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Atanassova M, Petkova Z, Kurteva V. Aliquat 336 in Solvent Extraction Chemistry of Metallic ReO 4- Anions. Molecules 2024; 29:2257. [PMID: 38792118 PMCID: PMC11123786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A study of the liquid-liquid extraction of ReO4- anions from hydrochloric acid solutions using the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (QCl: trialkyl(C8-C10)methylammonium chloride) via the well-known method of slope analysis along with the determination of the process parameters is presented. This study employs CCl4, CHCl3 and C6H12 as diluents. This study was carried out at room temperature (22 ± 2) °C and an aqueous/organic volumetric ratio of unity. The ligand effect on the complexation properties of ReO4- is quantitatively assessed in different organic media. The organic extract in chloroform media is examined through 1H, 13C and 15N NMR analysis as well as the HRMS technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to view the anion exchange and ligand coordination in the organic phase solution. Final conclusions are given highlighting the role of the molecular diluent in complexation processes and selectivity involving ionic liquid ligands and various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations. ReO4- ions have shown one of the best solvent extraction behaviors compared to other ions. For instance, the Aliquat 336 derivative bearing Cl- functions shows strongly enhanced extraction as well as pronounced separation abilities towards ReO4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Atanassova
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Okhridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zhanina Petkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (Z.P.)
| | - Vanya Kurteva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (Z.P.)
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Zhan W, Zhang X, Yuan Y, Weng Q, Song S, Martínez-López MDJ, Arauz-Lara JL, Jia F. Regulating Chemisorption and Electrosorption Activity for Efficient Uptake of Rare Earth Elements in Low Concentration on Oxygen-Doped Molybdenum Disulfide. ACS NANO 2024; 18:7298-7310. [PMID: 38375824 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) with trace amount in environmental applications and nuclear energy is becoming an increasingly urgent issue due to their genotoxicity and important role in society. Here, highly efficient recovery of low-concentration REEs from aqueous solutions by an enhanced chemisorption and electrosorption process of oxygen-doped molybdenum disulfide (O-doped MoS2) electrodes is performed. All REEs could be extremely recovered through a chemisorption and electrosorption coupling (CEC) method, and sorption behaviors were related with their outer-shell electrons. Light, medium, and heavy ((La(III), Gd(III), and Y(III)) rare earth elements were chosen for further investigating the adsorption and recovery performances under low-concentration conditions. Recovery of REEs could approach 100% under a low initial concentration condition where different recovery behaviors occurred with variable chemisorption interactions between REEs and O-doped MoS2. Experimental and theoretical results proved that doping O in MoS2 not only reduced the transfer resistance and improved the electrical double layer thickness of ion storage but also enhanced the chemical interaction of REEs and MoS2. Various outer-shell electrons of REEs performed different surficial chemisorption interactions with exposed sulfur and oxygen atoms of O-doped MoS2. Effects of variants including environmental conditions and operating parameters, such as applied voltage, initial concentration, pH condition, and electrode distance on adsorption capacity and recovery of REEs were examined to optimize the recovery process in order to achieve an ideal selective recovery of REEs. The total desorption of REEs from the O-doped MoS2 electrode was realized within 120 min while the electrode demonstrated a good cycling performance. This work presented a prospective way in establishing a CEC process with a two-dimensional metal sulfide electrode through structure engineering for efficient recovery of REEs within a low concentration range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Doctorado Institucional de Ingeniería y Ciencia de Materiales, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Sierra Leona 530, San Luis Potosi 78210, Mexico
| | - Qizheng Weng
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxian Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - María de Jesús Martínez-López
- Universidad de la Costa, Carretera al Libramiento Paraje de Las Pulgas, C.P. 71600, Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Distrito Jamiltepec, Mexico
| | - José Luis Arauz-Lara
- Instituto de Fisica, Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Av. Manuel Nava 6, Zona Universitaria, C.P. 78290, San Luis Potosi, S.L.P. Mexico
