1
|
Ladeira C, Møller P, Giovannelli L, Gajski G, Haveric A, Bankoglu EE, Azqueta A, Gerić M, Stopper H, Cabêda J, Tonin FS, Collins A. The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals-A Systematic Scoping Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38668493 PMCID: PMC11054096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - José Cabêda
- Guarda Nacional Republicana, Destacamento Territorial de Vila Franca de Xira, Núcleo de Proteção Ambiental, 1500-124 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Delorenzi Schons D, Leite GAA. Malathion or diazinon exposure and male reproductive toxicity: a systematic review of studies performed with rodents. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:506-520. [PMID: 37922518 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2270494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Malathion and diazinon are pesticides commonly used in agriculture to avoid insects that damage crops; however, they may cause impairment to the male genital system of exposed humans. The present work carried out a systematic review of the literature concerning the primary studies that assessed the reproductive effects resulting from male rats and mice exposed to malathion or diazinon. The search for articles was performed on the databases PubMed, LILACS, Scopus, and SciELO, using different combinations of the search terms "malathion," "diazinon," "mice," "rats," "male reproduction," "fertility," and "sperm," followed by the Boolean operators AND or OR. The results obtained indicate that both pesticides act as reproductive toxicants by reducing sperm quality, diminishing hormonal concentrations, inducing increased oxidative stress, and provoking histopathological damage in reproductive organs. Then, the exposure to malathion and diazinon may provoke diminished levels of testosterone by increasing acetylcholine stimulation in the testis through muscarinic receptors, thus, providing a reduction in steroidogenic activity in Leydig cells, whose effect is related to lower levels of testosterone in rodents, and consequently, it is associated with decreased fertility. Considering the toxic effects on the male genital system of rodents and the possible male reproductive toxicity in humans, it is recommended the decreased use of these pesticides and their replacement for others that show no or few toxic effects for non-target animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Delorenzi Schons
- Laboratório de Reprodução e Toxicologia (Laretox), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Laboratório de Reprodução e Toxicologia (Laretox), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Deng Y, Liu L, Zou Z, Jin C, Chen Z, Wang S. High-Dose Deltamethrin Induces Developmental Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans via IRE-1. Molecules 2023; 28:6303. [PMID: 37687132 PMCID: PMC10488762 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Deltamethrin (DM), a Type II pyrethroid, is widely used worldwide in agriculture, household applications, and medicine. Recent studies have shown that DM exerts a variety of toxic effects on organs such as the kidney, heart muscle, and nerves in animals. However, little is known about the effects of high-dose DM on growth and development, and the mechanism of toxicity remains unclear. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, we found that high-dose DM caused a delay in nematode development. Our results showed that high-dose DM reduced the activation of the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPRER). Further studies revealed that high-dose DM-induced developmental toxicity and reduced capacity for UPRER activation were associated with the IRE-1/XBP-1 pathway. Our results provide new evidence for the developmental toxicity of DM and new insights into the mechanism of DM toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Crop Pests in Hunan Higher Education, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Farmland Weeds Control Techniques and Application of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China (Z.C.)
| | - Ying Deng
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Crop Pests in Hunan Higher Education, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Linyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Crop Pests in Hunan Higher Education, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
| | - Zhenyan Zou
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Farmland Weeds Control Techniques and Application of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China (Z.C.)
| | - Chenzhong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Crop Pests in Hunan Higher Education, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Farmland Weeds Control Techniques and Application of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China (Z.C.)
| | - Zhiyin Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Farmland Weeds Control Techniques and Application of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China (Z.C.)
| | - Shuanghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Control of Crop Pests in Hunan Higher Education, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Farmland Weeds Control Techniques and Application of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Humanities Science and Technology, Loudi 417000, China (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nascimento FDA, Silva DDME, Pedroso TMA, Ramos JSA, Parise MR. Farmers exposed to pesticides have almost five times more DNA damage: a meta-analysis study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:805-816. [PMID: 34342827 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15573-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a meta-analytical review of possible DNA damage resulting from occupational exposure to pesticides in farmers in the scientific literature. After the search, screening, and eligibility criteria steps, we included 42 studies to analyze random effect calculation. DNA damage in farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides represents an effect of SMD 4.63 [CI 95% 3.94-5.32; p <0.001]. We observed a high heterogeneity rate between the studies and an asymmetry of the bias analysis results. We performed a meta-regression on the parameters. The Olive Tail Moment (OTM) was the most effective comet assay parameter in the evaluated studies. The Damage Index (DI) was more conservative and highlighted the variability between studies caused by distinct methodologies that showed more significant effects and greater deviations. An analysis of confounding factors demonstrated a slight DNA damage in smokers who were occupationally exposed to pesticides compared to nonsmokers, indicating genotoxicity but smaller than the pesticide effect. The present study shows the greater risk that occupationally exposed rural workers have of developing related diseases due to pesticides' genotoxic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe de Araújo Nascimento
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás, ICB I-Room 218/228, Campus Universitário, CEP, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás, ICB I-Room 218/228, Campus Universitário, CEP, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Thays Millena Alves Pedroso
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás, ICB I-Room 218/228, Campus Universitário, CEP, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Jheneffer Sonara Aguiar Ramos
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás, ICB I-Room 218/228, Campus Universitário, CEP, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Michelle Rocha Parise
- Mutagenesis Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Goiás, ICB I-Room 218/228, Campus Universitário, CEP, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Jataí, Jataí, GO, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kapeleka JA, Sauli E, Ndakidemi PA. Pesticide exposure and genotoxic effects as measured by DNA damage and human monitoring biomarkers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:805-822. [PMID: 31736325 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1690132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Occupational pesticides exposure rises health concern due to genotoxicity and accumulation of pesticides in human biological matrices. Continuous and sublethal exposure to pesticides had been associated with oxidative stress, mutagenic and cell death. Exposure to pesticides exhibits increased level of DNA damage even if no detectable amounts of pesticides are seen in biological matrices by binding specific areas in the DNA. This interferes normal body systems and mutation in gene encoding specific activities which may lead to a wide range of cancer. Presence of pesticides compounds in human biological matrices had been evident from various studies. However, detection methods are complex and inconsistent, making it difficult to compare and generalize findings. This article provides insight into genotoxic effects, presence of pesticides and their metabolites in human biological matrices and the resultant health effects as measured by DNA damage, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity inhibition and other biomarkers of pesticides exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jones A Kapeleka
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
- Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI)
| | - Elingarami Sauli
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Patrick A Ndakidemi
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva Pinto BG, Marques Soares TK, Azevedo Linhares M, Castilhos Ghisi N. Occupational exposure to pesticides: Genetic danger to farmworkers and manufacturing workers - A meta-analytical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 748:141382. [PMID: 32818891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the use of pesticides has grown worldwide. However, there is great worry about the impact of pesticides on human health, due to their wide distribution and possible long-term effects. Complex mixtures with different formulations are often used, including a variety of genotoxic compounds. Thus, genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analytical review of possible genetic damage resulting from occupational exposure in farmworkers and workers employed in pesticide production, both ever in comparison to non-exposed people, using comet assay (CA), micronucleus test (MN) and telomere length (TL) data available in the scientific literature. A total of 