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Ren X, Fu H, Peng D, Shen M, Tang P, Song K, Lai B, Pan Z. Intensive Treatment of Organic Wastewater by Three-Dimensional Electrode System within Mn-Loaded Steel Slag as Catalytic Particle Electrodes. Molecules 2024; 29:952. [PMID: 38474463 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system is the key to achieving carbon neutrality. This study investigated the organics removal efficiency in a three-dimensional electrode reactor (3DER) constructed from repurposed industrial solid waste, i.e., Mn-loaded steel slag, as the catalytic particle electrodes (CPE). The CPE, a micron-grade material consisting primarily of transition metals, including Fe and Mn, exhibited excellent electric conductivity, catalytic ability, and recyclability. High rhodamine B (RhB) removal efficiency in the 3DER was observed through a physical modelling experiment. The optimal operating condition was determined through a single-factor experiment in which 5.0 g·L-1 CPE and 3 mM peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were added to a 200 mL solution of 10 mM RhB under a current intensity of 0.5 A and a 1.5 to 2.0 cm distance between the 2D electrodes. When the initial pH value of the simulated solution was 3 to 9, the RhB removal rate exceeded 96% after 20 min reaction. In addition, the main reactive oxidation species in the 3DER were determined. The results illustrated that HO• and SO4•- both existed, but that the contribution of SO4•- to RhB removal was much lower than that of HO• in the 3DER. In summary, this research provides information on the potential of the 3DER for removing refractory organics from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ren
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu 610106, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section of First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group Co., Ltd., AVIC International Exchange Center, North Section of Yizhou Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Danni Peng
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Meng Shen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Peixin Tang
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group Co., Ltd., AVIC International Exchange Center, North Section of Yizhou Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, No. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu 610106, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, No. 9999, Hongguang Avenue, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Bo Lai
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South Section of First Ring Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group Co., Ltd., AVIC International Exchange Center, North Section of Yizhou Avenue, Chengdu 610041, China
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Yuan Q, Huang Y, Chi J, Wu W, Qi E. Gas-liquid contact evaporation of concentrate leachate from disk-tube reverse osmosis treatment in waste incineration plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123271. [PMID: 38160769 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In order to utilize waste heat such as exhaust steam and hot air passing through air preheater in the waste incineration plant to heat air used for evaporating leachate concentrate (LC) by gas-liquid contact evaporation technology, hot air of 600 °C, 450 °C and 250 °C was used to evaporate LC in a laboratory-scale evaporator to obtain purified condensate used for supplying water for circulating cooling water system. The influence of pH, hot air temperature and evaporation rate on COD and NH3-N in condensate were investigated to identify the optimum operation of this technology. The results showed that COD concentration in condensate obviously decreased with increase in hot air temperature. Higher hot air temperature led to higher initial evaporation temperature, and evaporation rate of water was significantly greater than that of small molecular organic matter with lower boiling point than water with increasing hot air temperature. Reduction in contents of phenol, ketone and benzene was responsible for COD decreasing in condensate. COD in condensate decreased with increase in pH, as the amount of volatile organic matter such as fatty acids escaped from LC to condensate decreased. The pH had little influence on the DOM in condensate according to EEM spectra analysis. Evaporation rate had little influence on COD in the condensate water. NH3-N concentrations in condensate in all experimental groups were far away from the limit value (10 mg/L) in the water quality standard. Under the premise of meeting water quality standard, the lowest temperature (450 °C) of hot air was selected to save energy and use lower grade waste heat. Therefore, the optimum condition was 450 °C of hot air, pH = 7 of LC and CF = 10. At this condition, molecular weight of DOM in the condensate was smaller and humification degree and aromaticity of DOM were lower according to UV-visible absorption spectrum analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jianzhou Chi
- Nanjing Linpu Thermal Energy Technology Co., LTD, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Nanjing Environment Group Co., LTD, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Erbing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Yuan Q, Huang Y, Chi J, Wu W, Qi E. Effective treatment of leachate concentrate from waste incineration plant by combination of coagulation and direct contact evaporation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140880. [PMID: 38061564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to verify that coagulation as pre-treatment can reduce the temperature of the hot air used for direct contact evaporating the leachate concentrate (LC) and low-grade waste heat such as exhaust steam in the waste incineration plant can be used to evaporate the LC. The supernatants after coagulation using polymerized ferrous sulfate (PFS), polymeric-aluminum (PAC), polymeric silicate aluminum ferric (PSAF) and poly-aluminum ferric chloride (PAFC) as coagulants were further treated in a lab-scale direct contact evaporation system. The results showed that the best performance with removal efficiencies of COD and NH3-N of 58.70% and 29.09% was achieved after coagulation when PAFC dosage = 15 g/L, PAM dosage = 30 mg/L and initial pH of supernatant = 6. After coagulation, a large amount of the fulvic-like acid and aromatic heterocyclic compounds were removed and the degree of complexity and aromaticity of organics decreased. After direct contact evaporation, using PAFC as coagulant still was the best selection due to its lowest concentrations of COD and NH3-N (22 mg/L and 1.02 mg/L) in the condensate produced by this two-stage treatment when initial pH of supernatant was 6 during evaporation and the condensate produced by this two-stage treatment met the water quality standard for using as supplying water for circulating cooling water system when temperature of hot air used for heating LC was at low temperature (250 °C). The fulvic-like acid and aromatic heterocyclic compounds in the condensate continuously reduced. Phenol, adamantane, 1-isocyanato, phthalic anhydrid, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphat, Heptadecane, 2-methyl, ginsenol and Octadecane, 2-methyl- in the condensate obviously decreased. The effect of four coagulants as pretreatment on reducing the temperature of hot air used for evaporating LC was ranked as PAFC > PFS > PAC > PSAF. PSAF was not recommended due to the large amount of NH3-N produced when using PSAF to treat the LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Yaji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Jianzhou Chi
- Nanjing Linpu Thermal Energy Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Nanjing Environment Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210026, China
| | - Erbing Qi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
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Li S, Zeng F, Zheng S, Fan Z, Huang L. Multivariate optimization of characteristic parameters of continuous-flow system with a front buffer tank for industrial reverse osmosis concentrate treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139078. [PMID: 37268228 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) was electrochemically oxidized using a continuous-flow system (CFS) with a front buffer tank. Multivariate optimization including Plackett-Burman (PBD) and central composite design based on response surface method (CCD-RSM) was implemented to investigate the effects of characteristic (e.g., recirculation ratio (R value), ratio of buffer tank and electrolytic zone (RV value)) and routine (e.g., current density (i), inflow linear velocity (v) and electrode spacing (d)) parameters. R, v values and current density significantly influenced chemical oxygen demand (COD) and NH4+-N removal and effluent active chlorine species (ACS) level, while electrode spacing and RV value had negligible effects. High chloride content of industrial ROC facilitated the generation of ACS and subsequent mass transfer, low hydraulic retention time (HRT) of electrolytic cell improved the mass transfer efficiency, and high HRT of buffer tank prolonged the reaction between the pollutants and oxidants. The significance levels of COD removal, energy efficiency, effluent ACS level and toxic byproduct level CCD-RSM models were validated by statistical test results, including higher F value than critical effect value, lower P value than 0.05, low deviation between predicted and observed values, and normal distribution of calculated residuals. The highest pollutant removal was achieved at a high R value, a high current density and a low v value; the highest energy efficiency was achieved at a high R, a low current density and a high v value; the lowest effluent ACS and toxic byproduct levels were achieved at a low R value, a low current density and a high v value. Following the multivariate optimization, the optimum parameters were decided to be v = 1.2 cm h-1, i ≥ 8 mA cm-2, d ≥ 4, RV = 10-20 and R = 1 to achieve better effluent quality (i.e., lower effluent pollutant, ACS and toxic byproduct levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shida Li
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Fantang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Shaokui Zheng
- School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences/State Key Lab of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhongya Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Lu Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No. 18 Ruihe Road, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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de Almeida R, Porto RF, Quintaes BR, Bila DM, Lavagnolo MC, Campos JC. A review on membrane concentrate management from landfill leachate treatment plants: The relevance of resource recovery to close the leachate treatment loop. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:264-284. [PMID: 35924944 PMCID: PMC9972246 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221116212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane filtration processes have been used to treat landfill leachate. On the other hand, closing the leachate treatment loop and finding a final destination for landfill leachate membrane concentrate (LLMC) - residual stream of membrane systems - is challenging for landfill operators. The re-introduction of LLMC into the landfill is typical; however, this approach is critical as concentrate pollutants may accumulate in the leachate treatment facility. From that, leachate concentrate management based on resource recovery rather than conventional treatment and disposal is recommended. This work comprehensively reviews the state-of-the-art of current research on LLMC management from leachate treatment plants towards a resource recovery approach. A general recovery train based on the main LLMC characteristics for implementing the best recovery scheme is presented in this context. LLMCs could be handled by producing clean water and add-value materials. This paper offers critical insights into LLMC management and highlights future research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
- Department of Civil, Environmental and
Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Ronei de Almeida, School of Chemistry,
Inorganic Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 149
Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue, laboratory I-124, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-909,
Brazil.
