosity of ChCl-based DESs increased according to the HBD in the following order: alcohols < carboxylic acids < sugars < inorganic salts. The strongly coordinating HBDs increased the solubility of metal oxide via surface complexation reactions followed by ligand exchange for chloride in the bulk solvent. Interestingly, the safety and degradability of DESs reported in the literature are superior to those of inorganic acids. Both DESs and inorganic acids have excellent metal leaching efficiencies (>99%). However, the reaction kinetics of DESs are 2-3 orders of magnitude slower than those of inorganic acids. A significant advantage of DESs is that they can be regenerated and recycled multiple times after recovering metals by electrochemical deposition or precipitation. In the future, the development of efficient and selective DESs still requires a lot of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qingwei Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China. .,Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha, 410083, China.,Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xuelei Yan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Miao Shi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Chao Wu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
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6
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Lei S, Sun W, Yang Y. Solvent extraction for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127654. [PMID: 34772557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, solvent extraction not only recycle valuable metals (i.e., Ni, Co, Mn and Li) from the leach liquor of spent cathode materials, but also apply to treat spent electrolyte. This paper summarizes the development of solvent extraction in the field of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from the aspects of principle, technology and industrialization. Meanwhile, the paper also comments on the challenges and opportunities for the solvent extraction facing in the recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processg and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
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7
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Choubey PK, Dinkar OS, Panda R, Kumari A, Jha MK, Pathak DD. Selective extraction and separation of Li, Co and Mn from leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:452-457. [PMID: 33358248 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Novel route has been developed to selectively extract lithium (Li), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn) from the leach liquor of discarded lithium ion batteries (LIBs) containing 1.4 g/L Cu, 1.1 g/L Ni, 11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li. Initially, Cu and Ni were extracted by solvent extraction techniques using 10% LIX 84-IC at equilibrium (Eq.) pH 3 and 4.6, respectively. Subsequently, precipitation studies were carried out at different conditions such as pH, reaction time, precipitant concentration etc., to optimize the parameters for selective precipitation of Co from the leach liquor. Result showed that 99.2% Co was precipitated from the leach liquor (11.9 g/L Co, 6.9 g/L Mn and 1.2 g/L Li) after extraction of Cu and Ni in a range of pH 2.9 to 3.1 using un-diluted ammonium sulfide solution (10% v/v) as a precipitant at 30 °C, while only 0.89% Mn and 0.62% Li were co-precipitated. After Co precipitation, 98.9% Mn was extracted from the filtrate using 10% D2EHPA at equilibrium pH 4.5, and Li remained in raffinate. From the obtained purified solution, metals could be recovered either in a form of salt/metals by precipitation/ evaporation/ electrolysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Choubey
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India; Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Om Shankar Dinkar
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Rekha Panda
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Archana Kumari
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Manis Kumar Jha
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India.
| | - Devendra Deo Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
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8
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Yang X, Zhang Y, Meng Q, Dong P, Ning P, Li Q. Recovery of valuable metals from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries by multi-step directional precipitation. RSC Adv 2020; 11:268-277. [PMID: 35423005 PMCID: PMC8690296 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel strategy of multi-step directional precipitation is proposed for recovering valuable metals from the leachate of cathode material obtained by mechanical disassembly from mixed spent lithium-ion batteries. Based on thermodynamics and directional precipitation, Mn2+ is selectively precipitated under conditions of MRNM (molar ratio of (NH4)2S2O8 to Mn2+) = 3, pH = 5.5 and 80 °C for 90 min. Ni2+ was then selectively precipitated using C4H8N2O2 under conditions of pH = 6, MRCN (molar ratio of C4H8N2O2 to Ni2+) = 2, 30 °C and 20 min. Then, the pH was adjusted to 10 to precipitate Co2+ as Co(OH)2. Finally, Li+ was recovered by Na2CO3 at 90 °C. The precipitation rates of Mn, Ni, Co, and Li reached 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.2% and 90%, respectively. The precipitation products with high purity can be used as raw materials for industrial production based on characterization. The economical and efficient recovery process can be applied in industrialized large-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China .,Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qi Meng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peng Dong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Lithium-ion Batteries and Materials Preparation Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Battery Materials of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Metallurgy and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Peichao Ning
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650093 China
| | - Qingxiang Li
- Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Technology Co., Ltd. Shenzhen 518118 China
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Investigation of the Physico-Chemical Properties of the Products Obtained after Mixed Organic-Inorganic Leaching of Spent Li-Ion Batteries. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13246732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are currently one of the most important mobile energy storage units for portable electronics such as laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc. Their widespread application leads to the generation of large amounts of waste, so their recycling plays an important role in environmental policy. In this work, the process of leaching with sulfuric acid for the recovery of metals from spent Li-ion batteries in the presence of glutaric acid and hydrogen peroxide as reducing agents is presented. Experimental results indicate that glutaric-acid application improves the leaching performance compared to the use of just hydrogen peroxide under the same conditions. Obtained samples of leaching residues after mixed inorganic-organic leaching were characterized with Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction.