145 datasets were evaluated. The results showed that the occupationally exposed workers had more DNA damage in CA and MN than non-exposed workers. The TL result did not show difference between groups. When the data were categorized by gender (male, female or both), crop (general, tobacco, fruits, soybeans, cotton) and occupation (manufacturing or farmworkers), the study found that the exposed group always presented higher damage than the non-exposed individuals, in CA and MN. More studies with TL are needed to obtain a more precise response, and to segregate the effect of tobacco farming from pesticide exposure. When TL was segregated by gender, women and men presented difference between exposed and non-exposed groups. In general, the publication bias impact was modest. If all relevant studies were included, the key finding (i.e. the effect of pesticide exposure increases the genotoxicity and mutation rate) would probably remain unchanged. Lastly, it is important to highlight the importance of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and offer safer options to farmworkers (e.g. organic farming or less toxic alternatives).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gabriele Silva Pinto
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Tábatta Kim Marques Soares
- Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| | - Maristela Azevedo Linhares
- Centro de Tecnologia em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (Tecpar), Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader, 3775, CEP: 81350-10 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Nédia Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Estrada para Boa Esperança, s/n, km 04, P.O. Box 157, CEP: 85660-000 Dois Vizinhos, PR, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Syromyatnikov MY, Gureev AP, Starkova NN, Savinkova OV, Starkov AA, Lopatin AV, Popov VN. Method for detection of mtDNA damages for evaluating of pesticides toxicity for bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104675. [PMID: 32828362 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bumblebees are important for crop pollination. Currently, the number of pollinators is decreasing worldwide, which is attributed mostly to the widespread use of pesticides. The aim of this work was to develop a method for assessing the genotoxicity of pesticides for the Bombus terrestris L. bumblebee using long-range PCR of mitochondrial DNA fragments. We have developed a panel of primers and assessed the genotoxicity of the following pesticides: imidacloprid, rotenone, deltamethrin, difenocanozole, malathion, metribuzin, penconazole, esfenvalerate, and dithianon. All pesticides (except imidacloprid) inhibited mitochondrial respiration fueled by pyruvate + malate; the strongest effect was observed for rotenone and difenocanozole. Three pesticides (dithianon, rotenone, and difenocanozole) affected the rate of H2O2 production. To study the pesticide-induced DNA damage in vitro and in vivo, we used three different mtDNA. The mtDNA damage was observed for all studied pesticides. Most of the studied pesticides caused significant damage to mtDNA in vitro and in vivo when ingested. Our results indicate that all tested pesticides, including herbicides and fungicides, can have a toxic effect on pollinators. However, the extent of pesticide-induced mtDNA damage in the flight muscles was significantly less upon the contact compared to the oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Y Syromyatnikov
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University sq. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Revolution Av. 19, Voronezh 394036, Russia.
| | - Artem P Gureev
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University sq. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia
| | - Natalia N Starkova
- Maritime College, State University of New York, 6 Pennyfield Avenue Throggs Neck, NY 10465, USA
| | - Olga V Savinkova
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University sq. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia
| | - Anatoly A Starkov
- Weill Medical College Cornell University, 525 E 68th street, A501, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexey V Lopatin
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University sq. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia
| | - Vasily N Popov
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, University sq. 1, Voronezh 394018, Russia; Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies, Revolution Av. 19, Voronezh 394036, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bastos PL, Bastos AFTDL, Gurgel ADM, Gurgel IGD. Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of malathion and its two analogues: a systematic review. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2020; 25:3273-3298. [PMID: 32785560 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020258.10672018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a probable carcinogen to humans. This work aimed to systematize the evidence of the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects associated with the exposure of malathion and its analogs, malaoxon and isomalathion. The search was carried out in Toxline, PubMed and Scopus databases for original papers published from 1983 to 2015. In all, 73 papers were selected from a total of 273 eligible papers. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed mainly genetic and chromosomal damages caused by malathion. The epidemiological studies evidenced significant positive associations for thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers in menopausal women. This evidence of the carcinogenic effect of malathion should be considered before its use in arbovirus control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Luna Bastos