| | - Feifei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Critical Non-metallic Mineral Resources of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan University of Technology, Wenzhi Street 34, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Li T, Fu Z, Mao J, Li X, Ren S. High-efficient and selective separation of dysprosium and neodymium from polyethylene glycol 200 solution by non-aqueous solvent extraction with P350. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Ampronpong W, Suren S, Mohdee V, Maneeintr K, Ekgasit S, Prapasawat T, Punyain W, Pancharoen U. Experimental and DFT investigations on the supramolecular mechanism of Ni(II) extraction via D2EHPA blended 1-octanol extractant: Application of vegetable oils as diluents. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Applied novel functionality in separation procedure from leaching solution of zinc plant residue by using non-aqueous solvent extraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1146. [PMID: 36670143 PMCID: PMC9860044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional solvent extraction (SX) procedures limit metal separation and purification, which consist of the organic and aqueous phases. Because differences in metal ion solvation lead to distinct distribution properties, non-aqueous solvent extraction (NASX) considerably expands the scope of solvent extraction by replacing the aqueous phase with alternate polar solvents. In this study, an experimental design approach used non-aqueous solvent extraction to extract cobalt from zinc plant residue. The aqueous phase comprises ethylene glycol (EG), LiCl and metal ions. In kerosene, D2EHPA, Cyanex272, Cyanex301, and Cyanex302 extractants were used as a less polar organic phase. Various factors were investigated to see how they affected extraction, including solvent type, extractant type and phase ratio, pH, Co(II) concentration, and temperature. The results revealed that at a concentration of 0.05 M, the Cyanex301 extractant could achieve the requisite extraction efficiency in kerosene. The optimal conditions were chosen as the concentration of Cyanex 301 (0.05 M), the concentration of cobalt (833 ppm), the pH (3.5), and the percent of EG (80%). As a result, during the leaching process, these systems are advised for extracting and separating a combination of various metal ions.
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Prusty S, Pradhan S, Mishra S. Amine/Carboxylic Acid Based Bifunctional Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Nd(III), Sm(III) and Eu(III) from Aqueous Solution Containing EDTA. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Prusty
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Technical Education and Research (FET) Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Khandagiri square Bhubaneswar 751030 Odisha India
| | - Sanghamitra Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Technical Education and Research (FET) Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Khandagiri square Bhubaneswar 751030 Odisha India
| | - Sujata Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Institute of Technical Education and Research (FET) Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University Khandagiri square Bhubaneswar 751030 Odisha India
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Selective Dissolution of Nd2O3 from the Mixture with Fe2O3 and Ga2O3 by Using Inorganic Acid Solutions Containing Ethylene Glycol. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12081268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are strategically critical in the manufacture of advanced materials. Red mud and end-of-life NdFeB magnets can be good secondary sources for REEs, but recovery is difficult due to the high iron oxide content and small amount of REEs. Oxide mixtures whose composition of Fe, Nd, and Ga was similar to that in red mud were employed in experiments. In this study, a relatively inexpensive non-aqueous system was used to selectively dissolve Nd2O3 in a mixture with Fe2O3 and Ga2O3. The addition of ethylene glycol (EG) to HCl and H2SO4 solution depressed the dissolution of Fe2O3 and Ga2O3 from the mixtures, and thus selective dissolution of Nd2O3 was possible. The optimum conditions were as follows: (a) 1.0 M HCl in EG, 25 °C ± 1 °C, 50 g/L pulp density, 120 min, 200 rpm; and (b) 0.05 M H2SO4 in EG, 25 °C ± 1 °C, 50 g/L pulp density, 60 min, 300 rpm. Under these conditions, Nd2O3 was completely dissolved, whereas no Fe2O3 or Ga2O3 was dissolved by the H2SO4 system, and the dissolution percentage of these two oxides by the HCl system was less than 1%. Due to the selective dissolution of Nd2O3 from the oxide mixtures, it is simple to recover Nd. An efficient process can be developed for the recovery of REEs from red mud and end-of-life NdFeB magnets by applying our results.
