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Zhao J, Wang L, Sun W, Yang Z, Chen X, Zhang P, Chen X, Zhao J, Liu J, Liu G. Ni-P-PTFE cathode with low surface energy for enhancing electrochemical water softening performance. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 90:1210-1224. [PMID: 39215733 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Efficient cathode regeneration is a significant challenge in the electrochemical water softening process. This work explores the use of an electroless plating Ni-P-PTFE electrode with low surface energy for this purpose. The Ni-P-PTFE electrode demonstrates improved self-cleaning performance at high current densities. By combining the low surface energy of the electrode with fluid flushing shear force, the precipitation rate on the Ni-P-PTFE electrode remains stable at approximately 18 g/m2·h over extended periods of operation. Additionally, the cleaning efficiency of the Ni-P-PTFE electrode surpasses that of stainless steel by 66.34%. The Ni-P-PTFE electrode can maintain a larger active area and a longer operational lifespan is attributed to its self-cleaning performance derived from low surface energy. Furthermore, the loose scale layers on the electrode surface are easily removed during electrochemical water softening processes, presenting a novel approach to cathode surface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lida Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China E-mail:
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Piji Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Jincheng Liu
- Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
| | - Guichang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China; Chambroad Chemical Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd, Economic Development Zone, Boxing Country, Binzhou 256500, China
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Li C, Liu C, Xu W, Han Y, Gao Z, Bing Y, Li Q, Yu J. Control approach and evaluation framework of scaling in drinking water distribution systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174836. [PMID: 39029761 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals call for innovative proposals to ensure access to clean water and sanitation. While significant strides have been made in enhancing drinking water purification technologies, the role of drinking water distribution systems (DWDS) in maintaining water quality safety has increasingly become a focal point of concern. The presence of scale within DWDS can impede the secure and efficient functioning of the drinking water supply system, posing risks to the safety of drinking water quality. Previous research has identified that the primary constituents of scale in DWDS are insoluble minerals, such as calcium and magnesium carbonate. Elevated levels of hardness and alkalinity in the water can exacerbate scale formation. To address the scaling issue, softening technologies like induced crystallization, nanofiltration/reverse osmosis, and ion exchange are currently in widespread use. These methods effectively mitigate the scaling in DWDS by reducing the water's hardness and alkalinity. However, the application of softening technologies not only alters the hardness and alkalinity but also induces changes in the fundamental characteristics of water quality, leading to transition effects within the DWDS. This article reviews the impact of various softening technologies on the intrinsic properties of water quality and highlights the merits of electrochemical characteristic indicators in the assessment of water quality stability. Additionally, the paper delves into the factors that influence the transition effects in DWDS. It concludes with a forward-looking proposal to leverage artificial intelligence, specifically machine learning and neural networks, to develop an evaluation and predictive framework for the stability of drinking water quality and the transition effects observed in DWDS. This approach aims to provide a more accurate and proactive method for managing and predicting the impacts of water treatment processes on distribution system integrity and water quality over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changgeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China.
| | - Weibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yun Han
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Yan Bing
- Jiangsu Heqinghaiyan Environment Co., LTD., Suqian 223815, China
| | - Qin Li
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jimmy Yu
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
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Karre AV, Sharma D, Valsaraj KT. Estimating fouling and hydraulic debottlenecking of a clarifier piping system in the expansion of a chemical manufacturing plant. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Debottlenecking and estimating fouling in a clarifier piping system for the expansion of an existing chemical manufacturing facility in the U.S. Gulf Coast was analyzed and modified. The existing clarifier piping system fitting data was gathered for the real-world operation from the field. This data was used in the Applied Flow Technology (AFT) Fathom, a program used to study hydraulic systems. The hydraulic results with and without recommended piping modifications along with changing piping roughness factors were also analyzed. The two piping roughness factor cases tested were roughness of 0.152 mm and fouling of 25.4 mm. The AFT Fathom results showed that without piping modifications and specifying fouling of 25.4 mm, required flow cannot be established due to insufficient driving force for liquid movement. The measured field flow data confirmed that the reduced clarifier capacity was due to high pressure losses in the hydraulic system. Also, it was found that the existing clarifier nozzle was inadequately designed originally, and replacing the nozzle showed an increase in the clarifier capacity due to reduced entrainment of the air. These modifications were further adapted in the plant expansion and operations were validated using the actual plant data. The plant data matched closely with the estimated capacities of the clarifiers. AFT Fathom hydraulic software was effective in predicting a fouling severity in the clarifier piping system and debottlenecking of the clarifier capacity was done. The conclusions derived from this study can be used all over the world where clarifiers are utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalliat T. Valsaraj
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , LA , 70803, USA
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Liu Z, Haddad M, Sauvé S, Barbeau B. Alleviating the burden of ion exchange brine in water treatment: From operational strategies to brine management. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117728. [PMID: 34619606 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange (IX) using synthetic resins is a cost-efficient technology to cope with a wide range of contaminants in water treatment. However, implementing IX processes is constrained by the regeneration of IX resins that generates a highly concentrated brine (i.e., IX brine), the disposal of which is costly and detrimental to ecosystems. In an effort to make the application of IX resins more sustainable in water treatment, substantial research has been conducted on the optimization of IX resins operation and the management of IX brine. The present review critically evaluates the literature surrounding IX operational strategies and IX brine management which can be used to limit the negative impacts arising from IX brine. To this end, we first analyzed the physicochemical characteristics of brines from the regeneration of IX resins. Then, we critically evaluated IX operational strategies that facilitate brine management, including resin selection, contactor selection, operational modes, and regeneration strategies. Furthermore, we analyzed IX brine management strategies, including brine reuse and brine disposal (without or with treatment). Finally, a novel workflow for the IX water treatment plant design that integrates IX operational strategies and IX brine management is proposed, thereby highlighting the areas that make IX technology more sustainable for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada; NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Maryam Haddad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, United States.
