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Pérez-Torres A, Hernández-Barreto DF, Bernal V, Giraldo L, Moreno-Piraján JC, da Silva EA, Alves MDCM, Morais J, Hernandez Y, Cortés MT, Macías MA. Sulfur-Doped g-C 3N 4 Heterojunctions for Efficient Visible Light Degradation of Methylene Blue. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47821-47834. [PMID: 38144128 PMCID: PMC10734029 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of synthetic dyes from different industrial sources has become a global issue of concern. Enormous amounts are released into wastewater each year, causing concerns due to the high toxic consequences. Photocatalytic semiconductors appear as a green and sustainable form of remediation. Among them, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has been widely studied due to its low cost and ease of fabrication. In this work, the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic study over methylene blue of undoped, B/S-doped, and exfoliated heterojunctions of g-C3N4 are presented. The evaluation of the photocatalytic performance showed that exfoliated undoped/S-doped heterojunctions with 25, 50, and 75 mass % of S-doped (g-C3N4) present enhanced activity with an apparent reaction rate constant (kapp) of 1.92 × 10-2 min-1 for the 75% sample. These results are supported by photoluminescence (PL) experiments showing that this heterojunction presents the less probable electron-hole recombination. UV-vis diffuse reflectance and valence band-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (VB-XPS) allowed the calculation of the band-gap and the valence band positions, suggesting a band structure diagram describing a type I heterojunction. The photocatalytic activities calculated demonstrate that this property is related to the surface area and porosity of the samples, the semiconductor nature of the g-C3N4 structure, and, in this case, the heterojunction that modifies the band structure. These results are of great importance considering that scarce reports are found concerning exfoliated B/S-doped heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés
F. Pérez-Torres
- Crystallography
and Chemistry of Materials, CrisQuimMat, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - Diego F. Hernández-Barreto
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación
en Sólidos Porosos y Calorimetría, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá
D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - Valentina Bernal
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación
en Sólidos Porosos y Calorimetría, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá
D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - Liliana Giraldo
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Calorimetría, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá 01, Bogotá D.C. 111321, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján
- Facultad
de Ciencias, Departamento de Química, Grupo de Investigación
en Sólidos Porosos y Calorimetría, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá
D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - Edjan Alves da Silva
- Electron
Spectroscopy Lab (LEe-), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Martins Alves
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade Federal
do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jonder Morais
- Electron
Spectroscopy Lab (LEe-), Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Yenny Hernandez
- Department
of Physics, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - María T. Cortés
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C. 111711, Colombia
| | - Mario A. Macías
- Crystallography
and Chemistry of Materials, CrisQuimMat, Department of Chemistry, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá D.C. 111711, Colombia
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Rajendramani R, Madan K, Kallingal MSN, Guru S, De S, Gangavarapu RR. Hydrogen Evolution Activity of Nitrogen-Rich g-C 3-xN 4+x Synthesized by Solid-Gas Interface Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11992-12003. [PMID: 37578307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of a metal-free carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst in the form of nitrogen-rich g-C3-xN4+x derivatives is desirable for efficient solar to hydrogen conversion and remains a challenging task to achieve. Herein we report the development of homogeneous sheets of nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride samples from melamine by a solid-gas interface approach. Using this method, pure g-C3N4 (CN), g-C3-xN4+x under ammonia flow (CN-NH3) and g-C3-xN4+x under nitrogen flow (CN-N2) are prepared. The g-C3-xN4+x (CN-NH3) sample shows better surface conductivity, wide optical absorbance in the visible region, reduced recombination and high electron donor density, and higher performance toward photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution (HER). The g-C3-xN4+x (CN-NH3) generates a photocurrent of 2.06 μA cm-2, which is 2.5 times higher than that of the pure g-C3N4 (CN) sample (0.85 μA cm-2). It also shows higher photocatalytic water splitting ability compared to the CN and CN-N2 samples, generating 634 μmol g-1 hydrogen without cocatalyst and 1163 μmol g-1 of hydrogen with Pt cocatalyst. Density functional calculations suggest that the progressive band gap reduction with the increase in the N-dopant percentage can be attributed to the gradual increase in the partial π-occupations, which can lead to a significant stabilization of the conduction band minima. The theoretical modeling, however, indicates a saturation in the band gap effect after 75% of N-dopant. The onset potential of g-C3-xN4+x for HER appears at η = 0.43 V in dark and η = 0.34 V vs Ag/AgCl under solar light illumination of 1 sun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Rajendramani
