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Heikkala E, Oura P, Määttä J, Karppinen J, Merikanto I. Pressure Pain Sensitivity and Chronotype: A Population-based Study of Middle-aged Finns. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024; 25:104473. [PMID: 38242335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.01.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Evening chronotype individuals experience pain more often than morning chronotypes, but relationships with pain sensitivity have rarely been studied. We examined whether chronotype is associated with pressure pain sensitivity, with special reference to mental health disorders, insomnia, and chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain as potential moderating factors. The study sample consisted of members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 aged 46. Pressure pain threshold and tolerance were measured via the standardized protocol, categorized as lowest quartile versus others. Chronotype (morning [M; the reference], intermediate [I], and evening [E]) was defined using the Short Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire. Sex-stratified binary logistic regression models were separately adjusted for education, body mass index, long-term diseases (fully adjusted model), and for mental health disorders, insomnia, and chronic MSK pain (a residual confounding analysis). Interaction terms (Chronotype × Mental health/insomnia/chronic MSK pain) were tested. The study had 2,132 males and 2,830 females. The E-type males had 1.5-fold odds of having a low pain threshold (fully adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.00) and pressure pain tolerance (fully adjusted OR 1.47, 1.07-2.02), in comparison to M-types. Having a mental health disorder intensified the association with low pain threshold fourfold (4.06, 1.56-10.6). Being an E-type female was also associated with a low pain threshold, but the association was statistically nonsignificant (fully adjusted OR 1.18, .90-1.53). No statistically significant interactions were found among females. These results emphasize the role of chronotype in pain sensitivity and add an understanding of pain experience in light of innate circadian types. PERSPECTIVE: Male evening chronotypes are more sensitive to pain than morning chronotypes. Diagnosed mental health disorders in particular indicate a low pain threshold for evening chronotype males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveliina Heikkala
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Wellbeing Services County of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Petteri Oura
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juhani Määttä
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Rehabilitation Services of South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Ilona Merikanto
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Orton Orthopaedics Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Pan LH, Ling Y, Lai K, Wang Y, Hsiao F, Chen S, Liu H, Chen W, Wang S. The normative values of pain thresholds in healthy Taiwanese. Brain Behav 2024; 14:e3485. [PMID: 38648375 PMCID: PMC11034865 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative sensory testing is widely used in clinical and research settings to assess the sensory functions of healthy subjects and patients. It is of importance to establish normative values in a healthy population to provide reference for studies involving patients. Given the absence of normative values for pain thresholds in Taiwan, the aim of this study was to report the normative values for future reference in the Taiwanese population and compare the differences between male and female participants. METHODS Healthy adults without any chronic or acute pain condition were recruited. The pain thresholds were assessed over the cephalic (supraorbital area and masseter muscle) and extracephalic (medio-volar forearm and thenar eminence) areas. The heat, cold, mechanical punctate, and pressure pain thresholds were measured with a standardized protocol. Comparisons between male and female participants were performed. RESULTS One hundred and thirty healthy participants (55 males: 30.4 ± 7.4 years; 75 females: 30.5 ± 8.1 years) finished the assessments. Male participants were less sensitive to mechanical stimuli, including pressure over masseter muscle (male vs. female: 178.5 ± 56.7 vs. 156.6 ± 58.4 kPa, p = .034) and punctate over medio-volar forearm (male vs. female: 116.4 ± 45.2 vs. 98.7 ± 65.4 g, p = .011), compared to female participants. However, female participants were less sensitive to cold stimuli, indicated by lower cold pain thresholds over the supraorbital area (male vs. female: 18.6 ± 8.4 vs. 13.6 ± 9.3°C, p = .004), compared to male participants. No significant differences were found between sexes in other pain threshold parameters. CONCLUSIONS We provided the normative values of healthy male and female adults in Taiwan. This information is crucial for comparison in future pain-related studies to identify potential hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia of tested subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Ling Hope Pan
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsiang Ling
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuan‐Lin Lai
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yen‐Feng Wang
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Fu‐Jung Hsiao
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih‐Pin Chen
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Clinical MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Yu Liu
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wei‐Ta Chen
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyKeelung Hospital, Ministry of Health and WelfareKeelungTaiwan
| | - Shuu‐Jiun Wang
- Brain Research CenterNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- College of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of NeurologyNeurological InstituteTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
