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Koskue V, Freguia S. Optimised start-up strategy for bioelectrochemical systems operating on hydrolysed human urine. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 158:108706. [PMID: 38608340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Key nutrients, such as nitrogen measured as total ammonium nitrogen (TAN), could be recycled from hydrolysed human urine back to fertiliser use. Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are an interesting, low-energy option for realising this. However, the high TAN concentration (> 5 g L-1) and pH (> 9) of hydrolysed urine can inhibit microbial growth and hinder the enrichment of an electroactive biofilm at the anode. This study investigated a new strategy for bioanode inoculation by mixing real hydrolysed urine with thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) from a municipal wastewater treatment plant at different volumetric ratios. The addition of TWAS diluted the high TAN concentration of hydrolysed urine (5.2 ± 0.3 g L-1) to 2.6-5.1 g L-1, while the pH of the inoculation mixtures remained > 9 and soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) at 5.6-6.7 g L-1. Despite the high pH, current generation started within 24 h for all reactors, and robust bioanodes tolerant of continuous feeding with undiluted hydrolysed urine were enriched within 11 days of start-up. Current output and Coulombic efficiency decreased with increasing initial hydrolysed urine fraction. The anodes inoculated with the highest sCOD-to-TAN ratio (2.1) performed the best, which suggests that high organics levels can protect microbes from inhibition even at elevated TAN concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veera Koskue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefano Freguia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Tan SM, Ho LN, Wong YS, Azner Abidin CZ, Ong SA. Towards environmentally-friendly solutions for real textile-dyeing wastewater with energy recovery: Effluent recirculation and Rubia plant-derived purpurin electron mediator in microbial fuel cell. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 367:121905. [PMID: 39067334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Escalating global water pollution exacerbated by textile-dyeing wastewater (TDW) poses significant environmental and health concerns due to the insufficient treatment methods being utilized. Thus, it is imperative to implement more effective treatment solutions to address such issues. In this research, different environmentally-friendly strategies involving effluent recirculation (ER) and Rubia cordifolia plant-derived purpurin electron mediator (EM) were introduced to enhance the treatment of real TDW and bioelectricity generation performance of an anti-gravity flow microbial fuel cell (AGF-MFC). The results revealed that optimum performance was achieved with a combination of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h with a recirculation ratio of 1, where the reduction efficiency of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), sulphate (SO42-), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), colour and turbidity were 82.17 %, 82.15 %, 85.10 %, 80.52 %, 75.91 %, 59.52 %, 71.02 % and 93.10 %, respectively. In terms of bioelectricity generation performance, AGF-MFC showed a maximum output voltage and power density of 404.72 mV and 65.16 mW/m2, respectively. Moreover, the results also signified that higher treatment performance of TDW was obtained with natural purpurin from Rubia cordifolia plant than synthetic purpurin as EM. The reduced reactivity of highly stable synthetic purpurin EM for mediating the electron transfer was a contributing factor to the outperformance of plant-derived purpurin. Additionally, detailed electron-mediating mechanisms of purpurin were proposed to unravel the underlying electron transfer pathway involved in AGF-MFC. This research offers insight into the development of more sustainable solutions for managing TDW, and consequently reducing environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sing-Mei Tan
- Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Li-Ngee Ho
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Shian Wong
- Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Che Zulzikrami Azner Abidin
- Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Soon-An Ong
- Water Research and Environmental Sustainability Growth, Centre of Excellence (WAREG), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
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Wang Z, Anand D, He Z. Phosphorus Recovery from Whole Digestate through Electrochemical Leaching and Precipitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37364242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) recovery from biosolids can play an important role in a circular economy. Herein, an electrochemical phosphorus recovery cell (EPRC) was proposed and examined to recover P from municipal whole digestate via simultaneous leaching and precipitation. The anode of the EPRC released P as aqueous PO43--P through acidification, achieving the highest leaching efficiency of 93.3% under a current density of 30 A m-2. When the leached P solution was treated in the cathode, native metals including Ca and Fe facilitated electrochemically mediated PO43--P precipitation (EMP) and precipitated ∼99% of the leached P in the cathode chamber. Around 54.3-78.7% of total P existed in two harvestable forms: suspended solids in the cathode effluent and immobilized P in the cathode chamber. The solid products contained 28.42-33.51% of P2O5, comparable to the high-grade phosphate rock. Higher current densities reduced cathode scaling and resulted in a lower content of heavy metals in the solid products. An acidic solution was reused three times and effectively maintained cathode performance during a 42-cycle operation, achieving a consistent P recovery efficiency of nearly 80%. Those results have demonstrated the feasibility of the EPRC for recovering P from P-rich solid wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daran Anand