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Lee JC, Kurniawan K, Kim S, Nguyen VT, Pandey BD. Ionic Liquids-Assisted Solvent Extraction of Precious Metals from Chloride Solutions. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2022.2091458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-chun Lee
- Resources Recycling, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurniawan Kurniawan
- Resources Recycling, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Resources Recycling, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Banshi D. Pandey
- Metal Extraction and Recycling Division, CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), Jamshedpur, India
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Jing X, Sun Z, Zhao D, Sun H, Ren J. A Mini-Review on Methods of Solvent Extraction Kinetics for Heavy Metal Ions. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042722202001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Dewulf B, Riaño S, Binnemans K. Separation of heavy rare-earth elements by non-aqueous solvent extraction: Flowsheet development and mixer-settler tests. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Separation of cobalt and nickel via solvent extraction with Cyanex-272: batch experiments and comparison of mixer-settlers and an agitated column as contactors for continuous counter-current extraction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Yu G, Zeng Z, Gao Y, Ni S, Zhang H, Sun X. Separation of aluminum from rare earth by solvent extraction with 4-octyloxybenzoic acid. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Amjad RS, Torkaman R, Asadollahzadeh M. Evaluation of effective parameters on the non-aqueous solvent extraction of samarium and gadolinium to n-dodecane/D2EHPA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2021.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review addresses research and development on the use of ionic liquids as extractants and diluents in the solvent extraction of metals. Primary attention is given to the efficiency and selectivity of metal extraction from industrial wastewater with ionic liquids composed of various cations and anions. The review covers literature sources published in the period of 2010–2021. The bibliography includes 98 references dedicated to research on the extraction and separation of lanthanides (17 sources), actinides (5 sources), heavy metals (35 sources), noble metals, including the platinum group (16 sources), and some other metals.
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Orefice M, Nguyen VT, Raiguel S, Jones PT, Binnemans K. Solvometallurgical Process for the Recovery of Tungsten from Scheelite. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Orefice
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Viet Tu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Raiguel
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Tom Jones
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Li Z, Dewulf B, Binnemans K. Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction for Enhanced Metal Separations: Concept, Systems, and Mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:17285-17302. [PMID: 34898845 PMCID: PMC8662634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and sustainable separation of metals is gaining increasing attention, because of the essential roles of many metals in sustainable technologies for a climate-neutral society, such as rare earths in permanent magnets and cobalt, nickel, and manganese in the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. The separation and purification of metals by conventional solvent extraction (SX) systems, which consist of an organic phase and an aqueous phase, has limitations. By replacing the aqueous phase with other polar solvents, either polar molecular organic solvents or ionic solvents, nonaqueous solvent extraction (NASX) largely expands the scope of SX, since differences in solvation of metal ions lead to different distribution behaviors. This Review emphasizes enhanced metal extraction and remarkable metal separations observed in NASX systems and discusses the effects of polar solvents on the extraction mechanisms according to the type of polar solvents and the type of extractants. Furthermore, the considerable effects of the addition of water and complexing agents on metal separations in terms of metal ion solvation and speciation are highlighted. Efforts to integrate NASX into metallurgical flowsheets and to develop closed-loop solvometallurgical processes are also discussed. This Review aims to construct a framework of NASX on which many more studies on this topic, both fundamental and applied, can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Rizk S, Gamal R, El-Hefny N. Insights into non-aqueous solvent extraction of gadolinium and neodymium from ethylene glycol solution using Cyanex 572. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Li Y, Fu Q, Qin H, Yang K, Lv J, Zhang Q, Zhang H, Liu F, Chen X, Wang M. Separation of valuable metals from mixed cathode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries by single-stage extraction. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Onghena B, Li X, Binnemans K. Ethylammonium nitrate enhances the extraction of transition metal nitrates by tri- n-butyl phosphate (TBP). AIChE J 2021; 67:e17213. [PMID: 34219743 PMCID: PMC8244074 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular polar solvents have been used as solvents of the more polar phase in the solvent extraction (SX) of metals. However, the use of hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) as solvents has seldomly been explored for this application. Here, the hydrophilic IL ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), has been utilized as a polar solvent in SX of transition metal nitrates by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). It was found that the extraction from EAN is considerably stronger than that from a range of molecular polar solvents. The main species of Co(II) and Fe(III) in EAN are likely [Co(NO3)4]2- and [Fe(NO3)4]-, respectively. The extracted species are likely Fe(TBP)3(NO3)3 and a mixture of Co(TBP)2(NO3)2 and Co(TBP)3(NO3)2. The addition of H2O or LiCl to EAN reduces the extraction because the metal cations coordinate to water molecules and chloride ions stronger than to nitrate ions. This study highlights the potential of using hydrophilic ILs to enhance SX of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of ChemistryKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexasUSA
| | | | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of ChemistryKU LeuvenHeverleeBelgium
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Van den Mooter PR, Dedvukaj L, Vankelecom IFJ. Use of Ionic Liquids and Co-Solvents for Synthesis of Thin-Film Composite Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040297. [PMID: 33923954 PMCID: PMC8073406 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes are commonly applied in reversed osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) applications due to their thin, dense top-layer, and high selectivity. Recently, the conventional organic phase (i.e., hexane) during interfacial polymerization (IP) was replaced by less toxic ionic liquids (ILs) which led to excellent membrane performances. As the high price of most ILs limits their up-scaling, the potential use of inexpensive Aliquat was investigated in this study. The thin-film composite (TFC) membranes were optimized to remove flavor compounds, i.e., ethyl acetate (EA) and isoamyl acetate (IA), from a fermentation broth. A multi-parameter optimization was set-up involving type of support, reaction time for IP, water content of Aliquat, and concentration of both monomers m-phenylenediamine (MPD) and trimesoylchloride (TMC). The membranes prepared using Aliquat showed similar fluxes as those prepared from a reference IL 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4mpyr][Tf2N]) but with better EA and IA retentions, even better than for a commercial RO membrane (GEA type AF). Finally, the recently introduced epoxide-curing of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) was investigated using Aliquat as organic phase. It is the first time this type of IP was performed in combination with an IL as organic phase. The resulting membrane was used in the filtration of a 35 µM Rose Bengal (RB) in 20 wt% dimethylformamide/ water (DMF/H2O) feed mixture. A well-crosslinked poly(β-alkanolamine) film was obtained with a > 97% retention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- Correspondence: (P.-R.V.d.M.); (I.F.J.V.); Tel.: +32-1632-9207 (P.-R.V.d.M.); +32-1632-1594 (I.F.J.V.)
