1
|
Regmi C, Kshetri YK, Wickramasinghe SR. Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Membranes for Membrane Distillation: Progress, Problems and Future Prospects. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:160. [PMID: 39057668 PMCID: PMC11278710 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of an ideal membrane for membrane distillation (MD) is of the utmost importance. Enhancing the efficiency of MD by adding nanoparticles to or onto a membrane's surface has drawn considerable attention from the scientific community. It is crucial to thoroughly examine state-of-the-art nanomaterials-enabled MD membranes with desirable properties, as they greatly enhance the efficiency and reliability of the MD process. This, in turn, opens up opportunities for achieving a sustainable water-energy-environment nexus. By introducing carbon-based nanomaterials into the membrane's structure, the membrane gains excellent separation abilities, resistance to various feed waters, and a longer lifespan. Additionally, the use of carbon-based nanomaterials in MD has led to improved membrane performance characteristics such as increased permeability and a reduced fouling propensity. These nanomaterials have also enabled novel membrane capabilities like in situ foulant degradation and localized heat generation. Therefore, this review offers an overview of how the utilization of different carbon-based nanomaterials in membrane synthesis impacts the membrane characteristics, particularly the liquid entry pressure (LEP), hydrophobicity, porosity, and membrane permeability, as well as reduced fouling, thereby advancing the MD technology for water treatment processes. Furthermore, this review also discusses the development, challenges, and research opportunities that arise from these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chhabilal Regmi
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yuwaraj K. Kshetri
- Research Center for Green Advanced Materials, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - S. Ranil Wickramasinghe
- Ralph E. Martin Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Paul S, Bhoumick MC, Mitra S. Fouling Reduction and Thermal Efficiency Enhancement in Membrane Distillation Using a Bilayer-Fluorinated Alkyl Silane-Carbon Nanotube Membrane. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:152. [PMID: 39057660 PMCID: PMC11279159 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14070152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report the robust hydrophobicity, lower fouling propensity, and high thermal efficiency of the 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FAS)-coated, carbon nanotube-immobilized membrane (CNIM) when applied to desalination via membrane distillation. Referred to as FAS-CNIM, the membrane was developed through a process that combined the drop-casting of nanotubes flowed by a dip coating of the FAS layer. The membranes were tested for porosity, surface morphology, thermal stability, contact angle, and flux. The static contact angle of the FAS-CNIM was 153 ± 1°, and the modified membrane showed enhancement in water flux by 18% compared to the base PTFE membrane. The flux was tested at different operating conditions and the fouling behavior was investigated under extreme conditions using a CaCO3 as well as a mixture of CaCO3 and CaSO4 solution. The FAS-CNIM showed significantly lower fouling than plain PTFE or the CNIM; the relative flux reduction was 34.4% and 37.6% lower than the control for the CaCO3 and CaCO3/CaSO4 mixed salt solution. The FAS-CNIM exhibited a notable decrease in specific energy consumption (SEC). Specifically, the SEC for the FAS-CNIM measured 311 kwh/m3 compared to 330.5 kwh/m3 for the CNIM and 354 kwh/m3 for PTFE using a mixture of CaCO3/CaSO4. This investigation underscores the significant contribution of the carbon nanotubes' (CNTs) intermediate layer in creating a durable superhydrophobic membrane, highlighting the potential of utilizing carbon nanotubes for tailored interface engineering to tackle fouling for salt mixtures. The innovative design of a superhydrophobic membrane has the potential to alleviate wetting issues resulting from low surface energy contaminants present in the feed of membrane distillation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (S.P.); (M.C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jawed AS, Nassar L, Hegab HM, van der Merwe R, Al Marzooqi F, Banat F, Hasan SW. Recent developments in solar-powered membrane distillation for sustainable desalination. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31656. [PMID: 38828351 PMCID: PMC11140715 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The freshwater shortage continues to be one of the greatest challenges affecting our planet. Although traditional membrane distillation (MD) can produce clean water regardless of climatic conditions, the process wastes a lot of energy. The technique of solar-powered membrane distillation (SPMD) has received a lot of interest in the past decade, thanks to the development of photothermal materials. SPMD is a promising replacement for the traditional MD based on fossil fuels, as it can prevent the harmful effects of emissions on the environment. Integrating green solar energy with MD can reduce the cost of the water purification process and secure freshwater production in remote areas. At this point, it is important to consider the most current progress of the SPMD system and highlight the challenges and prospects of this technology. Based on this, the background, recent advances, and principles of MD and SPMD, their configurations and mechanisms, fabrication methods, advantages, and current limitations are discussed. Detailed comparisons between SPMD and traditional MD, assessments of various standards for incorporating photothermal materials with desirable properties, discussions of desalination and other applications of SPMD and MD, and energy consumption rates are also covered. The final section addresses the potential of SPMD to outperform traditional desalination technology while improving water production without requiring a significant amount of electrical or high-grade thermal energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S. Jawed