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Sago T, Costa YM, Ferreira DM, Svensson P, Exposto FG. Referred sensations in the orofacial region are associated with a decreased descending pain inhibition and modulated by remote noxious stimuli and local anesthesia. Pain 2023; 164:2228-2238. [PMID: 37289580 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Referred sensation (RS) as a specific clinical phenomenon has been known for a long time, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aims of this study were to assess if (1) healthy individuals who experienced RS had a less active endogenous pain system when compared with those who did not; (2) activation of descending pain inhibition mechanisms can modulate RS parameters; and finally, (3) a transient decrease in peripheral afferent input because of a local anesthetic (LA) block in the masseter muscle can modulate RS parameters. To assess these, 50 healthy participants were assessed in 3 different sessions. In the first session, conditioned pain modulation (CPM) as well as mechanical sensitivity and RS at the masseter muscle were assessed. In the same session, participants who experienced RS had their mechanical sensitivity and RS assessed again while undergoing a CPM protocol. In the second and third sessions, participants had their mechanical sensitivity and RS assessed before and after receiving an injection of 2 mL of LA and isotonic saline into the masseter muscle. The main findings of this study were (1) participants who experienced RS during standardized palpation exhibited increased mechanical sensitivity ( P < 0.05, Tukey post hoc test) and decreased CPM ( P < 0.05, Tukey post hoc test) when compared with those who did not; RS incidence ( P < 0.05, Cochran Q test), frequency ( P < 0.05; Friedman test), intensity ( P < 0.05, Tukey post hoc test), and area ( P < 0.05, Tukey post hoc test) were all significantly reduced when assessed (2) during a painful conditioning stimulus and (3) after LA block. These novel findings highlight that RS in the orofacial region are strongly modified by both peripheral and central nervous system factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppei Sago
- Division of Dental Anesthesiology, Department of Science of Physical Functions, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri M Costa
- Department of Biosciences, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Dyna M Ferreira
- Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Peter Svensson
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Odontology, Malmo University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Fernando G Exposto
- Section for Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON), Aarhus, Denmark
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Pakalniskis J, Soares S, Rajan S, Vyshnevska A, Schmelz M, Solinski HJ, Rukwied R, Carr R. Human pain ratings to electrical sinusoids increase with cooling through a cold-induced increase in C-fibre excitability. Pain 2023; 164:1524-1536. [PMID: 36972485 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Low-frequency sinusoidal current applied to human skin evokes local axon reflex flare and burning pain, indicative of C-fibre activation. Because topical cooling works well as a local analgesic, we examined the effect of cooling on human pain ratings to sinusoidal and rectangular profiles of constant current stimulation. Unexpectedly, pain ratings increased upon cooling the skin from 32 to 18°C. To explore this paradoxical observation, the effects of cooling on C-fibre responses to stimulation with sinusoidal and rectangular current profiles were determined in ex vivo segments of mouse sural and pig saphenous nerve. As expected by thermodynamics, the absolute value of electrical charge required to activate C-fibre axons increased with cooling from 32°C to 20°C, irrespective of the stimulus profile used. However, for sinusoidal stimulus profiles, cooling enabled a more effective integration of low-intensity currents over tens of milliseconds resulting in a delayed initiation of action potentials. Our findings indicate that the paradoxical cooling-induced enhancement of electrically evoked pain in people can be explained by an enhancement of C-fibre responsiveness to slow depolarization at lower temperatures. This property may contribute to symptoms of enhanced cold sensitivity, especially cold allodynia, associated with many forms of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Pakalniskis
- Department of Experimental Pain Research, Mannheim Centre for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Saraceni N, Campbell A, Kent P, Ng L, Straker L, O’Sullivan P. An Exploration of the Influence of Non-Biomechanical Factors on Lifting-Related LBP. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1903. [PMID: 36767270 PMCID: PMC9914774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The primary objective was to compare non-biomechanical factors between manual workers with and without a history of LBP related to lifting. A secondary objective was to investigate associations between the change in pain intensity during repeated lifting (termed pain ramp) and non-biomechanical factors tested in the LBP group. Methods: Manual workers currently in lifting occupations with and without a history of lifting-related LBP were recruited (21 LBP and 20 noLBP) and took part in a repeated (100) lift task. A series of non-biomechanical factors, including psychological, work-related, lifestyle, whole health and psychophysical factors, were collected. Psychophysical factors (pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and fatigue) were also measured at different time points. Associations between pain ramp during lifting and non-biomechanical factors were investigated with linear regression. Results: The LBP group reported worse perceived sleep quality, more musculoskeletal pain sites other than LBP and greater symptoms related to gastrointestinal complaints and pseudo-neurology compared to the group with no history of LBP. The group with LBP were also slightly more worried about the lifting task and felt more fatigued at the end of the lifting task. The feeling of fatigue during lifting was positively associated with pain ramp in the LBP group. Anxiety and gastrointestinal complaints were weakly negatively associated with pain ramp during lifting. Conclusions: The group differences of poorer perceived sleep, greater non-specific health complaints, slightly more worry about the lifting task and more perceived fatigue in the LBP group highlight the complex and multi-factorial nature of LBP related to lifting. The feeling of fatigue was positively associated with pain ramp in the LBP group, suggesting a close relationship with pain and fatigue during lifting that requires further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic Saraceni