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Nayak AK, Behera B, Sarangi K, Ghosh MK, Basu S. Process Flowsheet Development for Separation of Sm, Co, Cu, and Fe from Magnet Scrap. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:188-196. [PMID: 33458471 PMCID: PMC7807480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A complete process flowsheet to recover metal values from Sm2Co17-type magnet scrap was investigated. The magnet scrap was leached in chloride medium at pulp density of 2% (w/v) under the optimum conditions of 15% (v/v) HCl and 5% (v/v) H2O2 at 70 °C for 3 h, which yielded 98.5% Sm and 99% Co extractions. The full factorial Design of Experiment technique was adopted for the optimization of leaching conditions. Sm was selectively separated from the leach liquor as precipitated double salt using Na2SO4. The precipitated double sulfate was later converted to Sm-oxalate, which was subsequently calcined to produce pure Sm2O3. Following Sm separation, Fe was removed through precipitation by raising the pH to 3.0. For Cu and Co recovery, solvent extraction techniques using LIX 84I and Na-CYANEX 272, respectively, were followed. The McCabe-Thiele diagrams for extraction as well as stripping were presented for both Cu and Co.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Nayak
- CSIR-Institute
of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Binapani Behera
- CSIR-Institute
of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
| | - Kadambini Sarangi
- CSIR-Institute
of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Malay Kumar Ghosh
- CSIR-Institute
of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Suddhasatwa Basu
- CSIR-Institute
of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, India
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Batchu NK, Li Z, Verbelen B, Binnemans K. Structural effects of neutral organophosphorus extractants on solvent extraction of rare-earth elements from aqueous and non-aqueous nitrate solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dewulf B, Batchu NK, Binnemans K. Enhanced Separation of Neodymium and Dysprosium by Nonaqueous Solvent Extraction from a Polyethylene Glycol 200 Phase Using the Neutral Extractant Cyanex 923. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:19032-19039. [PMID: 33457111 PMCID: PMC7807624 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neodymium and dysprosium can be efficiently separated by solvent extraction, using the neutral extractant Cyanex 923, if the conventional aqueous feed phase is largely replaced by the green polar organic solvent polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200). While pure aqueous and pure PEG 200 solutions in the presence of LiCl or HCl were not able to separate the two rare earth elements, high separation factors were observed when extraction was performed from PEG 200 chloride solutions with addition of small amounts of water. This addition of water bridges the gap between traditional hydrometallurgy and novel solvometallurgy and overcomes the challenges faced in both methods. The effect of different variables was investigated: water content, chloride concentration, type of chloride salt, Cyanex 923 concentration, scrubbing agent. A Job plot revealed the extraction stoichiometry is DyCl3·4L, where L is Cyanex 923. The McCabe-Thiele diagram for dysprosium extraction showed that complete extraction of this metal can be achieved by a 3-stage counter-current solvent extraction process, leaving neodymium behind in the raffinate. Finally, a conceptual flow sheet for the separation of neodymium and dysprosium including extraction, scrubbing, stripping, and regeneration steps was presented. The nonaqueous solvent extraction process presented in this paper can contribute to efficient recycling of rare earths from end-of-life neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Dewulf
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nagaphani Kumar Batchu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box
2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Macchieraldo R, Ingenmey J, Kirchner B. Understanding the Complex Surface Interplay for Extraction: A Molecular Dynamics Study. Chemistry 2020; 26:14969-14977. [PMID: 32668054 PMCID: PMC7756757 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By means of classical molecular dynamics simulation the interfacial properties of methanol and n‐dodecane, which are two potential candidate solvents for use in non‐aqueous liquid–liquid extraction, were assessed. The question of how the interface changes depending on the concentration of extractant (tri‐n‐butyl phosphate) and salt (LiCl) is addressed. Two different models to represent systems were used to evaluate how LiCl and tri‐n‐butyl phosphate affect mutual miscibility, and how the last‐named behaves depending on the chemical environment. Tri‐n‐butyl phosphate increases the mutual solubility of the solvents, whereas LiCl counteracts it. The extractant was found to be mostly adsorbed on the interface between the solvents, and therefore the structural features of the adsorption were investigated. Adsorption of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate changes depending on its concentration and the presence of LiCl. It exhibits a preferential orientation in which the butyl chains point at the n‐dodecane phase and the phosphate group points at the methanol phase. For high concentrations of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate, its molecular orientation is preserved by diffusion of the excess molecules into both the methanol and n‐dodecane phases. However, LiCl hinders the diffusion into the methanol phase, and thus increases the concentration of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate at the interface and forces a rearrangement with subsequent loss of orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Macchieraldo
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Ingenmey
