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Nowrouzi B, Torres-Montero P, Kerkhoven EJ, Martínez JL, Rios-Solis L. Rewiring Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism for optimised Taxol® precursors production. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00229. [PMID: 38098801 PMCID: PMC10716015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2023.e00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been conveniently used to produce Taxol® anticancer drug early precursors. However, the harmful impact of oxidative stress by the first cytochrome P450-reductase enzymes (CYP725A4-POR) of Taxol® pathway has hampered sufficient progress in yeast. Here, we evolved an oxidative stress-resistant yeast strain with three-fold higher titre of their substrate, taxadiene. The performance of the evolved and parent strains were then evaluated in galactose-limited chemostats before and under the oxidative stress by an oxidising agent. The interaction of evolution and oxidative stress was comprehensively evaluated through transcriptomics and metabolite profiles integration in yeast enzyme-constrained genome scale model. Overall, the evolved strain showed improved respiration, reduced overflow metabolites production and oxidative stress re-induction tolerance. The cross-protection mechanism also potentially contributed to better heme, flavin and NADPH availability, essential for CYP725A4 and POR optimal activity in yeast. The results imply that the evolved strain is a robust cell factory for future efforts towards Taxol© production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 223, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Pablo Torres-Montero
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 223, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Eduard J. Kerkhoven
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - José L. Martínez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 223, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
- Centre for Engineering Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, United Kingdom
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Galindo-Rodriguez GR, Sarwar MS, Rios-Solis L, Dimartino S. Development, characterization and application of 3D printed adsorbents for in situ recovery of taxadiene from microbial cultivations. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464815. [PMID: 38522406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Microbial cell factories are an attractive alternative to produce high-value natural products using sustainable processes. However, product recovery is one of the main challenges to reduce production cost and make these technologies economically interesting. In this work, new resins were formulated to 3D print hydrophobic adsorbents for the recovery of biologics from microbial cultivations. Benzyl methacrylate (BEMA) and butyl methacrylate (BUMA) were selected as functional monomers suitable for the adsorption of hydrophobic compounds. Pore morphology was tailored through the inclusion of pore forming agents (porogens) in the resin. Different porogens and porogen concentrations were evaluated resulting in materials with different porous networks. Sudan 1 and the anticancer drug paclitaxel were employed as model compounds to test the adsorption performance of hydrophobic and terpene molecules onto the developed 3D printed materials. The material with greatest adsorption capacity was obtained using BEMA monomer with 40 % (v/v) porogen (BEMA40). The performance of BEMA40 to recover taxadiene from small-scale (5 mL) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivations was tested and compared with commercial Diaion HP-20 beads. Taxadiene titres on BEMA40 (46 ± 2 mg/L) and Diaion HP-20 (54 ± 4 mg/L) were comparable, with no taxadiene detected in the cells and cell-free media, suggesting near 100 % taxadiene partition on the adsorbents. Compared to commercial beads, 3D printed adsorbents can be customized with adjustments in the resin formulation, are well adaptable to diverse bioreactor types, do not clog sampling ports and columns and are easier to handle during post processing. The results of this work demonstrate the potential of 3D printing to fabricate hydrophobic interaction adsorbent materials and their application in the recovery of biological products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Sulaiman Sarwar
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom; Centre for Engineering Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom.
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Galindo-Rodriguez GR, Santoyo-Garcia JH, Rios-Solis L, Dimartino S. In situ recovery of taxadiene using solid adsorption in cultivations with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:86-94. [PMID: 37162336 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2207204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an engineered strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to produce taxadiene, a precursor in the biosynthetic pathway of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. Taxadiene was recovered in situ with the polymeric adsorbent Diaion © HP-20. Here we tested two bioreactor configurations and adsorbent concentrations to maximize the production and recovery of taxadiene. An external recovery configuration (ERC) was performed with the integration of an expanded bed adsorption column, whereas the internal recovery configuration (IRC) consisted in dispersed beads inside the bioreactor vessel. Taxadiene titers recovered in IRC were higher to ERC by 3.4 and 3.5 fold by using 3% and 12% (w/v) adsorbent concentration respectively. On the other hand, cell growth kinetics were faster in ERC which represents an advantage in productivity (mg of taxadiene/L*h). High resin bead concentration (12% w/v) improved the partition of taxadiene onto the beads up to 98%. This result represents an advantage over previous studies using a 3% resin concentration where the partition of taxadiene on the beads was around 50%. This work highlights the potential of in situ product recovery to improve product partition, reduce processing steps and promote cell growth. Nevertheless, a careful design of bioreactor configuration and process conditions is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge H Santoyo-Garcia