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lobna Nassar
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hanaa M. Hegab
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Riaan van der Merwe
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Al Marzooqi
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shadi W. Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, PO Box, 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Silva AFR, Lebron YAR, Moreira VR, Ribeiro LA, Koch K, Amaral MCS. High-retention membrane bioreactors for sugarcane vinasse treatment: Opportunities for environmental impact reduction and wastewater valorization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 329:117001. [PMID: 36565496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol production has increased over the years, and Brazil ranking second in the world using sugarcane as the main raw material. However, 10-15 L of vinasse are generated per liter of ethanol produced. Besides large volumes, this wastewater has high polluting potential due to its low pH and high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Given the high biodegradability of the organic matter, the treatment of this effluent by anaerobic digestion and membrane separation processes results in the generation of high value-added byproducts such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs), biohydrogen and biogas. Membrane bioreactors have been widely evaluated due to the high efficiency achieved in vinasse treatment. In recent years, high retention membrane bioreactors, in which high retention membranes (nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, forward osmosis and membrane distillation) are combined with biological processes, have gained increasing attention. This paper presents a critical review focused on high retention membrane bioreactors and the challenges associated with the proposed configurations. For nanofiltration membrane bioreactor (NF-MBR), the main drawback is the higher fouling propensity due to the hydraulic driving force. Nonetheless, the development of membranes with high permeability and anti-fouling properties is uprising. Regarding osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR), special attention is needed for the selection of a proper draw solution, which desirably should be low cost, have high osmolality, reduce reverse salt flux, and can be easily reconcentrated. Membrane distillation bioreactor (MDBR) also exhibit some shortcomings, with emphasis on energy demand, that can be solved with the use of low-grade and residual heat, or renewable energies. Among the configurations, MDBR seems to be more advantageous for sugarcane vinasse treatment due to the lower energy consumption provided by the use of waste heat from the effluent, and due to the VFAs recovery, which has high added value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A F R Silva
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Y A R Lebron
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - V R Moreira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - L A Ribeiro
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - K Koch
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - M C S Amaral
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chandra Bhoumick M, Paul S, Roy S, Mitra S. Selective Recovery of Ethyl Acetate by Air-Sparged Membrane Distillation Using Carbon Nanotube-Immobilized Membranes and Process Optimization via a Response Surface Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitun Chandra Bhoumick
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Sumona Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
New Materials and Phenomena in Membrane Distillation. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, membrane-based processes have been extensively applied to a wide range of industrial processes, including gas separation, food industry, drug purification, and wastewater treatment. Membrane distillation is a thermally driven separation process, in which only vapour molecules transfer through a microporous hydrophobic membrane. At the operational level, the performance of membrane distillation is negatively affected by wetting and temperature polarization phenomena. In order to overcome these issues, advanced membranes have been developed in recent years. This review, which focuses specifically on membrane distillation presents the basic concepts associated with the mass and heat transfer through hydrophobic membranes, membrane properties, and advances in membrane materials. Photothermal materials for solar-driven membrane distillation applications are also presented and discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao M, Shang Y, Ji L, Yan M, Chen F, He Q, Yan S. Enhancing the Ammonia Selectivity by Using Nanofiber PVDF Composite Membranes Fabricated with Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1164. [PMID: 36422156 PMCID: PMC9694202 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional hydrophobic membrane-based membrane distillation (MD) has been applied for ammonia recovery from an anaerobic digestion (AD) effluent. However, the typical hydrophobic membranes do not have selectivity for ammonia and water vapor, which results in high energy consumption from the water evaporation. To enhance the selectivity during the ammonia recovery process, the functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes were fabricated by electrospinning, and the effects of different CNTs and their contents on the performance of nanofiber membranes were investigated. The results indicate that CNTs can be successfully incorporated into nanofibers by electrospinning. The contact angles of the composite membrane are all higher than those of commercial membrane, and the highest value 138° can be obtained. Most importantly, under the condition of no pH adjustment, the ammonia nitrogen transfer coefficient reaches the maximum value of 3.41 × 10-6 m/s, which is about twice higher than that of commercial membranes. The ammonia separation factor of the carboxylated CNT (C-CNT) composite membrane is higher than that of the hydroxylated CNT(H-CNT) composite membrane. Compared with the application of the novel C-CNT composite membrane, the ammonia separation factor is 47% and 25% higher than that of commercial and neat PVDF membranes. This work gives a novel approach for enhancing ammonia and water selectivity during AD effluent treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Shang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Long Ji