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de Pernambuco. R. Dona Maria Augusta Nogueira 519, Bongi. 50751-530 Recife PE Brasil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
In Vitro Efficacy for Chlorpyrifos Degradation by Novel Isolate Tistrella sp. AUC10 Isolated from Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Field. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2226-2232. [PMID: 32361846 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-01998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, possess broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera. Organophosphate pesticides have acute neurotoxicity because they suppress acetylcholine esterase (AChE) which regulates the enzyme of neurotransmitters by reducing acetylcholine concentration at synaptic junctions. On exposure to OP, AChE is inactivated and leads to accumulation of acetylcholine in the junction. Moreover, due to their persistence nature they biomagnify at different food chain levels. In the present study, a newly isolated indigenous bacterial strain Tistrella sp. AUC10 was exploited for its ability to degrade chlorpyrifos pesticide. The isolate completely degrades (99.86%) chlorpyrifos. The degraded metabolites of chlorpyrifos by Tistrella sp. AUC10 were identified by GC-MS analysis. Based on the GC-MS analysis, a putative pathway of degradation of chlorpyrifos by Tistrella sp. AUC10 has been proposed. It emulsified various hydrocarbons and also confirms biosurfactant production on CTAB agar. This study is the first report on elucidation of the mechanism of degradation of chlorpyrifos by Tistrella sp. Furthermore, phytotoxicity studies of the parent compound and the biodegraded chlorpyrifos products revealed drastic reduction in the toxicity of metabolites as compared to the parent chlorpyrifos. This implies that the biodegraded metabolites of chlorpyrifos are of non-toxic nature. This study thus indicates the efficacy of Tistrella sp. AUC10 for the treatment of chlorpyrifos contaminated agricultural fields.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bernieri T, Moraes MF, Ardenghi PG, Basso da Silva L. Assessment of DNA damage and cholinesterase activity in soybean farmers in southern Brazil: High versus low pesticide exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 55:355-360. [PMID: 31868080 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1704608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA damage in soybean growers during two agricultural periods of a crop season (high and low exposure) and a control group, as well as butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity during these exposure periods in order to estimate the degree of BChE inhibition for the exposed group. DNA damage in peripheral whole blood was evaluated by the comet assay and plasma BChE activity was accessed as a measure of exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. None of the soybean growers reported using full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). BChE was lower in high exposure period than in low exposure period and DNA damage index was significantly increased in the high exposure period than in the low exposure period. In addition, DNA damage in both exposure periods was higher than control group. No correlation was found between exposure time and DNA damage and BChE activity. However, negative correlation was observed between DNA damage in high and low exposure periods. The results indicate that soybean growers are exposed to cholinesterase inhibitors and to pesticides mixtures with genotoxic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanandra Bernieri
- Health Sciences Institute, Feevale University, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cayir A, Coskun M, Coskun M, Cobanoglu H. Comet assay for assessment of DNA damage in greenhouse workers exposed to pesticides. Biomarkers 2019; 24:592-599. [PMID: 31020853 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1610498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The main goal of the present study was to determine DNA damage in pesticide-exposed greenhouse workers and pesticides non-exposed controls. Materials and methods: The DNA damage was measured by alkaline comet assay method (pH > 13) in 41 greenhouse workers and 45 non-exposed individuals as the control. Pesticide exposure was assessed by duration of working in the greenhouse and pesticide application in the greenhouse time. DNA damage was estimated by arbitrary unit and damage frequency. Results: Arbitrary unit and damage frequency were consistently significantly higher in greenhouse workers than those of the controls (p = 0.001). In terms of gender in greenhouse, DNA damage of female workers was significantly higher than those in male workers (p < 0.05). We found significant correlation between DNA damage and working hours spent. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that working hours in the greenhouse as an indication of pesticide exposure were significantly associated with the DNA damage, which can be attributed to the genotoxic potential of the pesticide mixture. Conclusions: The comet assay is sensitive to detect the damage exposed to chronic effect of pesticides in greenhouse workers. Significant DNA damage was obtained for the exposed group, which was associated with the pesticide exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akin Cayir