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amity Campbell
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Kent
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Leo Ng
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter O’Sullivan
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Bentley 6845, Western Australia, Australia
- Body Logic Physiotherapy, Shenton Park 6008, Western Australia, Australia
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Reezigt RR, Slager GEC, Coppieters MW, Scholten-Peeters GGM. Novice assessors demonstrate good intra-rater agreement and reliability when determining pressure pain thresholds; a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14565. [PMID: 36624753 PMCID: PMC9825054 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experienced assessors show good intra-rater reproducibility (within-session and between-session agreement and reliability) when using an algometer to determine pressure pain thresholds (PPT). However, it is unknown whether novice assessors perform equally well. This study aimed to determine within and between-session agreement and reliability of PPT measurements performed by novice assessors and explored whether these parameters differed per assessor and algometer type. Methods Ten novice assessors measured PPTs over four test locations (tibialis anterior muscle, rectus femoris muscle, extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle and paraspinal muscles C5-C6) in 178 healthy participants, using either a Somedic Type II digital algometer (10 raters; 88 participants) or a Wagner Force Ten FDX 25 digital algometer (nine raters; 90 participants). Prior to the experiment, the novice assessors practiced PPTs for 3 h per algometer. Each assessor measured a different subsample of ~9 participants. For both the individual assessor and for all assessors combined (i.e., the group representing novice assessors), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to reflect within and between-session agreement. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC1,1). Results Within-session agreement expressed as SEM ranged from 42 to 74 kPa, depending on the test location and device. Between-session agreement, expressed as SEM, ranged from 36 to 76 kPa and the CV ranged from 9-16% per body location. Individual assessors differed from the mean group results, ranging from -55 to +32 kPa or from -9.5 to +6.6 percentage points. Reliability was good to excellent (ICC1,1: 0.87 to 0.95). Results were similar for both types of algometers. Conclusions Following 3 h of algometer practice, there were slight differences between assessors, but reproducibility in determining PPTs was overall good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland R. Reezigt
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences—Program Musculoskeletal Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Academy of Health, Department of Physiotherapy, Hanze University of Applied Scienses, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Geranda E. C. Slager
- Academy of Health, Department of Physiotherapy, Hanze University of Applied Scienses, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel W. Coppieters
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences—Program Musculoskeletal Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Griffith University, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia,School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane and Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Gwendolyne G. M. Scholten-Peeters
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences—Program Musculoskeletal Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Yang W, He R, Goossens R, Huysmans T. Pressure sensitivity for head, face and neck in relation to soft tissue. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 106:103916. [PMID: 36208498 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensitivity research on the head, face, and neck is critical to develop ways to reduce discomfort caused by pressure in head-related products. The aim of this paper is to provide information for designers to be able to reduce the pressure discomfort by studying the relation between pressure sensitivity and soft tissue in the head, face and neck. We collected pressure discomfort threshold (PDT) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) from 119 landmarks (unilateral) for 36 Chinese subjects. Moreover, soft tissue thickness data on the head, face and neck regions of 50 Chinese people was obtained through CT scanning while tissue deformation data under the PDT and PPT states was obtained from literature. The results of the three-elements correlation analysis revealed that soft tissue thickness is positively correlated with deformation but not an important factor in pressure sensitivity. Our high-precision pressure sensitivity maps confirm earlier findings of more rough pressure sensitivity studies, while also revealing additional fine scale sensitivity differences. Finally, based on the findings, a high-precision "recommended map" of the optimal stress-bearing area of the head, face and neck was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Yang
- School of Design Hunan University, Taozi Road, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Renke He
- School of Design Hunan University, Taozi Road, Changsha, 410000, China.