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingwei Yan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices-Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Qingyao He
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuiping Yan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Technology & Equipment Center for Carbon Neutrality in Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid-Lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan X, Yang C, Ma C, Tao H, Cheng S, Chen L, Wang G, Lin X, Yao C. A novel janus membrane modified by MXene for enhanced anti-fouling and anti-wetting in direct contact membrane distillation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136114. [PMID: 35998734 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling and wetting limit the applications of membrane distillation (MD) for wastewater treatment, especially when treating the wastewater with a high concentration of low surface tension substances such as oil and surfactants. In this paper, virgin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was modified by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance anti-wetting ability. Then a thin polydopamine (PDA) layer was coated as a reaction platform for further modification. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was cross-linked with PDA to form a uniform and stable layer, through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction to immobilize hydrophilic MXene, which formed a Janus MXene-PVDF membrane. The MXene layer was the key for superoleophobicity and high liquid entry pressure (LEP) of membrane, capable of mitigating membrane fouling and wetting when dealing with low surface tension wastewater (LSTW). From the experiments results, pristine PVDF membrane showed severe fouling and wetting with flux decline and salt leakage during treatment of LSTW (surfactants containing water, oil-in-water emulsion and sodium dodecyl sulfate stabilized oil-in-water emulsion). However, under the same conditions, the Janus MXene-PVDF membrane exhibited remarkably stable flux (9.3 kg m-2h-1, 9.1 kg m-2h-1, 10.2 kg m-2h-1) and salt rejection (almost 99.9%) after 15 h operation. Excellent fouling and wetting resistance of MXene-PVDF membrane was mainly attributed to its superhydrophilic and superoleophobic top surface (in-air water contact angle: 30.2°, under-water oil contact angle: 169.9°) and hydrophobic substrate (in-air water contact angle: 130.8°), together with high LEP value (91.1 Kpa). This study provides a viable route to fabricated a Janus membrane with outstanding fouling and wetting resistance for LSTW, oily wastewater and it has great potential for sewage treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Yan
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chengyu Yang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Hui Tao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shirong Cheng
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Xinping Lin
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chengzhi Yao
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu YJ, Lu YN, Liang DQ, Hu YS, Huang YX. Multi-Layered Branched Surface Fluorination on PVDF Membrane for Anti-Scaling Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12080743. [PMID: 36005658 PMCID: PMC9416731 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) has emerged as a promising technology for hypersaline wastewater treatment. However, membrane scaling is still a critical issue for common hydrophobic MD membranes. Herein, we report a multi-layered surface modification strategy on the commercial polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane via plasma treatment and surface fluorination cycles. The repeated plasma treatment process generates more reaction sites for the fluorination reaction, leading to higher fluorination density and more branched structures. MD tests with CaSO4 as the scaling agent show that the modification strategy mentioned above improves the membrane scaling resistance. Notably, the PVDF membrane treated with three cycles of plasma and fluorination treatments exhibits the best anti-scaling performance while maintaining almost the same membrane flux as the unmodified PVDF membrane. This study suggests that a highly branched surface molecular structure with low surface energy benefits the MD process in both membrane flux and scaling resistance. Besides, our research demonstrates a universal and facile approach for membrane treatment to improve membrane scaling resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jing Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (D.-Q.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
| | - Yan-Nan Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (D.-Q.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
