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Cardito A, Carotenuto M, Sacco O, Albarano L, Vaiano V, Iannece P, Libralato G, Spica VR, Lofrano G. UV light assisted degradation of acid orange azo dye by ZVI-ZnS and effluent toxicity effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123226. [PMID: 38159638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Azo dyes, the most common synthetic dyes used in the textile industry, are known xenobiotic compounds and recalcitrant to conventional degradation treatments. As consequence, such contaminants are often discharged into the effluents, treating aquatic ecosystems. Among several processes, the use of zero valent iron (ZVI) represents a suitable alternative to degrade organic molecules containing azo bonds. However, its applications are limited by corrosion and loss of reactivity over the time. To overcome these constraints, ZVI has been coupled to a suitable semiconductor (ZnS) to get a catalytic composite (ZVI-ZnS) active under UV light. The present work deals with the degradation of acid orange (AO7), used as model azo dye, by UV/ZVI-ZnS, as one step treatment and in combination with an adsorption process by biochar. The influence of ZVI-ZnS concentration (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/L) and reaction time (0-160 min) on degradation of AO7 were investigated. Intermediates formation was monitored by ESI-FT-ICR-MS analysis and the effluent toxicity was assessed by using Artemia franciscana. The experimental results showed that the UV/ZVI-ZnS process at 1 g/L of catalyst allowed to achieve a removal of AO7 up to 97% after 10 min. An increase of the dye relative concentrations as well as the toxicity related to intermediates formations has been observed for treatment time higher than 10 min. The total removal of AO7 together with effluent toxicity reduction was obtained only after the combined treatment (UV/ZVI-ZnS + biochar).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cardito
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Maurizio Carotenuto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Olga Sacco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Luisa Albarano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vaiano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Patrizia Iannece
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giovanni Libralato
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia ed. 7, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Lofrano
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
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Tammaro O, Morante N, Marocco A, Fontana M, Castellino M, Barrera G, Allia P, Tiberto P, Arletti R, Fantini R, Vaiano V, Esposito S, Sannino D, Pansini M. The beneficial role of nano-sized Fe 3O 4 entrapped in ultra-stable Y zeolite for the complete mineralization of phenol by heterogeneous photo-Fenton under solar light. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140400. [PMID: 37863212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient, separable, and stable magnetic iron-based-photocatalysts produced from ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite were applied, for the first time, to the photo-Fenton removal of phenol under solar light. USY Zeolite with a Si/Al molar ratio of 385 was impregnated under vacuum with an aqueous solution of Fe2+ ions and thermally treated (500-750 °C) in a reducing atmosphere. Three catalysts, Fe-USY500°C-2h, Fe-USY600°C-2h and Fe-USY750°C-2h, containing different amounts of reduced iron species entrapped in the zeolitic matrix, were obtained. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by absorption spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction with synchrotron source, followed by Rietveld analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption at -196 °C, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and magnetic measurements at room temperature. The catalytic activity was evaluated in a recirculating batch photoreactor irradiated by solar light with online analysis of evolved CO2. Photo-Fenton results showed that the catalyst obtained by thermal treatment at 500 °C for 2 h under a reducing atmosphere (FeUSY-500°C-2h) was able to completely mineralize phenol in 120 min of irradiation time at pH = 4 owing to the presence of a higher content of entrapped nano-sized magnetite particles. The latter promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals in a more efficient way than the Fe-USY catalysts prepared at 600 and 750 °C because of the higher Fe3O4 content in ultra-stable Y zeolite treated at 500 °C. The FeUSY-500°C-2h catalyst was recovered from the treated water through magnetic separation and reused five times without any significant worsening of phenol mineralization performances. The characterization of the FeUSY-500°C-2h after the photo-Fenton process demonstrated that it was perfectly stable during the reaction. The optimized catalyst was also effective in the mineralization of phenol in tap water. Finally, a possible photo-Fenton mechanism for phenol mineralization was assessed based on experimental tests carried out in the presence of scavenger molecules, demonstrating that hydroxyl radicals play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpia Tammaro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM Unit of Torino - Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Morante
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Antonello Marocco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, Università degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via G. Di Biasio 43, Cassino, FR 03043, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM Unit of Torino - Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy; Center for Sustainable Future Technologies @POLITO, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin, 10144, Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM Unit of Torino - Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Barrera
- INRiM Torino, Advanced Materials for Metrology and Life Sciences, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10143, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Allia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM Unit of Torino - Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy; INRiM Torino, Advanced Materials for Metrology and Life Sciences, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10143, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Tiberto
- INRiM Torino, Advanced Materials for Metrology and Life Sciences, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10143, Torino, Italy
| | - Rossella Arletti
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Chemical and Geological Sciences, Via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Riccardo Fantini
- Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Chemical and Geological Sciences, Via Campi 103, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vaiano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Serena Esposito
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and INSTM Unit of Torino - Politecnico, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy.
| | - Diana Sannino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Michele Pansini
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering and INSTM Research Unit, Università degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via G. Di Biasio 43, Cassino, FR 03043, Italy
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