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstrasse 4+6, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Li Z, Binnemans K. Hydration counteracts the separation of lanthanides by solvent extraction. AIChE J 2020; 66:e16545. [PMID: 35859698 PMCID: PMC9285791 DOI: 10.1002/aic.16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of lanthanides from aqueous nitrate solutions by quaternary ammonium nitrate ionic liquids (e.g., [A336][NO3]) shows a negative sequence (i.e., light lanthanides are more efficiently extracted than heavy lanthanides), which conflicts with the lanthanide contraction. In this study, we explored the origin of the negative sequence by investigating the extraction of lanthanides from ethylammonium nitrate by [A336][NO3]. The extraction shows a positive sequence, which is converted to a negative sequence with the addition of water. The transformation from positive to negative sequences reveals that the negative sequence is caused by the hydration of lanthanide ions: hydration of lanthanide ions counteracts the extraction. Therefore, the use of solvents that have weak solvation with lanthanide ions might enhance the separation of the elements by solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of ChemistryKU Leuven Heverlee Belgium
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27
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Batchu NK, Dewulf B, Riaño S, Binnemans K. Development of a solvometallurgical process for the separation of yttrium and europium by Cyanex 923 from ethylene glycol solutions. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Separation and recovery of rare earth elements using novel ammonium-based task-specific ionic liquids with bidentate and tridentate O-donor functional groups. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Kumari A, Panda R, Lee JY, Thriveni T, Jha MK, Pathak DD. Extraction of rare earth metals (REMs) from chloride medium by organo-metallic complexation using D2EHPA. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Li Z, Onghena B, Li X, Zhang Z, Binnemans K. Enhancing Metal Separations Using Hydrophilic Ionic Liquids and Analogues as Complexing Agents in the More Polar Phase of Liquid-Liquid Extraction Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019; 58:15628-15636. [PMID: 31598033 PMCID: PMC6776877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The separation of metals by liquid-liquid extraction largely relies on the affinity of metals to the extractants, which normally reside in the organic (less polar) phase because of their high hydrophobicity. Following a different route, using aminopoly(carboxylic acid)s (e.g., EDTA) as complexing agents in the aqueous (more polar) phase was found to enhance metal separations by selectively complexing metal cations. In this study, we demonstrate that, hydrophilic ionic liquids and analogues in the more polar phase could also selectively complex with metal cations and hence enhance metal separations. As an example, Cyanex 923 (a mixture of trialkyl phosphine oxides) dissolved in p-cymene extracts CoCl2 more efficiently than SmCl3 from a chloride ethylene glycol (EG) solution. However, when tetraethylammonium chloride is added into the EG solution, CoCl2 is selectively held back (only 1.2% extraction at 3.0 M tetraethylammonium chloride), whereas the extraction of SmCl3 is unaffected (89.9% extraction), leading to reversed metal separation with a separation factor of Sm(III)/Co(II) > 700. The same principle is applicable to a range of hydrophilic ionic liquids, which can be used as complexing agents in the more polar phase to enhance the separations of various metal mixtures by liquid-liquid extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bieke Onghena
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Heverlee B-3001, Belgium
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31
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Smolders S, Li X, Raiguel S, Nies E, De Vos DE, Binnemans K. Enhancing Metal Separations by Liquid-Liquid Extraction Using Polar Solvents. Chemistry 2019; 25:9197-9201. [PMID: 31141619 PMCID: PMC6771523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The less polar phase of liquid–liquid extraction systems has been studied extensively for improving metal separations; however, the role of the more polar phase has been overlooked for far too long. Herein, we investigate the extraction of metals from a variety of polar solvents and demonstrate that, the influence of polar solvents on metal extraction is so significant that extraction of many metals can be largely tuned, and the metal separations can be significantly enhanced by selecting suitable polar solvents. Furthermore, a mechanism on how the polar solvents affect metal extraction is proposed based on comprehensive characterizations. The method of using suitable polar solvents in liquid–liquid extraction paves a new and versatile way to enhance metal separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Zidan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Simon Smolders
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Stijn Raiguel
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Erik Nies
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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32
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Solvometallurgical route for the recovery of Sm, Co, Cu and Fe from SmCo permanent magnets. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Macchieraldo R, Gehrke S, Batchu NK, Kirchner B, Binnemans K. Tuning Solvent Miscibility: A Fundamental Assessment on the Example of Induced Methanol/ n-Dodecane Phase Separation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4400-4407. [PMID: 31032613 PMCID: PMC6590496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
this work, we assess the fundamental aspects of mutual miscibility
of solvents by studying the mixing of two potential candidates, methanol
and n-dodecane, for nonaqueous solvent extraction.