| | - Dong-Qing Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (D.-Q.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yin-Shuang Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (D.-Q.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Xi Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (Y.-J.L.); (Y.-N.L.); (D.-Q.L.); (Y.-S.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhoumick MC, Roy S, Mitra S. Reduction and Elimination of Humic Acid Fouling in Air Sparged Membrane Distillation Using Nanocarbon Immobilized Membrane. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092896. [PMID: 35566247 PMCID: PMC9103841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present the treatment of humic acid solution via carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (CNIM) distillation assisted by air sparging (AS). Carbon nanotubes offer excellent hydrophobicity to the modified membrane surface and actively transport water vapor molecules through the membrane to generate higher vapor flux and better rejection of humic acid. The introduction of air sparging in the membrane distillation (MD) system has changed the humic substance fouling by changing the colloidal behavior of the deposits. This modified MD system can sustain a higher run time of separation and has enhanced the evaporation efficiency by 20% more than the regular membrane distillation. The air sparging has reduced the deposition by 30% in weight and offered lesser fouling of membrane surface even after a longer operating cycle. The water vapor flux increased with temperature and decreased as the volumetric concentrating factor (VCF) increased. The mass transfer coefficient was found to be the highest for the air sparged—carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (AS-CNIM) integrated membrane distillation. While the highest change in mass transfer coefficient (MTC) was found for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane with air sparging at 70 °C.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nasir AM, Adam MR, Mohamad Kamal SNEA, Jaafar J, Othman MHD, Ismail AF, Aziz F, Yusof N, Bilad MR, Mohamud R, A Rahman M, Wan Salleh WN. A review of the potential of conventional and advanced membrane technology in the removal of pathogens from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022; 286:120454. [PMID: 35035270 PMCID: PMC8741333 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of pathogenic contaminated water has claimed the lives of many people. Hence, this scenario has emphasized the urgent need for research methods to avoid, treat and eliminate harmful pathogens in wastewater. Therefore, effective water treatment has become a matter of utmost importance. Membrane technology offers purer, cleaner, and pathogen-free water through the water separation method via a permeable membrane. Advanced membrane technology such as nanocomposite membrane, membrane distillation, membrane bioreactor, and photocatalytic membrane reactor can offer synergistic effects in removing pathogen through the integration of additional functionality and filtration in a single chamber. This paper also comprehensively discussed the application, challenges, and future perspective of the advanced membrane technology as a promising alternative in battling pathogenic microbial contaminants, which will also be beneficial and valuable in managing pandemics in the future as well as protecting human health and the environment. In addition, the potential of membrane technology in battling the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was also discussed briefly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atikah Mohd Nasir
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridhwan Adam
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | - Juhana Jaafar
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Farhana Aziz
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Yusof
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Roil Bilad
- Department of Chemistry Education, Universitas Pendidikan Mandalika (UNDIKMA), Jl. Pemuda No. 59A, Mataram 83126, Indonesia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus,Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mukhlis A Rahman
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Norhayati Wan Salleh
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song J, Deng Q, Huang M, Kong Z. Carbon nanotube enhanced membrane distillation for salty and dyeing wastewater treatment by electrospinning technology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111892. [PMID: 34464614 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is considered as a promising and attractive technology due to its effective production of fresh water. However, the low permeability and easy wetting of MD membranes limit its practical applications. Herein carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PcH) were used to fabricate nanofiber membranes by electrospinning. Effects of heat-press temperature and CNTs concentration on the morphology and performance of the as-fabricated membranes were systematically investigated. Dye rejections of CNTs/PcH membranes were also studied and role of CNTs played in the as-prepared MD membranes were analyzed. Results suggest that heat-press treatment effectively improved the mechanical strength as well as liquid entry pressure of membranes, and the optimal heat-press temperature was 150 °C. CNTs were proved to be successfully blended in nanofibers. Hydrophobicity and mechanical strength of membranes increased with CNTs incorporation. The 0.5 wt % CNTs loaded membrane heat-pressed at 150 °C exhibited the highest permeate flux (16.5-18.5 L m-2 h-1), which signified an increase of 42-50 % compared to the commercial MD membrane (11-13 L m-2 h-1) when 35 and 70 g L-1 NaCl solutions were used as feed solutions, respectively. It was noteworthy that salt rejection efficiencies of tested membranes achieved more than 99.99 %. When CNTs/PcH nanofiber membrane was applied to the treatment of dyeing wastewater, the removal rates of acid red and acid yellow reached 100 %. The removal rates of methylene blue and crystal violet were 99.41 % and 99.91 %, respectively. The present study suggested that the as-prepared membranes showed high potential towards MD application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Emission Reduction Technology in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; National University of Singapore, Department of Chemistry, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Qian Deng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Emission Reduction Technology in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Manhong Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Emission Reduction Technology in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China.