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10
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Li L, Zhang X, Li M, Chen R, Wu F, Amine K, Lu J. The Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: a Review of Current Processes and Technologies. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-018-0012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Zhang X, Li L, Fan E, Xue Q, Bian Y, Wu F, Chen R. Toward sustainable and systematic recycling of spent rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7239-7302. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00297e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive and novel view on battery recycling is provided in terms of the science and technology, engineering, and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Ersha Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Qing Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Yifan Bian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Feng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Renjie Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Science and Engineering
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- China
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12
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Vieceli N, Nogueira CA, Guimarães C, Pereira MFC, Durão FO, Margarido F. Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with sodium metabisulphite. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 71:350-361. [PMID: 29030120 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The hydrometallurgical extraction of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was investigated. LIBs were first dismantled and a fraction rich in the active material was obtained by physical separation, containing 95% of the initial electrode, 2% of the initial steel and 22% of plastic materials. Several reducers were tested to improve metals dissolution in the leaching step using sulphuric acid. Sodium metabisulphite led to the best results and was studied in more detail. The best concentration of Na2S2O5 was 0.1 M. The metals dissolution increased with acid concentration, however, concentrations higher than 1.25 M are unnecessary. Best results were reached using a stirring speed of 400 min-1. The metals leaching efficiency from the active material (Li, Mn, Ni, Co) increased with the temperature and was above 80% for temperatures higher than 60 °C. The dissolution of metals also rose with the increase in the liquid/solid ratio (L/S), however, extractions above 85% can be reached at L/S as lower as 4.5 L/kg, which is favourable for further purification and recovery operations. About 90% of metals extraction can be achieved after only 0.5 h of leaching. Sodium metabisulphite can be an alternative reducer to increase the leaching of Li, Mn, Co, and Ni from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Vieceli
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Carlos A Nogueira
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Campus do Lumiar, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Guimarães
- CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manuel F C Pereira
- CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando O Durão
- CERENA - Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Margarido
- Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - IN+, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Effect of the secondary product of semi-solid phase Fenton on the flotability of electrode material from spent lithium-ion battery. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Chen X, Ma H, Luo C, Zhou T. Recovery of valuable metals from waste cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using mild phosphoric acid. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 326:77-86. [PMID: 27987453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) may be necessary to alleviate the depletion of strategic metal resources and potential risk of environmental pollution. Herein a hydrometallurgical process was proposed to explore the possibility for the recovery of valuable metals from the cathode materials (LiCoO2) of spent LIBs using phosphoric acid as both leaching and precipitating agent under mild leaching conditions. According to the leaching results, over 99% Co can be separated and recovered as Co3(PO4)2 in a short-cut process involved merely with leaching and filtrating, under the optimized leaching conditions of 40°C (T), 60min (t), 4 vol.% H2O2, 20mLg-1 (L/S) and 0.7mol/L H3PO4. Then leaching kinetics was investigated based on the logarithmic rate kinetics model and the obtained results indicate that the leaching of Co and Li fits well with this model and the activation energies (Ea) for Co and Li are 7.3 and 10.2kJ/mol, respectively. Finally, it can be discovered from characterization results that the obtained product is 97.1% pure cobalt phosphate (Co3(PO4)2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China.
| | - Hongrui Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Chuanbao Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
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15
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Charles RG, Douglas P, Hallin IL, Matthews I, Liversage G. An investigation of trends in precious metal and copper content of RAM modules in WEEE: Implications for long term recycling potential. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 60:505-520. [PMID: 27890594 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Precious metal (PM) and copper content of dynamic-RAM modules placed on the market during 1991-2008 has been analysed by AAS following comminution and acid digestion. Linear regression analysis of compositional data ordered according to sample chronology was used to identify historic temporal trends in module composition resulting from changes in manufacturing practices, and to project future trends for use in more accurate assessment of future recycling potential. DRAM was found to be 'high grade' waste with: stable levels of gold and silver over time; 80% reduction in palladium content during 1991-2008; and 0.23g/module/year increase in copper content with a 75% projected increase from 2008 by 2020. The accuracy of future recycling potential projections for WEEE using current methods based on static compositional data from current devices is questionable due to likely changes in future device composition. The impact on recycling potential projections of waste laptops, smart phones, cell phones and tablets arising in Europe in 2020 resulting from a 75% increase in copper content is considered against existing projections using static compositional data. The results highlight that failing to consider temporal variations in PM content may result in significant discrepancies between projections and future recycling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Gareth Charles
- COATED Engineering Doctorate, Room 333, Grove Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Peter Douglas
- Chemistry Group, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Ingrid Liv Hallin
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Ian Matthews
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK.
| | - Gareth Liversage
- Metech Recycling (UK) Ltd, Unit 49 Hirwaun Industrial Estate, Hirwaun, Aberdare, Mid Glamorgan CF44 9UP, UK.