| | - Richard Goossens
- The Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CE, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Toon Huysmans
- The Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628CE, Delft, the Netherlands
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Pressure Pain Threshold of the Upper Trapezius Trigger Point: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Baseline Values and Their Modification after Physical Therapy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237243. [PMID: 36498817 PMCID: PMC9739431 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myofascial trigger points (TrP) are diagnosed upon the presence of clinical signs among which hypersensitivity is considered one of the most important. The detection of the pressure pain threshold (PPT) is used to quantify the degree of hypersensitivity. However, there is a lack of normative data about how hypersensitive a TrP is. Therefore, the objective was to quantify the PPT for myofascial TrP in the upper trapezius muscle and its modification after manual or instrumental physical therapy interventions. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted among three databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PEDro). Two independent reviewers conducted the electronic search and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS Eleven studies with a high-risk bias indicated that the PPT at TrP sites was 105.11 kPa lower (95% CI: -148.93; -61.28) at active TrP sites (Chi-squared = 1.07, df = 1 (p = 0.30), I2 = 7%) compared to the PPT of the upper trapezius muscles of healthy subjects. In addition, the PPT of TrP was also lower than the reference values coming from the pain-free population. Moreover, the PPT increased after both manual and instrumental treatment by 28.36 kPa (95% CI: 10.75; 45.96) and 75.49 kPa (95% CI: 18.02; 132.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show that TrP has a decreased PPT when compared to healthy muscles and that physical therapy may increase the PPT. However, the clinical relevance of this decreased PPT needs to be further elucidated. Further, the high risk of bias in all the retrieved studies undermines the validity of the results.
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Margerison SM, Westlake KP, Seminowicz DA. Beyond pain in the brain: A clinician's guide to interpreting the spinal cord's role in the pain experience. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2022; 62:102664. [PMID: 36116418 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Physical therapy practice has greatly improved in providing a biopsychosocial approach when considering persistent pain. However, the spinal cord is often overlooked as a structure with an important role in modulating nociceptive information. PURPOSE This article highlights the role of the dorsal horn (DH) in nociceptive processing and its impact on persistent pain conditions as they appear clinically. Key processes occurring in the spinal cord are described, including cellular changes and local spinal network responses to nociceptive stimuli. Additionally, associated clinical symptoms are discussed and some aspects of physical therapy evaluation are challenged based on the mechanisms of nociceptive processing presented in this commentary. IMPLICATIONS The spinal cord is an active participant in nociceptive processing, directly impacting the intensity, spread, and recurrence of pain, including within the context of central sensitization. Changes in the behavior of DH neurons are possible with sufficient stimulation and may occur after injury. Additionally, spinal cord activation patterns may lead to bilateral symptoms given adequate strength and duration despite a single peripheral driver. Viewing the spinal cord as a dynamic structure capable of up or down regulating its response to stimuli gives the clinician a better understanding of the nervous system's complex response to prolonged nociceptive input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Margerison
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Kelly P Westlake
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - David A Seminowicz
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Beales D, Asinelli R, Klokset M, O'Kane L, Urstad T, Wise E, Zabatiero J, Thompson J, Pontre J, Waller R. Association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity: A community-based cross-sectional study of young adult females in the Raine Study. BJOG 2022; 129:1981-1991. [PMID: 35596698 PMCID: PMC9796573 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pelvic pain has been associated with augmented nociceptive processing, but large studies controlling for multiple potential confounding factors are lacking. This study investigated the association between pelvic pain bothersomeness and pain sensitivity in young adult women, accounting for potential confounding factors. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Community-dwelling sample. POPULATION The Raine Study Gen2-22 year follow-up (n = 475). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The experience of bothersomeness related to pelvic pain was determined from a question in the Urogenital Distress Inventory short form. Pain sensitivity was measured using pressure pain and cold pain thresholds. Potential confounding factors included ethnicity, marital status, highest level of education, income, waist-hip ratio, level of activity, sleep quality, smoking, comorbidity history, C-reactive protein level, musculoskeletal pain experience and psychological distress. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-two women (76.2%) reported no pelvic pain bothersomeness, 74 (15.6%) reported mild pelvic pain bothersomeness and 39 (8.2%) reported moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness. After adjusting for marital status (and test site), moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was associated with a lower pressure pain threshold (i.e. greater pressure pain sensitivity) (coefficient -51.46, 95% CI -98.06 to -4.86, p = 0.030). After adjusting for smoking, moderate-severe pelvic pain bothersomeness was also associated with a higher cold pain threshold (i.e. greater cold pain sensitivity) (coefficient 4.35, 95% CI 0.90-7.79, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests augmented nociceptive processing as a contributing factor in pelvic pain bothersomeness for some women. Thorough assessment of women who present clinically with pelvic pain should consider pain sensitivity as a potential contributing factor to their presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Beales