- a Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey
| | - Mahmut Coskun
- b Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey
| | - Munevver Coskun
- a Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey
| | - Hayal Cobanoglu
- a Health Services Vocational College, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University , Çanakkale , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hayat K, Afzal M, Aqueel MA, Ali S, Saeed MF, Qureshi AK, Ullah MI, Khan QM, Naseem MT, Ashfaq U, Damalas CA. Insecticide toxic effects and blood biochemical alterations in occupationally exposed individuals in Punjab, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:102-111. [PMID: 30469056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of people exposed to hazardous materials provides opportunities for early identification of several diseases, particularly in those individuals who are constantly exposed to pesticides, such as pesticide operators and workers in pesticide manufacturing industry. However, data on this hot topic are limited in Pakistan. In this study, insecticide toxic effects and biochemical alterations (i.e., damage in DNA and enzyme activity) were studied in blood samples of occupationally exposed individuals from Punjab, Pakistan. Eight out of twenty-seven blood samples (29.6%) of the pesticide operators were found positive in five insecticides, with the maximum concentration found for chlorpyrifos-methyl (0.039 μg/mL). Eleven out of twenty-seven blood samples (40.7%) of the pesticide industry workers were found positive in eight insecticides, with the maximum concentration found for endosulfan (0.051 μg/mL). Comet tail length was 16.88 ± 4.57 μm in pesticide industry workers and 16.33 ± 3.78 μm in pesticide operators, which were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that recorded in the control group (4.84 ± 2.21 μm). Values of serum cholinesterase (SChE) concentration were slightly lower (P > 0.05) in exposed individuals, whereas values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in exposed individuals compared with control group. Exposure duration and total insecticide concentration in blood samples were positively associated with comet tail length, ALT activity, AST activity, and ALP activity, but negatively with SChE. DNA damage was higher in smokers vs. non-smokers. Also, a positive association was found between comet tail length and number of cigarettes per day. Overall, occupational exposure to insecticides can pose serious health risks to pesticide operators and workers in pesticide manufacturing industry, highlighting the necessity of personal protection in those groups for preventing exposure and resultant health disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khizar Hayat
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Entomology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Farhan Saeed
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, 120 Dongling Road, Shenhe District, 110866 Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari Campus, 61100 Vehari, Pakistan.
| | - Ahmad Kaleem Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | | | - Qaiser M Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tayyib Naseem
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marcelino AF, Wachtel CC, Ghisi NDC. Are Our Farm Workers in Danger? Genetic Damage in Farmers Exposed to Pesticides. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E358. [PMID: 30691246 PMCID: PMC6388205 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern agriculture, practiced after the "green revolution" worldwide, aims to maximize production in order to provide food for the growing world population. Thus, farmers are required to modernize their practices through the mechanization of land use and, above all, the use of chemical pesticides to control agricultural pests. However, in addition to combating the target pest, chemical pesticides indirectly affect a wide range of species, including humans, leading to health damage. Among the main problems caused by the use of pesticides is the genotoxicity caused by chronic exposure. The present study aims to verify the occurrence of genetic damage in farmers who are occupationally exposed to agrochemicals compared to people of other professions that do not use toxic substances (control group). The research was conducted with 36 male participants (18 farmers and 18 control group, ages 24⁻71 for the farmer group and 22⁻61 for the control group). The comet assay and micronucleus test results revealed a higher rate of genetic damage in the group of farmers than in the control group. A questionnaire answered by the farmers showed that the Personal Protect Equipment (PPE) is used incorrectly or not used. In summary, our results indicate that farmers are exposed to occupational hazards. To mitigate this risk, we conducted awareness campaigns to notify the farmers of the risks and highlight the importance of using PPE correctly. Intensive efforts and training are thus required to build an awareness of safety practices and change the attitudes of farm workers in the hope of preventing harmful environmental and anthropogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flavia Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, 85660-000, Brazil.
| | - Catia Cappelli Wachtel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, 85660-000, Brazil.
| | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Diretoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Dois Vizinhos, 85660-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. The effects of organophosphorus insecticides and heavy metals on DNA damage and programmed cell death in two plant models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:77-86. [PMID: 29729572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of pollutants, such as agrochemicals and heavy metals, constitute a serious risk to human health. To evaluate the induction of DNA damage and programmed cell death (PCD), root cells of Allium cepa and Vicia faba were treated with two organophosphate insecticides (OI), fenthion and malathion, and with two heavy metal (HM) salts, nickel nitrate and potassium dichromate. An alkaline variant of the comet assay was performed to identify DNA breaks; the results showed comets in a dose-dependent manner, while higher concentrations induced clouds following exposure to OIs and HMs. Similarly, treatments with higher concentrations of OIs and HMs were analyzed by immunocytochemistry, and several structural characteristics of PCD were observed, including chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear shrinkage, condensation of the protoplast away from the cell wall, and nuclei fragmentation with apoptotic-like corpse formation. Abiotic stress also caused other features associated with PCD, such as an increase of active caspase-3-like protein, changes in the location of cytochrome C (Cyt C) toward the cytoplasm, and decreases in extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) expression. Genotoxicity results setting out an oxidative via of DNA damage and evidence the role of the high affinity of HM and OI by DNA molecule as underlying cause of genotoxic effect. The PCD features observed in root cells of A. cepa and V. faba suggest that PCD takes place through a process that involves ERK inactivation, culminating in Cyt C release and caspase-3-like activation. The sensitivity of both plant models to abiotic stress was clearly demonstrated, validating their role as good biosensors of DNA breakage and PCD induced by environmental stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra Gómez-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Maria C Risueño
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pilar S Testillano
- Laboratory of Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Intranuovo G, Schiavulli N, Cavone D, Birtolo F, Cocco P, Vimercati L, Macinagrossa L, Giordano A, Perrone T, Ingravallo G, Mazza P, Strusi M, Spinosa C, Specchia G, Ferri GM. Assessment of DNA damages in lymphocytes of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides by comet assay in a cross-sectional study. Biomarkers 2018; 23:462-473. [PMID: 29493297 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1443513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the predictive power of the comet assay in the context of occupational exposure to pesticides. MATERIALS AND METHODS The recruited subjects completed a structured questionnaire and gave a blood sample. Exposure to pesticides was measured by means of an algorithm based on Dosemeci's work (Agricultural Health Study). Approximately 50 images were analyzed for each sample via fluorescence microscopy. The extent of DNA damage was estimated by tail moment (TM) and is the product of tail DNA (%) and tail Length. RESULTS Crude significant risks (odds ratios, ORs) for values higher than the 75th percentile of TM were observed among the exposed subjects (score > 1). The frequency of some confounding factors (sex, age and smoking) was significantly higher among the exposed workers. A significant dose-effect relationship was observed between TM and exposure score. Significant high-risk estimates (ORs), adjusted by the studied confounding factors, among exposure to pesticides and TM, % tail DNA and tail length were confirmed using unconditional logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS The adjusted associations (ORs) between the comet parameters and exposure to pesticides were significant. The sensitivity of the comet test was low (41%), the specificity (89%) and the predictive positive value (0.77) were found acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Intranuovo
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Nunzia Schiavulli
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenica Cavone
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Francesco Birtolo
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Cocco
- b Department of Public Health , Clinic and Molecular Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, Regional University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Cagliari , Monserrato (Cagliari) , Italy
| | - Luigi Vimercati
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Linda Macinagrossa
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Annamaria Giordano
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Tommasina Perrone
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Patrizio Mazza
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Michela Strusi
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Caterina Spinosa
- d ASL of Taranto, Moscati Hospital, Unit of Haematology , Taranto , Italy
| | - Giorgina Specchia
- c Department of Haematology and Organ Transplantation (DETO) , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Haematology, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Giovanni M Ferri
- a Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM), Section "B. Ramazzini" , University Hospital "Policlinico", Unit of Occupational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| |
Collapse
|