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16
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Fröhlich P, Lorenz T, Martin G, Brett B, Bertau M. Valuable Metals-Recovery Processes, Current Trends, and Recycling Strategies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2544-2580. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fröhlich
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Tom Lorenz
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Gunther Martin
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Beate Brett
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Martin Bertau
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Strasse 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
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17
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Fröhlich P, Lorenz T, Martin G, Brett B, Bertau M. Wertmetalle - Gewinnungsverfahren, aktuelle Trends und Recyclingstrategien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fröhlich
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Deutschland
| | - Tom Lorenz
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Deutschland
| | - Gunther Martin
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Deutschland
| | - Beate Brett
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Deutschland
| | - Martin Bertau
- Institut für Technische Chemie; TU Bergakademie Freiberg; Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Deutschland
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18
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Nayaka GP, Pai KV, Manjanna J, Keny SJ. Use of mild organic acid reagents to recover the Co and Li from spent Li-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:234-238. [PMID: 26709049 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
New organic acid mixtures have been investigated to recover the valuable metal ions from the cathode material of spent Li-ion batteries. The cathodic active material (LiCoO2) collected from spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) is dissolved in mild organic acids, iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and maleic acid (MA), to recover the metals. Almost complete dissolution occurred in slightly excess (than the stoichiometric requirement) of IDA or MA at 80°C for 6h, based on the Co and Li released. The reducing agent, ascorbic acid (AA), converts the dissolved Co(III)- to Co(II)-L (L=IDA or MA) thereby selective recovery of Co as Co(II)-oxalate is possible. The formation of Co(III)- and Co(II)-L is evident from the UV-Vis spectra of the dissolved solution as a function of dissolution time. Thus, the reductive-complexing dissolution mechanism is proposed here. These mild organic acids are environmentally benign unlike the mineral acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jayappa Manjanna
- Dept. of Chemistry, Rani Channamma University, Belagavi 591 156, India
| | - Sangita J Keny
- Chemistry Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India
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19
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Bertuol DA, Machado CM, Silva ML, Calgaro CO, Dotto GL, Tanabe EH. Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 51:245-251. [PMID: 26970842 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Continuing technological development decreases the useful lifetime of electronic equipment, resulting in the generation of waste and the need for new and more efficient recycling processes. The objective of this work is to study the effectiveness of supercritical fluids for the leaching of cobalt contained in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For comparative purposes, leaching tests are performed with supercritical CO2 and co-solvents, as well as under conventional conditions. In both cases, sulfuric acid and H2O2 are used as reagents. The solution obtained from the supercritical leaching is processed using electrowinning in order to recover the cobalt. The results show that at atmospheric pressure, cobalt leaching is favored by increasing the amount of H2O2 (from 0 to 8% v/v). The use of supercritical conditions enable extraction of more than 95wt% of the cobalt, with reduction of the reaction time from 60min (the time employed in leaching at atmospheric pressure) to 5min, and a reduction in the concentration of H2O2 required from 8 to 4% (v/v). Electrowinning using a leach solution achieve a current efficiency of 96% and a deposit with cobalt concentration of 99.5wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bertuol
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Caroline M Machado
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana L Silva
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila O Calgaro
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Tanabe
- Environmental Processes Laboratory (LAPAM), Chemical Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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20
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Swain B, Cho SS, Lee GH, Lee CG, Uhm S. Extraction/Separation of Cobalt by Solvent Extraction: A Review. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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da Cunha JM, Klein L, Bassaco MM, Tanabe EH, Bertuol DA, Dotto GL. Cobalt recovery from leached solutions of lithium-ion batteries using waste materials as adsorbents. CAN J CHEM ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanine Muller da Cunha
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Laura Klein
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Mariana Moro Bassaco
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hiromitsu Tanabe
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Daniel Assumpção Bertuol
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
| | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Environmental Processes Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department; Federal University of Santa Maria - UFSM; Santa Maria RS Brazil
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22
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Zhang X, Cao H, Xie Y, Ning P, An H, You H, Nawaz F. A closed-loop process for recycling LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 from the cathode scraps of lithium-ion batteries: Process optimization and kinetics analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Chen X, Xu B, Zhou T, Liu D, Hu H, Fan S. Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Renault S, Brandell D, Edström K. Environmentally-friendly lithium recycling from a spent organic li-ion battery. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:2859-2867. [PMID: 25170568 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A simple and straightforward method using non-polluting solvents and a single thermal treatment step at moderate temperature was investigated as an environmentally-friendly process to recycle lithium from organic electrode materials for secondary lithium batteries. This method, highly dependent on the choice of electrolyte, gives up to 99% of sustained capacity for the recycled materials used in a second life-cycle battery when compared with the original. The best results were obtained using a dimethyl carbonate/lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide electrolyte that does not decompose in presence of water. The process implies a thermal decomposition step at a moderate temperature of the extracted organic material into lithium carbonate, which is then used as a lithiation agent for the preparation of fresh electrode material without loss of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéven Renault
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, 751 21 Uppsala (Sweden).
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