| | - Raphael Ferreira Porto
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | | | - Daniele Maia Bila
- Department of Sanitary and Environment
Engineering, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and
Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Inorganic
Processes Department, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
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Song K, Ren X, Zhang Q, Xu L, Liu D. Electrochemical treatment for leachate membrane retentate: Performance comparison of electrochemical oxidation and electro-coagulation technology. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134986. [PMID: 35609668 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of membrane in advanced treatment of leachate, China produces a large amount of leachate membrane retentate (LMR) (≈23.4 million tons) annually, which is usually treated by incineration or recirculation in engineering, but these technologies have many drawbacks. LMR is suitable for electrochemical treatment due to its high electrical conductivity. This study compared the performances of electrochemical oxidation (EO) and electro-coagulation (EC) technology on LMR treatment under different experimental conditions, including anode material, current density, initial pH and reaction time. We found that EO optimal conditions achieved 70.1%, 83.1%, 78.7%, 98.7%, and 69.7% removal of total organic carbon (TOC), UV absorption (at 254 nm), chromaticity, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. Compared with EO, EC exhibited a similar removal ability for orgainics and better removals of chroma, but much less performance for removing nitrogen pollutants in the same reaction time, that is, removals of NH3-N and TN were only 31.5% and 36.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, EC showed much higher instantaneous current efficiency of COD than EO under its optimal reaction time (120 min). In addition, the UV-Vis spectra and 3D fluorescence spectra indicated that EO exhibited relatively outstanding performance in decomposing dissolved organic matter (DOM) with rather complicated structures than EC. Also, the flow field-flow fractionation technique demonstrated that EO preferentially destroy humic-like, large molecular weight DOM, and converting them to smaller molecules, which resulted in more volatile organic compounds in EO samples than EC samples. While EC had little selectivity in the removal of organics, except humic-like DOM with relative small molecular. These findings can provide a theoretical basis for the electrochemical treatment of LMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, NO.111, North Section 1, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, 610031, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Buliding Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, NO. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Xu Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Buliding Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, NO. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu, 610106, China; Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group CO., Ltd, AVIC International Exchange Center, North Section of Yizhou Avenue, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Buliding Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, NO. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Linghan Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Buliding Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, NO. 2025, Chengluo Road, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, NO.111, North Section 1, 2nd Ring Road, Chengdu, 610031, China
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Ren X, Song K, Zhang Q, Xu L, Yu Z, Tang P, Pan Z. Performance of a Three-Dimensional Electrochemical Reactor (3DER) on Bisphenol A Degradation. Front Chem 2022; 10:960003. [PMID: 35910742 PMCID: PMC9337772 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.960003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study constructed a three-dimensional electrochemical reactor (3DER) using meshed stainless steel sheets and titanic magnetite particles (TMP) to investigate bisphenol A (BPA) degradation through the synergistic action of electrical current and TMP. We examined some TMP characteristics, such as particle size, specific surface areas, X-ray diffraction, surface imaging, elemental constituents, and electrical resistivity. It was found that TMP was a micron-level material with excellent electrical conductivity, and it could be regarded as a magnetite-based material comprising Fe(II) and Fe(III). The single-factor experiment determined the optimal conditions for BPA removal in 3DER, specifically by introducing 200 ml of BPA-simulated wastewater (10 mg L−1) into 3DER. At the initial pH of 9.00, current and electrodes gap of 300 mA and 15 mm, respectively, and adding 1 ml of 0.5 M potassium peroxymonosulfate and 1 g TMP, > 98% of BPA was removed after 55 min of electrochemical reaction. In addition, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry identified the intermediates formed during the BPA treatment, showing two possible pathways for BPA degradation. The final degradation intermediates were chain organics with simple molecular structures. This research provided an understanding of the potential application of 3DER for BPA removal in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group CO, Ltd, AVIC International Exchange Center, Chengdu, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Song
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Kai Song,
| | - Qiaoyun Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghan Xu
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuyi Yu
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Peixin Tang
- Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of City Solid Waste Energy and Building Materials Conversion and Utilization Technology, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group CO, Ltd, AVIC International Exchange Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicheng Pan
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Haitian Water Group CO, Ltd, AVIC International Exchange Center, Chengdu, China
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Li JY, Hu R, Shan L, Liu ZQ, Yang SQ, Yang J, Sun F, Cui YH. Effect of operating conditions and water matrix on the performance of UV combined electrochemical process for treating Chloride-containing solution and its reaction mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Babaei S, Sabour MR, Moftakhari Anasori Movahed S. Combined landfill leachate treatment methods: an overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59594-59607. [PMID: 34510344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate is commonly heavily contaminated and consists of high amount of organic compounds, inorganic salts, toxic gases, halogenated hydrocarbons, and heavy metals that exerts a serious threat to public health and the environment. Thus, it requires treatments before direct release into receiving waters. Selecting the efficient method for leachate treatment is still a major challenge. While physicochemical treatment methods such as coagulation-flocculation, adsorption, membrane filtration, ozonation, air stripping, and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are appropriate for mature leachate, young leachate requires biological treatments including membrane bioreactor (MBR), activated sludge (AS), upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and rotational biological contactor (RBC). Recently, the integration of biological processes and physicochemical methods has been demonstrated to be very efficient. It is found that combined coagulation-flocculation/nanofiltration and activated sludge/reverse osmosis are more efficacious than other integrated physicochemical methods and combined physicochemical/biological methods, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamimeh Babaei
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sabour
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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