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Renata Asinelli
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Marit Klokset
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Lindsay O'Kane
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Tonje Urstad
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Emma Wise
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Juliana Zabatiero
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,The Raine StudyThe University of Western AustraliaCrawleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Judith Thompson
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jennifer Pontre
- King Edward Memorial HospitalPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Robert Waller
- Curtin enAble Institute and Curtin School of Allied HealthCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Chronic temporomandibular disorders are associated with higher propensity to develop central sensitization: a case-control study. Pain 2022; 164:e251-e258. [PMID: 36251966 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) include a group of musculoskeletal disorders that may involve increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system (ie, central sensitization). To test this hypothesis further, this study examined whether, as compared with healthy subjects, patients with chronic TMD have a greater propensity to develop secondary mechanical hyperalgesia-a phenomenon that can be confidently attributed to central sensitization. In this case-control study, we assessed the area of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia induced experimentally by delivering high-frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) to the volar forearm skin in 20 participants with chronic TMD and 20 matched healthy controls. High-frequency electrical stimulation consisted in 12 trains of constant-current electrical pulses (5 mA) delivered at 42 Hz. The area of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated 30 minutes after applying HFS. The area of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia induced by HFS was on average 76% larger in the chronic TMD group (M = 67.7 cm 2 , SD = 28.2) than in the healthy control group (M = 38.4 cm 2 , SD = 14.9; P = 0.0003). Regarding secondary outcomes, there was no group difference in the intensity of secondary mechanical hyperalgesia, but allodynia to cotton after HFS was more frequent in the chronic TMD group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that individuals with chronic TMD have an increased propensity to develop secondary hyperalgesia in a site innervated extratrigeminally. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic TMD.
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Vervullens S, Haenen V, Meert L, Meeus M, Smeets RJEM, Baert I, Mertens MGCAM. Personal influencing factors for pressure pain threshold in healthy people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104727. [PMID: 35697160 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
All studies that investigated personal factors influencing pressure pain threshold (PPT) in healthy people were synthesized. Data was summarized, and risk of bias (RoB) and level of evidence were determined. Results were pooled per influencing factor, grouped by body region and included in meta-analyses. Fifty-four studies were eligible. Five had low, nine moderate, and 40 high RoB. Following meta-analyses, a strong conclusion was found for the influence of scapular position, a moderate for the influence of gender, and a weak for the influence of age (shoulder/arm region) and blood pressure on PPT. In addition, body mass index, gender (leg region), alcohol consumption and pain vigilance may not influence PPT. Based on qualitative summary, depression and menopause may not influence PPT. For other variables there was only preliminary or conflicting evidence. However, caution is advised, since the majority of included studies showed a high RoB and several were not eligible to include in meta-analyses. Heterogeneity was high in the performed meta-analyses, and most conclusions were weak. More standardized research is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vervullens
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Research School CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Haenen
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Meert
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Research School CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands
| | - Mira Meeus
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rob J E M Smeets
- Research School CAPHRI, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands; CIR Revalidatie, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Baert
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands
| | - Michel G C A M Mertens
- Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group (PiM), the Netherlands
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Bourgeois JR, Feustel PJ, Kopec AM. Sex differences in choice-based thermal nociceptive tests in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 429:113919. [PMID: 35525338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the role of sex as a biological variable has increased, including a mandate for the study of both sexes in NIH-funded research. As sex differences exist in both human chronic pain conditions and rodent models of nociception, it is critical to understand the impact of sex in nociceptive assays. Choice-based thermal nociceptive tests permit the study of avoidance responses to thermal stimuli compared to traditional nociceptive assays, which measure nocifensive reactions. However, to date no comparison of male and female responses to choice-based tests has been published. Herein, we examined the effect of sex on two choice-based thermal nociceptive tests, the thermal gradient test and the temperature place preference test, in adult rats. The activation of a 10 °C-to-47 °C thermal gradient results in an increase in time spent in the 10 °C zone in females, compared to a reduction in males. Additionally, in a temperature place preference test pairing a surface temperature of 22 °C with either 5 °C, 10 °C, 47 °C, or 50 °C, females appeared to have overall greater tolerance for non-ambient temperatures. Males spent less than 50% of their time in every non-22 °C zone, whereas in females this was only observed when testing 5 °C and 50 °C. Together, these results suggest that male rats show more avoidance behavior than females to both hot and cold non-ambient temperatures when given free access to multiple zones, including at milder temperatures than those typically used to evoke a nociceptive response in traditional hot and cold plate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Bourgeois