| | - Zhuang Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Emission Reduction Technology in Textile Industry, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu LL, Wang KP, Li KL, Zhao SY, Wang J. Development and performance of stable PANI/MWNT conductive membrane for contaminants degradation and anti-fouling behavior. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
14
|
Gupta I, Chakraborty J, Roy S, Farinas ET, Mitra S. Synergistic Effects of Microwave Radiation and Nanocarbon Immobilized Membranes in the Generation of Bacteria-Free Water via Membrane Distillation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Joydeep Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Edgardo T. Farinas
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chandra Bhoumick M, Roy S, Mitra S. Enrichment of 1, 4-dioxane from water by sweep gas membrane distillation on nano-carbon immobilized membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
16
|
Gupta I, Chakraborty J, Roy S, Farinas ET, Mitra S. Nanocarbon immobilized membranes for generating bacteria and endotoxin free water via membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
17
|
Carbon nanotube membranes – Strategies and challenges towards scalable manufacturing and practical separation applications. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Anvari A, Azimi Yancheshme A, Kekre KM, Ronen A. State-of-the-art methods for overcoming temperature polarization in membrane distillation process: A review. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Enhanced Performance of Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Membrane for the Treatment of High Salinity Produced Water via Direct Contact Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10110325. [PMID: 33142940 PMCID: PMC7693716 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10110325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising desalination technology for the treatment of high salinity water. Here, we investigated the fouling characteristics of produced water obtained from hydraulic fracturing by implementing a carbon nanotube immobilized membrane (CNIM) via direct contact membrane distillation. The CNIM exhibited enhanced water vapor flux and antifouling characteristics compared to the pristine membrane. The normalized flux decline with the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane after 7 h of operation was found to be 18.2% more than the CNIM. The addition of 1-Hydroxy Ethylidene-1, 1-Diphosphonic acid (HEDP) antiscalant was found to be effective in reducing the membrane fouling. The salt deposition on the membrane surface was 77% less in the CNIM, which was further reduced with the addition of HEDP in the feed by up to 135.4% in comparison with the PTFE membrane. The presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the membrane surface also facilitated the regenerability of the membrane. The results indicated that the CNIM regained 90.9% of its initial water flux after washing, whereas the unmodified PTFE only regained 81.1% of its initial flux after five days of operation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Novel chemical modification of polyvinyl chloride membrane by free radical graft copolymerization for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) application. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
22
|
Sinha Ray S, Singh Bakshi H, Dangayach R, Singh R, Deb CK, Ganesapillai M, Chen SS, Purkait MK. Recent Developments in Nanomaterials-Modified Membranes for Improved Membrane Distillation Performance. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E140. [PMID: 32635417 PMCID: PMC7408142 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally induced membrane separation process that utilizes vapor pressure variance to permeate the more volatile constituent, typically water as vapor, across a hydrophobic membrane and rejects the less volatile components of the feed. Permeate flux decline, membrane fouling, and wetting are some serious challenges faced in MD operations. Thus, in recent years, various studies have been carried out on the modification of these MD membranes by incorporating nanomaterials to overcome these challenges and significantly improve the performance of these membranes. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the incorporation of new generation nanomaterials such as quantum dots, metalloids and metal oxide-based nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and carbon-based nanomaterials in the MD membrane. The desired characteristics of the membrane for MD operations, such as a higher liquid entry pressure (LEPw), permeability, porosity, hydrophobicity, chemical stability, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength, have been thoroughly discussed. Additionally, methodologies adopted for the incorporation of nanomaterials in these membranes, including surface grafting, plasma polymerization, interfacial polymerization, dip coating, and the efficacy of these modified membranes in various MD operations along with their applications are addressed. Further, the current challenges in modifying MD membranes using nanomaterials along with prominent future aspects have been systematically elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Sinha Ray
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (H.S.B.); (R.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Harshdeep Singh Bakshi
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (H.S.B.); (R.D.); (R.S.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Raghav Dangayach
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (H.S.B.); (R.D.); (R.S.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Randeep Singh
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (H.S.B.); (R.D.); (R.S.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India;
| | - Chinmoy Kanti Deb
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Mahesh Ganesapillai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Shiao-Shing Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan; (H.S.B.); (R.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Mihir Kumar Purkait
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Han M, Dong T, Hou D, Yao J, Han L. Carbon nanotube based Janus composite membrane of oil fouling resistance for direct contact membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
24
|
Membrane distillation: Progress in the improvement of dedicated membranes for enhanced hydrophobicity and desalination performance. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
25
|
Anvari A, Kekre KM, Ronen A. Scaling mitigation in radio-frequency induction heated membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
26
|