To do so, 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations
are used jointly. The NMR spectra show that good phase separation
can be obtained by adding LiCl and that the addition of a popular
extractant (tri-n-butyl phosphate) yields the opposite
effect. It is also demonstrated that in a specific case the poor phase
separation is not due to the migration of n-dodecane
into the more polar phase, but due to the transfer of the extractant
into it, which is especially relevant when considering industrial
applications of solvent extraction. With the aid of molecular dynamics
simulations, explanations of this behavior are given. Specifically,
an increase of all hydrogen-bond lifetimes is found to be consequent
to the addition of LiCl which implies an indirect influence on the
methanol liquid structure, by favoring a stronger hydrogen-bond network.
Therefore, we found that better phase separation is not directly due
to the presence of LiCl, but due to the “hardening”
of the hydrogen-bond network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Macchieraldo
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Sascha Gehrke
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , D-45413 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Nagaphani K Batchu
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry , University of Bonn , Beringstrasse 4+6 , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, bus 2404 , B-3001 Heverlee , Belgium
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34
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Sobekova Foltova S, Vander Hoogerstraete T, Banerjee D, Binnemans K. Samarium/cobalt separation by solvent extraction with undiluted quaternary ammonium ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Li X, Li Z, Orefice M, Binnemans K. Metal Recovery from Spent Samarium-Cobalt Magnets Using a Trichloride Ionic Liquid. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2019; 7:2578-2584. [PMID: 31049272 PMCID: PMC6488128 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of samarium-cobalt (SmCo) magnets is essential due to the limited resources of the mentioned metals and their high economic importance. The ionic liquid (IL) trihexyltetradecylphosphonium trichloride, [P666,14][Cl3], which can safely store chlorine gas in the form of the trichloride anion, was used as an oxidizing solvent for the recovery of metals from spent SmCo magnets. The dissolution was studied considering various mixtures of the ILs [P666,14][Cl3] and [P666,14]Cl, solid-to-liquid ratios and different temperatures. The results showed that the maximum capacity of [P666,14][Cl3] for SmCo magnets was 71 ± 1 mg/g of [P666,14][Cl3], in the presence of an extra source of coordinating chloride ions. The maximum loading of the IL could be reached within 3 h at 50 °C. Four stripping steps effectively removed all metals from the loaded IL, where sodium chloride solution (3 mol L-1), twice water and ammonia solution (3 mol L-1) were used consecutively as the stripping solvents. The regenerated IL showed a similar dissolution performance as fresh IL. Oxidative dissolution of metals in trichloride ILs is easily transferable to the recycling of valuable metals from other end-of-life products such as neodymium-iron-boron magnets and nickel metal hydride batteries.
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36
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Venkateswara Rao C, Rout A, Venkatesan KA. Probing the absence of third phase formation during the extraction of trivalent metal ions in an ionic liquid medium. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06267f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to molecular diluents, diglycolamide (T2EHDGA) and carbamoylmethyl-phosphine oxide (CMPO) extractants diluted in an ionic liquid diluent minimize aggregation upon nitric acid extraction and prevent third phase formation during the course of solvent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch. Venkateswara Rao
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Training School Complex
- Mumbai
- India
- Fuel Chemistry Division
| | - Alok Rout
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam
- India
| | - K. A. Venkatesan
- Fuel Chemistry Division
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research
- Kalpakkam
- India
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