- Department of Chemistry and DST Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Krateeka Madan
- Department of Chemistry and DST Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | | | - Sruthi Guru
- Department of Chemistry and DST Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Susmita De
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry & Drug Discovery, University of Calicut, Calicut University, Malappuram 673 635, Kerala, India
| | - Ranga Rao Gangavarapu
- Department of Chemistry and DST Solar Energy Harnessing Centre (DSEHC), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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3
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Effects of the electron-beam-induced modification of g-C3N4 on its performance in photocatalytic organic dye decomposition. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abbood NS, Ali NS, Khader EH, Majdi HS, Albayati TM, Saady NMC. Photocatalytic degradation of cefotaxime pharmaceutical compounds onto a modified nanocatalyst. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Photocatalytic Applications of g-C3N4 Based on Bibliometric Analysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To further understand the application of g-C3N4 in the field of photocatalysis, this study focuses on the visualization and analysis of articles in this field using VOSviewer and Citespace. These articles were analyzed in terms of number of articles, journals, authors, countries and keywords, respectively. The results show that there is little collaboration among the core authors in this field and insufficient cross-directional communication; the current applications of g-C3N4 are concentrated on hydrogen evolution, CO2 reduction and water treatment. The developing trend is in the direction of constructing Z-scheme structures, regulating the separation of photogenerated carriers and reducing the recombination rate, to which more and more attention is being paid. In the future, cross-directional communication among scholars can be strengthened to promote faster development of the field of photocatalytic applications of g-C3N4.
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Synthesis of O-doped C3N4 decorated with C3N4 quantum dots: Construction of a homo junction photocatalyst for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wang B, Ma Y, Xu W, Tang K. Cr-Based MOF for Efficient Adsorption of Au at Low Concentrations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8954-8963. [PMID: 35830177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The efficient enrichment and selection of Au are crucial for gold recovery. The adsorption technology is considered to have potential due to the advantages of operation simplicity and green processability. Nevertheless, the poor Au selectivity at low concentrations in complex solutions limits the further application of the adsorption technology. In this work, a novel Cr-based MOF adsorbent was successfully synthesized using 1,2,4-triazole and 4-aminobenzoic acid as ligands. Benefitting from the surface positive charge and extensive chelation and reduction sites, the novel Cr-based MOF exhibited a total adsorption capacity of up to 357 mg/g and excellent adsorption selectivity toward Au(III) in the complex metal mixed solutions, such as simulated sewage ash waste liquid and actual e-waste leachate. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were discussed in depth for investigating the adsorption mechanisms of the MOF. The PXRD and XPS analyses reveal that the adsorption process involves complexation, redox, and electrostatic interactions. We believe that this study of novel Cr-based MOF adsorbents for efficient Au adsorption is meaningful for further application in the gold recovery technology from e-waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China
| | - Yingnan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China
| | - Kewen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, Hunan, China