Intrchom W, Roy S, Mitra S. Removal and Recovery of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) from Water Using Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Oxide Immobilized Membranes. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030578. [PMID: 32235731 PMCID: PMC7153393 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a widely used gasoline additive that has high water solubility, and is difficult to separate from contaminated ground and surface waters. We present the development in functionalized carbon nanotube-immobilized membranes (CNIM-f) and graphene oxide-immobilized membranes (GOIM) for enhanced separation of MTBE via sweep gas membrane distillation (SGMD). Both types of modified membranes demonstrated high performance in MTBE removal from its aqueous mixture. Among the membranes studied, CNIM-f provided the best performance in terms of flux, removal efficiency, mass transfer coefficients and overall selectivity. The immobilization f-CNTs and GO altered the surface characteristics of the membrane and enhanced partition coefficients, and thus assisted MTBE transport across the membrane. The MTBE flux reached as high as 1.4 kg/m2 h with f-CNTs, which was 22% higher than that of the unmodified PTFE membrane. The maximum MTBE removal using CNIM-f reached 56% at 0.5 wt % of the MTBE in water, and at a temperature of 30 °C. With selectivity as high as 60, MTBE recovery from contaminated water is very viable using these nanocarbon-immobilized membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Somenath Mitra
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +973-596-5611; Fax: 973-596-3586
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Improving the efficacy of PES-based mixed matrix membranes incorporated with citric acid–amylose-modified MWCNTs for HA removal from water. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
28
|
Functionalized carbon nanotube immobilized membrane for low temperature ammonia removal via membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
29
|
Triple-Layer Nanocomposite Membrane Prepared by Electrospinning Based on Modified PES with Carbon Nanotubes for Membrane Distillation Applications. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10010015. [PMID: 31963230 PMCID: PMC7022323 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel triple-layer nanocomposite membrane prepared with polyethersulfone (PES)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the primary bulk material and poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (PcH)/CNTs as the outer and inner surfaces of the membrane by using electrospinning method is introduced. Modified PES with CNTs was chosen as the bulk material of the triple-layer membrane to obtain a high porosity membrane. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the triple-layer membrane were coated with PcH/CNTs using electrospinning to get a triple-layer membrane with high total porosity and noticeable surface hydrophobicity. Combining both characteristics, next to an acceptable bulk hydrophobicity, resulted in a compelling membrane for membrane distillation (MD) applications. The prepared membrane was utilized in a direct contact MD system, and its performance was evaluated in different salt solution concentrations, feed velocities and feed solution temperatures. The results of the prepared membrane in this study were compared to those reported in previously published papers. Based on the evaluated membrane performance, the triple-layer nanocomposite membrane can be considered as a potential alternative with reasonable cost, relative to other MD membranes.
Collapse
|
30
|
Scaling Reduction in Carbon Nanotube-Immobilized Membrane during Membrane Distillation. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11122588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is fast evolving as a desalination technology for high-salinity waters where scaling remains a major challenge. This paper reports the scaling reduction in carbon nanotube-immobilized membranes (CNIMs) and by the use of the antiscalant polyacrylic acid. High concentrations of CaSO4, CaCO3, and BaSO4 were deliberately used to initiate scaling on the membranes. It was observed that after ten hours of operation in a highly scaling CaSO4 environment, the CNIM showed 127% higher flux than what was observed on a membrane without the CNTs. The trends were similar with CaCO3 and BaSO4, where the CNIM showed significantly improved antiscaling behavior. The normalized flux declination for CNIM was found to be 45%, 30%, and 53% lower compared to the pristine membrane with CaSO4, CaCO3, and BaSO4 solutions, respectively. The use of antiscalant in the feed solution was also found to be effective in improving antiscaling behavior, which reduced salt deposition up to 28%, and the water vapor flux was 100% and 18% higher for the pristine polypropylene and CNIM, respectively. Results also showed that the presence of CNTs facilitated the removal of deposited salts by washing, and the CNIM regained 97% of its initial water flux, whereas the polypropylene only regained 85% of the original value.
Collapse
|
31
|
Anvari A, Kekre KM, Azimi Yancheshme A, Yao Y, Ronen A. Membrane distillation of high salinity water by induction heated thermally conducting membranes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Gupta O, Roy S, Mitra S. Microwave Induced Membrane Distillation for Enhanced Ethanol–Water Separation on a Carbon Nanotube Immobilized Membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Siyal MI, Lee CK, Park C, Khan AA, Kim JO. A review of membrane development in membrane distillation for emulsified industrial or shale gas wastewater treatments with feed containing hybrid impurities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 243:45-66. [PMID: 31078929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on membrane materials for membrane distillation (MD) and its applications have been ongoing since the 1990s. However, a lack of materials that produce robustly stable and up-to-the-mark membranes for MD for different industrial applications remains an ongoing problem. This paper provides an overview of materials developed for MD applications. Although key aspects of published articles reviewed in this paper pertain to MD membranes synthesized for desalination, future MD can also be applied to organic wastewater containing surfactants with inorganic compounds, either with the help of hybrid treatment processes or with customized membrane materials. Many industrial discharges produce effluents at a very high temperature, which is an available driving force for MD. However, there remains a lack of cost-effective membrane materials. Amphiphobic and omniphobic membranes have recently been developed for treating emulsified and shale gas produced water, but the problem of organic fouling and pore wetting remains a major challenge, especially when NaCl and other inorganic impurities are present, which further deteriorate separation performance. Therefore, further advancements in materials are required for the treatment of emulsified industrial wastewater containing surfactants, salts, and for oil or shale gas wastewater for its commercialized reuse. Integrated MD systems, however, may represent a major change in shale gas wastewater and emulsified wastewater that are difficult to treat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Siyal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Materials and Testing, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chansoo Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aftab Ahmed Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jalal Sadiq A, Shabeeb KM, Khalil BI, Alsalhy QF. Effect of embedding MWCNT-g-GO with PVC on the performance of PVC membranes for oily wastewater treatment. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2019.1618845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Jalal Sadiq