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Al-Juboori RA, Al-Shaeli M, Aani SA, Johnson D, Hilal N. Membrane Technologies for Nitrogen Recovery from Waste Streams: Scientometrics and Technical Analysis. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:15. [PMID: 36676822 PMCID: PMC9864344 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The concerns regarding the reactive nitrogen levels exceeding the planetary limits are well documented in the literature. A large portion of anthropogenic nitrogen ends in wastewater. Nitrogen removal in typical wastewater treatment processes consumes a considerable amount of energy. Nitrogen recovery can help in saving energy and meeting the regulatory discharge limits. This has motivated researchers and industry professionals alike to devise effective nitrogen recovery systems. Membrane technologies form a fundamental part of these systems. This work presents a thorough overview of the subject using scientometric analysis and presents an evaluation of membrane technologies guided by literature findings. The focus of nitrogen recovery research has shifted over time from nutrient concentration to the production of marketable products using improved membrane materials and designs. A practical approach for selecting hybrid systems based on the recovery goals has been proposed. A comparison between membrane technologies in terms of energy requirements, recovery efficiency, and process scale showed that gas permeable membrane (GPM) and its combination with other technologies are the most promising recovery techniques and they merit further industry attention and investment. Recommendations for potential future search trends based on industry and end users' needs have also been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed A. Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Centre, New York University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muayad Al-Shaeli
- Department of Engineering, University of Luxembourg, 2, Avenue de l’Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Saif Al Aani
- The State Company of Energy Production-Middle Region, Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad 10013, Iraq
| | - Daniel Johnson
- NYUAD Water Research Centre, New York University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nidal Hilal
- NYUAD Water Research Centre, New York University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Precipitation of mineral phosphates from wastewater treatment processes is an excellent method for phosphorus recovery, leading to the formation of compounds with high fertilizing value. Conventionally, P-precipitation processes are mostly applied to supernatant of anaerobic sludge digestates, due to their high P and N residual contents. This study concerns P-recovery in a pilot-scale side-stream reactor from aerobic (activated sludge) wastewater liquor. The effect of process retention time and pH was determined using sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide as alternative pH buffer reagents, in both synthetic and real wastewater. Equilibrium mass balance calculations were first applied to estimate the theoretical final composition of P-precipitates under different process conditions; then, actual precipitation experiments were carried out with synthetic wastewater to define optimal process operating parameters in controlled conditions. Results showed that phosphorus precipitation was affected mainly by solution pH and did not significantly depend on the reactor’s retention time. These findings were validated by operating the process with real wastewater: on average, 61.2% and 90.4% phosphorus precipitation (recovery) were achieved at pH = 8.5 and 9.0 under a controlled Mg:NH4:P molar ratio of 5:5:1, using sodium hydroxide as acidity buffer. The main fraction of final precipitates consisted of calcium phosphate compounds, while struvite, bobierrite and calcite showed up in smaller proportions. It was also shown that dosage of calcium hydroxide for pH adjustment, without any other chemicals for molar ratios adjustment of the solution, has great potential for P recovery in the form of a calcium phosphate-rich precipitate, usable for fertilizer, with 75.6% phosphorus removal in mineral form at pH = 8.5. The process is much less costly to operate than struvite precipitation, and more energetically sustainable. This scheme could be ideally suited for application in facilities operating under an enhanced phosphorus removal process scheme.
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Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050497. [PMID: 35629823 PMCID: PMC9145069 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphates from natural sources and waste products of humans and animals, as well as industrial streams, are classified. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using membrane processes for the transition to a circular economy in the field of nutrients. The possibilities of different methods, already developed or under development, are evaluated, primarily those that use ion-exchange membranes. Electromembrane methods take a special place including capacitive deionization and electrodialysis applied for recovery, separation, concentration, and reagent-free pH shift of solutions. This review is distinguished by the fact that it summarizes not only the successes, but also the “bottlenecks” of ion-exchange membrane-based processes. Modern views on the mechanisms of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphate transport in ion-exchange membranes in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are discussed. The innovations to enhance the performance of electromembrane separation processes for phosphate and ammonium recovery are considered.
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Kinhoun JJR, Li A, Lv M, Shi Y, Fan B, Qian T. Human Excreta and Food Waste of a Typical Rural Area in China: Characteristics and Co-Fermentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084731. [PMID: 35457598 PMCID: PMC9028711 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human excreta (HE) and food waste (FW) are the primary contaminants in rural regions. Prior to treating these contaminants, mastering their properties is required. In this study, the characteristics of the HE leaving the body and FW leaving the kitchen to the subsequent respective fermentation were studied. Moreover, two kinds of co-fermentation processes for HE and FW were also investigated on the basis of mastering the properties. The results showed that, for a healthy adult, fresh feces, urine, and FW produced were about 163 g/cap/d (57.3 gCOD/cap/d), 1.6 L/cap/d (6.7 gN/cap/d), and 250 g/cap/d (35.0 gCOD/cap/d), respectively. In HE, about 75% of nitrogen and phosphorus were contained in urine. It takes at least three days for crushed FW discharged via water flushing to settle completely, and the COD removal efficiency after precipitation was around 75%. Mixing HE with FW after discharge, i.e., the initial unit of the process was 20% more efficient in fermentation than mixing after the respective pre-fermentation. This paper presents the characteristics of HE and FW and provides the optimized co-fermentation process, which provides technical support for the realization of environmental sanitation in rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Joël Roland Kinhoun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Minghuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunpeng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (J.J.R.K.); (A.L.); (M.L.); (Y.S.); (B.F.)
- Water Pollution and Control Department, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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