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Construction of single-atom Ag embedded O, K co-doped g-C3N4 with enhanced photocatalytic efficiency for tetracycline degradation and Escherichia coli disinfection under visible light. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Synthesis of N-C3N4/Cu/Cu2O: New strategy to tackle the problem of Cu2O photocorrosion with the help of band engineering. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gao B, Dou M, Wang J, Zhuang T, Li P, Yang F, Wang D, Ci L, Fu Y. Effect of carbon nitride synthesized by different modification strategies on the performance of carbon nitride/PVDF photocatalytic composite membranes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 422:126877. [PMID: 34425428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride (CN)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) photocatalytic composite membrane (PCM) is considered as a promising candidate to improve the anti-fouling characteristic of conventional PVDF membrane and overcome the difficulty encountered during recovery of powder catalyst simultaneously. However, the effects of differently-modified CN on PCM and its mechanism are still unclear. In this study, bulk-CN (BCN), carbon defects CN (CCN), nitrogen defect CN (DCN), mesoporous CN (MCN), and nitrogen-rich CN (NCN) were incorporated into PVDF by phase inversion method. The influence of changes in the physical and chemical properties of CN, including hydrophilic groups, photocatalytic activity, and particle size, on the permeability, anti-fouling characteristic, and photocatalytic self-cleaning activity of CN/PVDF was systematically analyzed. The mechanism of excellent performance of PCM was revealed by experimental test and theoretical calculation. The flux of PCM was significantly improved by increasing the hydrophilic group on modified CN. However, the differences in particle size and interaction between different types of modified CN and PVDF chains endowed the CN/PVDF with different porosity. DCN/PVDF showed high porosity and hydrophilicity, leading to high water flux and rejection rate of 293.6 L (m2 h)-1 and 90.1%, respectively. Compared to pure PVDF, the flux recovery rate of DCN30/PVDF increased by 27.6%, and the irreversible fouling decreased from 36.9% to 9.2%. The modified CN/PVDF showed excellent photocatalytic activity for the removal of cefotaxime (CFX) and E. coli. Owing to the narrow band gap of DCN, large specific surface area, and low photogenerated carrier recombination rate, the CFX removal rate reached 99% in 2 h, and E. coli inactivation achieved 3.7 log within 4 h via DCN30/PVDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boru Gao
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Mengmeng Dou
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Tao Zhuang
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Pengyang Li
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, Beijing Jiaotong University, Haidian District, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Dongying Wang
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Lin Ci
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan 250102, China
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Review on the Visible Light Photocatalysis for the Decomposition of Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Tetracyclines, and Sulfonamides Antibiotics in Wastewater. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are chemical compounds that are used to kill or prevent bacterial growth. They are used in different fields, such as the medical field, agriculture, and veterinary. Antibiotics end up in wastewater, which causes the threat of developing antibacterial resistance; therefore, antibiotics must be eliminated from wastewater. Different conventional elimination methods are limited due to their high cost and effort, or incomplete elimination. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalysis arises as an effective elimination method for different organic wastes including antibiotics. A variety of semiconducting materials were tested to eliminate antibiotics from wastewater; nevertheless, research is still ongoing due to some limitations. This review summarizes the recent studies regarding semiconducting material modifications for antibiotic degradation using visible light irradiation.
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Self-assembly synthesis of petal-like Cl-doped g-C3N4 nanosheets with tunable band structure for enhanced photocatalytic activity. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Huang X, Zhu N, Mao F, Ding Y, Zhang S, Li F, Liu H, Wu P. Novel Au@C modified g-C3N4 (Au@C/g-C3N4) as efficient visible-light photocatalyst for toxic organic pollutant degradation: Synthesis, performance and mechanism insight. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Doping of Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Non-Metal Elements and Its Applications in Photocatalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlines the latest research into the design of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with non-metal elements. The emphasis is put on modulation of composition and morphology of g-C3N4 doped with oxygen, sulfur, phosphor, nitrogen, carbon as well as nitrogen and carbon vacancies. Typically, the various methods of non-metal elements introducing in g-C3N4 have been explored to simultaneously tune the textural and electronic properties of g-C3N4 for improving its response to the entire visible light range, facilitating a charge separation, and prolonging a charge carrier lifetime. The application fields of such doped graphitic carbon nitride are summarized into three categories: CO2 reduction, H2-evolution, and organic contaminants degradation. This review shows some main directions and affords to design the g-C3N4 doping with non-metal elements for real photocatalytic applications.
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