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Kadhum M. Shabeeb
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Bassam I. Khalil
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Khan AA, Siyal MI, Lee CK, Park C, Kim JO. Hybrid organic-inorganic functionalized polyethersulfone membrane for hyper-saline feed with humic acid in direct contact membrane distillation. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
36
|
Sahu P, Ali SM. Breakdown of continuum model for water transport and desalination through ultrathin graphene nanopores: insights from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21389-21406. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04364k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the quest for identifying a graphene membrane for efficient water desalination, molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the pressure-driven flow of salty water across a multilayer graphene membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sahu
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Mumbai 400094
| | - Sk. Musharaf Ali
- Bhabha Atomic Research Center
- Mumbai 400085
- India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Mumbai 400094
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Only nonwetted porous membranes can be used in membrane distillation. The possibility of application in this process the capillary polypropylene membranes manufactured by thermally-induced phase separation was studied. The performance of a few types of membranes available commercially was presented. The resistance of the membranes to wetting was tested in the continuous process of water desalination. These studies were carried out for 1000 h without module cleaning. The presence of scaling layer on the membranes surface was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope observations. Both the permeate flux and distillate conductivity were almost not varied after the studied period of time, what indicates that the used membranes maintained their nonwettability, and the negative influence of scaling was limited. The role of surface porosity on the pore wetting and influence of membrane wettability on the quality of the distillate obtained were discussed.
Collapse
|
38
|
Jamed MJ, Alhathal Alanezi A, Alsalhy QF. Effects of embedding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and alumina on the direct contact poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) membrane distillation performance. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2018.1542302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muslim J. Jamed
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Adnan Alhathal Alanezi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Technological Studies, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
- AlMustaqbal University College, Hilla, Babylon, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Gupta O, Roy S, Mitra S. Enhanced membrane distillation of organic solvents from their aqueous mixtures using a carbon nanotube immobilized membrane. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
40
|
Roy S, Petrova RS, Mitra S. Effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) functionalization in Epoxy-CNT composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY REVIEWS 2018; 7:475-485. [PMID: 30637182 PMCID: PMC6326190 DOI: 10.1515/ntrev-2018-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) functionalization in altering the properties of Epoxy-CNT composites is presented. The presence of functional groups effectively influenced the colloidal behavior of CNTs in the precursor epoxy resin and the hardener triethylenetetramine (TETA), which affected the synthesis process and eventually the interfacial interactions between the polymer matrix and the CNTs. The physical, thermal and electrical properties of the composites exhibited strong dependence on the nature of functionalization. At a 0.5 wt% CNTs loading, the enhancement in tensile strength was found to be 7.2, 11.2, 11.4 and 14.2 percent for raw CNTs, carboxylated CNTs, octadecyl amide functionalized CNTs and hydroxylated CNTs, respectively. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) also varied with the functionalization and composite prepared using hydroxylated CNTs showed the maximum enhancement of 34%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Roumiana S Petrova
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Studies of membrane scaling during water desalination by membrane distillation. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
42
|
Emerging Membrane Technologies for Water and Energy Sustainability: Future Prospects, Constrains and Challenges. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11112997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for global energy consumption expedites major opportunities for the innovation of green energy technologies. Addressing the issue of sustainable energy is highly crucial for societies in order to maintain secure and balanced future progress in the economy and ecologically. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the development of improved and efficient sustainable energy technologies that are capable of reducing the global environmental footprint. The growing knowledge of hybrid techniques contributes to a decrease in the use of environmental resources while generating energy. However, various factors including the availability of natural resources, and different economic policies restrict the development of sustainable energies. Water and energy are the two major aspects for progressing towards a sustainable future. Recently, membrane-based technologies have begun to play an essential role in the advancement of sustainable energy and water demands. In this review article, the opportunities for membrane technologies dealing with water and energy sustainability have been analyzed.