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Malcı K, Santibáñez R, Jonguitud-Borrego N, Santoyo-Garcia JH, Kerkhoven EJ, Rios-Solis L. Improved production of Taxol ® precursors in S. cerevisiae using combinatorial in silico design and metabolic engineering. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:243. [PMID: 38031061 PMCID: PMC10687855 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integrated metabolic engineering approaches that combine system and synthetic biology tools enable the efficient design of microbial cell factories for synthesizing high-value products. In this study, we utilized in silico design algorithms on the yeast genome-scale model to predict genomic modifications that could enhance the production of early-step Taxol® in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. RESULTS Using constraint-based reconstruction and analysis (COBRA) methods, we narrowed down the solution set of genomic modification candidates. We screened 17 genomic modifications, including nine gene deletions and eight gene overexpressions, through wet-lab studies to determine their impact on taxadiene production, the first metabolite in the Taxol® biosynthetic pathway. Under different cultivation conditions, most single genomic modifications resulted in increased taxadiene production. The strain named KM32, which contained four overexpressed genes (ILV2, TRR1, ADE13, and ECM31) involved in branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis, the thioredoxin system, de novo purine synthesis, and the pantothenate pathway, respectively, exhibited the best performance. KM32 achieved a 50% increase in taxadiene production, reaching 215 mg/L. Furthermore, KM32 produced the highest reported yields of taxa-4(20),11-dien-5α-ol (T5α-ol) at 43.65 mg/L and taxa-4(20),11-dien-5-α-yl acetate (T5αAc) at 26.2 mg/L among early-step Taxol® metabolites in S. cerevisiae. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the effectiveness of computational and integrated approaches in identifying promising genomic modifications that can enhance the performance of yeast cell factories. By employing in silico design algorithms and wet-lab screening, we successfully improved taxadiene production in engineered S. cerevisiae strains. The best-performing strain, KM32, achieved substantial increases in taxadiene as well as production of T5α-ol and T5αAc. These findings emphasize the importance of using systematic and integrated strategies to develop efficient yeast cell factories, providing potential implications for the industrial production of high-value isoprenoids like Taxol®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Malcı
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Rodrigo Santibáñez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0760, USA
| | - Nestor Jonguitud-Borrego
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Jorge H Santoyo-Garcia
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Eduard J Kerkhoven
- Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- SciLifeLab, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Santoyo-Garcia JH, Valdivia-Cabrera M, Ochoa-Villarreal M, Casasola-Zamora S, Ripoll M, Escrich A, Moyano E, Betancor L, Halliday KJ, Loake GJ, Rios-Solis L. Increased paclitaxel recovery from Taxus baccata vascular stem cells using novel in situ product recovery approaches. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:68. [PMID: 38647629 PMCID: PMC10991628 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, several approaches were tested to optimise the production and recovery of the widely used anticancer drug Taxol® (paclitaxel) from culturable vascular stem cells (VSCs) of Taxus baccata, which is currently used as a successful cell line for paclitaxel production. An in situ product recovery (ISPR) technique was employed, which involved combining three commercial macro-porous resin beads (HP-20, XAD7HP and HP-2MG) with batch and semi-continuous cultivations of the T. baccata VSCs after adding methyl jasmonate (Me-JA) as an elicitor. The optimal resin combination resulted in 234 ± 23 mg of paclitaxel per kg of fresh-weight cells, indicating a 13-fold improved yield compared to the control (with no resins) in batch cultivation. This resin treatment was further studied to evaluate the resins' removal capacity of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause poor cell growth or reduce product synthesis. It was observed that the ISPR cultivations had fourfold less intracellular ROS concentration than that of the control; thus, a reduced ROS concentration established by the resin contributed to increased paclitaxel yield, contrary to previous studies. These paclitaxel yields are the highest reported to date using VSCs, and this scalable production method could be applied for a diverse range of similar compounds utilising plant cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Santoyo-Garcia
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Marissa Valdivia-Cabrera
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Marisol Ochoa-Villarreal
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | | | - Magdalena Ripoll
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, 11100, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ainoa Escrich
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Betancor
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Universidad ORT Uruguay, Mercedes 1237, 11100, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karen J Halliday
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Green Bioactives, Douglas House, Pentland Science Park, Midlothian, EH16 0PL, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB, UK.