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3, Canada.
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- NSERC-Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Mining and Geological Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Review of Techniques to Reduce and Prevent Carbonate Scale. Prospecting in Water Treatment by Magnetism and Electromagnetism. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13172365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate scale is one of the main problems in hot water systems, and therefore, interest in this subject has grown since 2000s. Water treatments, based on magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) techniques to prevent scale, are being commercialized, but their effectiveness is not clearly demonstrated because it depends on temperature, pressure, dissolved CO2, pH, field intensity, water flow, etc. In this paper, a review of these techniques, together with other classical techniques, such as chemical softening, the use of inhibitors, ion exchange, electrochemical and membrane treatments is presented. The latter alter the composition of the water and generate hazardous waste for health and the environment, unlike magnetic and EM treatments, which are considered non-invasive techniques. Different hypotheses are used to explain the effect of these treatments, such as the formation of aragonite instead of calcite or crystal nuclei formation within the fluid. Analysis of salts formed with SEM, X-ray diffraction, or colorimetric tests seem to support the efficiency of these treatments since study in the fluid is not easy. Dissolution of the formed scale or its prevention endorse the commercialization of these techniques, but their effectiveness must be verified in each installation.
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Yang K, Li Y, Guo H, Liu X, Chen X, Cao J. Rapid synthesis of zeolite P from potassic rocks by gel‐like‐solid phase method. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Hongfei Guo
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xiuwu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
| | - Jilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Efficient Energy Saving, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Hebei University of Technology Tianjin China
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Bai Z, Wang Y, Shan M, Lv Y, Meng G, Zhu S, Pan D. Study on anti-scaling of landfill leachate treated by evaporation method. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:122-134. [PMID: 34280159 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) treatment of landfill leachate, scaling in the evaporator and heat exchanger poses a serious problem. This study explored the reasons for such scaling and proposed acid or ion-exchange pre-treatments to reduce the alkalinity of the landfill leachate nanofiltration concentrate (LLNC) to prevent scaling. The feasibility of these two methods was evaluated and the technical and economic parameters for application were obtained via experiments. A large amount of HCO3- in the LLNC was the main cause of scaling. The acid addition experiment and field application demonstrated that this method could prevent fouling problems. The cost of acid addition was USD 0.18/t. LLNC pre-treatment by ion-exchange showed that a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin performed better than a strongly acidic cation-exchange resin did. The amount of solid residue under an alkalinity of 0 mg/L could be decreased by 92.9% compared with that of raw LLNC during evaporation. Both methods could alleviate scaling and enable the wide application of the MVR evaporation process in landfill leachate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongteng Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Yanqiu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Mingjun Shan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Yanli Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Guangcai Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
| | - Dawei Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
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Khamizov RK, Komarova IV, Galkina NK, Prudkovskii AG. Self-Sustaining Processes of Water Softening and Desalination: Simple Two-Component Systems. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579520050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Nikam R, Xu X, Kanduč M, Dzubiella J. Competitive sorption of monovalent and divalent ions by highly charged globular macromolecules. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:044904. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0018306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Nikam
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiao Ling Wei, Nanjing 210094, People’s Republic of China
| | - Matej Kanduč
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joachim Dzubiella
- Research Group for Simulations of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany
- Applied Theoretical Physics – Computational Physics, Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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