Collapse
|
43
|
Chen T, Soroush A, Rahaman MS. Highly Hydrophobic Electrospun Reduced Graphene Oxide/Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Membranes for Use in Membrane Distillation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, Montreal H3G 1M8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adel Soroush
- Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, Montreal H3G 1M8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Md. Saifur Rahaman
- Department of Building Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard West, Montreal H3G 1M8, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dong Y, Ma L, Tang CY, Yang F, Quan X, Jassby D, Zaworotko MJ, Guiver MD. Stable Superhydrophobic Ceramic-Based Carbon Nanotube Composite Desalination Membranes. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5514-5521. [PMID: 30085681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising process for the treatment of highly saline wastewaters. The central component of MD is a stable porous hydrophobic membrane with a large liquid-vapor interface for efficient water vapor transport. A key challenge for current polymeric or hydrophobically modified inorganic membranes is insufficient operating stability, resulting in some issues such as wetting, fouling, flux, and rejection decline. This study presents an overall conceptual design and application strategy for a superhydrophobic ceramic-based carbon nanotube (CNT) desalination membrane having specially designed membrane structures with unprecedented operating stability and MD performance. Superporous and superhydrophobic surface structures with CNT networks are created after quantitative regulation of in situ grown CNT. The fully covered CNT layers (FC-CNT) exhibit significantly improved thermally and superhydrophobically stable properties under an accelerated stability test. Due to the distinctive structure of the superporous surface network, providing a large liquid-vapor superhydrophobic interface and interior finger-like macrovoids, the FC-CNT membrane exhibits a stable high flux with a 99.9% rejection of Na+, outperforming existing inorganic membranes. Under simple and nondestructive electrochemically assisted direct contact MD (e-DCMD), enhanced antifouling performance is observed. The design strategy is broadly applicable to be extended toward fabrication of high performance membranes derived from other ceramic or inorganic substrates and additional applications in wastewater and gas treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Lining Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Chuyang Y Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam , Hong Kong China
| | - Fenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - David Jassby
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles 159310 , United States of America State
| | - Michael J Zaworotko
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Sciences, Bernal Institute , University of Limerick , Limerick V94 T9PX , Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael D Guiver
- Key Laboratory of Engines, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Intrchom W, Roy S, Humoud MS, Mitra S. Immobilization of Graphene Oxide on the Permeate Side of a Membrane Distillation Membrane to Enhance Flux. MEMBRANES 2018; 8:E63. [PMID: 30111696 PMCID: PMC6161090 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a facile fabrication of enhanced direct contact membrane distillation membrane via immobilization of the hydrophilic graphene oxide (GO) on the permeate side (GOIM-P) of a commercial polypropylene supported polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane is presented. The permeate side hydrophilicity of the membrane was modified by immobilizing the GO to facilitate fast condensation and the withdrawal of the permeate water vapors. The water vapor flux was found to be as high as 64.5 kg/m²·h at 80 °C, which is 15% higher than the unmodified membrane at a feed salt concentration of 10,000 ppm. The mass transfer coefficient was observed 6.2 × 10-7 kg/m²·s·Pa at 60 °C and 200 mL/min flow rate in the GOIM-P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Worawit Intrchom
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Sagar Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Madihah Saud Humoud
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Somenath Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ragunath S, Roy S, Mitra S. Carbon nanotube immobilized membrane with controlled nanotube incorporation via phase inversion polymerization for membrane distillation based desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
47
|
Deep purification of seawater using a novel zeolite 3A incorporated polyether-block-amide composite membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Intrchom W, Mitra S. Analytical sample preparation, preconcentration and chromatographic separation on carbon nanotubes. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
50
|
Ma L, Dong X, Chen M, Zhu L, Wang C, Yang F, Dong Y. Fabrication and Water Treatment Application of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-Based Composite Membranes: A Review. MEMBRANES 2017; 7:E16. [PMID: 28335452 PMCID: PMC5371977 DOI: 10.3390/membranes7010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Membrane separation technology is widely explored for various applications, such as water desalination and wastewater treatment, which can alleviate the global issue of fresh water scarcity. Specifically, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based composite membranes are increasingly of interest due to the combined merits of CNTs and membrane separation, offering enhanced membrane properties. This article first briefly discusses fabrication and growth mechanisms, characterization and functionalization techniques of CNTs, and then reviews the fabrication methods for CNTs-based composite membranes in detail. The applications of CNTs-based composite membranes in water treatment are comprehensively reviewed, including seawater or brine desalination, oil-water separation, removal of heavy metal ions and emerging pollutants as well as membrane separation coupled with assistant techniques. Furthermore, the future direction and perspective for CNTs-based composite membranes are also briefly outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Xinfa Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Mingliang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Chaoxian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
| | - Fenglin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yingchao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|