- Centre for Engineering Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Santoyo‐Garcia JH, Walls LE, Valdivia‐Cabrera M, Malcı K, Jonguitud‐Borrego N, Halliday KJ, Rios‐Solis L. The synergetic effect from the combination of different adsorption resins in batch and semi-continuous cultivations of S. Cerevisiae cell factories to produce acetylated Taxanes precursors of the anticancer drug Taxol. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2160-2174. [PMID: 37428616 PMCID: PMC10952759 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ product recovery is an efficient way to intensify bioprocesses as it can perform adsorption of the desired natural products in the cultivation. However, it is common to use only one adsorbent (liquid or solid) to perform the product recovery. For this study, the use of an in situ product recovery method with three combined commercial resins (HP-20, XAD7HP, and HP-2MG) with different chemical properties was performed. A new yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was engineered using CRISPR Cas9 (strain EJ2) to deliver heterologous expression of oxygenated acetylated taxanes that are precursors of the anticancer drug Taxol ® (paclitaxel). Microscale cultivations using a definitive screening design (DSD) were set to get the best resin combinations and concentrations to retrieve high taxane titers. Once the best resin treatment was selected by the DSD, semi-continuous cultivation in high throughput microscale was performed to increase the total taxanes yield up to 783 ± 33 mg/L. The best T5α-yl Acetate yield obtained was up to 95 ± 4 mg/L, the highest titer of this compound ever reported by a heterologous expression. It was also observed that by using a combination of the resins in the cultivation, 8 additional uncharacterized taxanes were found in the gas chromatograms compared to the dodecane overlay method. Lastly, the cell-waste reactive oxygen species concentrations from the yeast were 1.5-fold lower in the resin's treatment compared to the control with no adsorbent aid. The possible future implications of this method could be critical for bioprocess intensification, allowing the transition to a semi-continuous flow bioprocess. Further, this new methodology broadens the use of different organisms for natural product synthesis/discovery benefiting from clear bioprocess intensification advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H. Santoyo‐Garcia
- Institute for BioengineeringUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Laura E. Walls
- Institute for BioengineeringUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Marissa Valdivia‐Cabrera
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh
| | - Koray Malcı
- Institute for BioengineeringUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Koray MalcıDepartment of Bioengineering, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Nestor Jonguitud‐Borrego
- Institute for BioengineeringUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Karen J. Halliday
- Institute of Molecular Plant SciencesSchool of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh
| | - Leonardo Rios‐Solis
- Institute for BioengineeringUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Centre for Engineering BiologyUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Division of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologySchool of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, The Advanced Centre for Biochemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Nowrouzi B, Lungang L, Rios-Solis L. Exploring optimal Taxol® CYP725A4 activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:197. [PMID: 36123694 PMCID: PMC9484169 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CYP725A4 catalyses the conversion of the first Taxol® precursor, taxadiene, to taxadiene-5α-ol (T5α-ol) and a range of other mono- and di-hydroxylated side products (oxygenated taxanes). Initially known to undergo a radical rebound mechanism, the recent studies have revealed that an intermediate epoxide mediates the formation of the main characterised products of the enzyme, being T5α-ol, 5(12)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (OCT) and its isomer, 5(11)-oxa-3(11)-cyclotaxane (iso-OCT) as well as taxadienediols. Besides the high side product: main product ratio and the low main product titre, CYP725A4 is also known for its slow enzymatic activity, massively hindering further progress in heterologous production of Taxol® precursors. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically explore the key parameters for improving the regioselectivity and activity of eukaryotic CYP725A4 enzyme in a whole-cell eukaryotic biocatalyst, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results Investigating the impact of CYP725A4 and reductase gene dosages along with construction of self-sufficient proteins with strong prokaryotic reductases showed that a potential uncoupling event accelerates the formation of oxygenated taxane products of this enzyme, particularly the side products OCT and iso-OCT. Due to the harmful effect of uncoupling products and the reactive metabolites on the enzyme, the impact of flavins and irons, existing as prosthetic groups in CYP725A4 and reductase, were examined in both their precursor and ready forms, and to investigate the changes in product distribution. We observed that the flavin adenine dinucleotide improved the diterpenoids titres and biomass accumulation. Hemin was found to decrease the titre of iso-OCT and T5α-ol, without impacting the side product OCT, suggesting the latter being the major product of CYP725A4. The interaction between this iron and the iron precursor, δ-Aminolevulinic acid, seemed to improve the production of these diterpenoids, further denoting that iso-OCT and T5α-ol were the later products. While no direct correlation between cellular-level oxidative stress and oxygenated taxanes was observed, investigating the impact of salt and antioxidant on CYP725A4 further showed the significant drop in OCT titre, highlighting the possibility of enzymatic-level uncoupling event and reactivity as the major mechanism behind the enzyme activity. To characterise the product spectrum and production capacity of CYP725A4 in the absence of cell growth, resting cell assays with optimal neutral pH revealed an array of novel diterpenoids along with higher quantities of characterised diterpenoids and independence of the oxygenated product spectra from the acidity effect. Besides reporting on the full product ranges of CYP725A4 in yeast for the first time, the highest total taxanes of around 361.4 ± 52.4 mg/L including 38.1 ± 8.4 mg/L of T5α-ol was produced herein at a small, 10-mL scale by resting cell assay, where the formation of some novel diterpenoids relied on the prior existence of other diterpenes/diterpenoids as shown by statistical analyses. Conclusions This study shows how rational strain engineering combined with an efficient design of experiment approach systematically uncovered the promoting effect of uncoupling for optimising the formation of the early oxygenated taxane precursors of Taxol®. The provided strategies can effectively accelerate the design of more efficient Taxol®-producing yeast strains. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01922-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Nowrouzi
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Liang Lungang
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK
| | - Leonardo Rios-Solis
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK. .,Centre for Synthetic and Systems Biology (SynthSys), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BD, UK. .,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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