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - P J Feustel
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - A M Kopec
- Department of Neuroscience & Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
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Żywień U, Barczyk-Pawelec K, Sipko T. Associated Risk Factors with Low Back Pain in White-Collar Workers-A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051275. [PMID: 35268366 PMCID: PMC8911513 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare the pressure pain threshold (PPT) of soft tissue and the curvatures of the spine in a sitting position and to estimate associated physical risk factors with low back pain (LBP) in young adults. Subjects: White-collar workers (n= 139), both women (n = 51) and men (n = 88) were separated into a control group (n = 82) and a low-intensity LBP (NRS < 3) (n = 57). Methods: The PPTs were tested utilizing the Wagner algometer. The curvatures of the spine were measured employing the photogrammetric method. In the logistic regression model, the odds ratio (OR) was estimated with ±95% confidence interval (CI) indicating the probability of the reported LBP. Results: The PPTs of soft tissue (OR = 1.1; CI = 1.02−1.19; p < 0.05) and the angle of the thoracolumbar spine in the everyday, habitual sitting position (OR = 1.19; CI = 1.05−1.34; p < 0.05) were associated with low-intensity LBP in female subjects. Additionally, the low intensity LBP were associated with the angles of the torso (OR = 1.14; CI = 1.01−1.29; p < 0.05) and the lumbosacral spine in the corrected sitting position (OR = 1.06; CI = 0.98−1.15; p > 0.05) and BMI (OR = 1.56; CI = 0.84−2.90; p > 0.05) in male subjects. Conclusion: Individual risk factors were associated with the low-intensity LBP only in females utilizing the PPT and the thoracolumbar angle in the habitual sitting position study factors. Men from the LBP group did not effectively correct the lumbosacral angle. Therefore, re-educated, self-corrected posture with specific postural training would be expected to improve proprioception in postural control capacity and result in decreasing pain.
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Wang R, Chang XL, Kiartivich S, Wang XQ. Effect of Tai Chi Quan on the Pressure Pain Thresholds of Lower Back Muscles in Healthy Women. J Pain Res 2022; 15:403-412. [PMID: 35173478 PMCID: PMC8842641 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s353465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients and Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Long Chang
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suparata Kiartivich
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Shangti Orthopaedic Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xue-Qiang Wang, Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, 399 Changhai Road, Shanghai, 200438, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 186 0161 2741, Email
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Spencer L, Fary R, McKenna L, Jacques A, Briffa K. Taking the strain: An examination of upper back musculoskeletal tissue sensitivity in relation to upper back pain and breast size. A cross-sectional study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2022; 92:105571. [PMID: 35051837 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2022.105571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological basis for upper back pain experienced by women with large breasts is unclear but could relate to sensitivity of musculoskeletal tissues strained from the postural adaptations to large breasts. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine if upper back pain and breast size were associated with greater localised sensitivity of upper back musculoskeletal tissues. METHODS 119 healthy postmenopausal women (mean age 61 years) had their upper back pain (numerical rating scale), breast size (breast size score), and upper back tissue sensitivity (pressure pain thresholds (digital algometry, kPa)) assessed. The pressure pain thresholds of six skeletal sites (T2, T4, T6, T8, T10 and T12) and six muscular sites (pectoralis major, levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid, and upper, middle, and lower trapezius muscles) were examined. Linear mixed models with random subject effects were used to evaluate differences in sensitivity at each anatomical site between participants grouped by upper back pain (nil-mild, moderate-severe) and breast size (small, large). FINDINGS For most sites, the differences in sensitivity between upper back pain groups were highly significant (P < 0.002) with significantly lower pressure pain thresholds (Mean difference (MD): 74.6 to 151.1 kPa) recorded for participants with moderate-severe upper back pain. There were no differences in sensitivity between breast size groups. INTERPRETATION Increased upper back musculoskeletal sensitivity is related to perceived upper back pain but not to breast size. It remains unclear if and how structural or mechanical factors related to breast size contribute to upper back pain in women with large breasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Spencer
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Robyn Fary
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Leanda McKenna
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Angela Jacques
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kathy Briffa
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia.
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Waller R, Smith AJ, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Sterling M, Karppinen JI, O'Sullivan PB, Straker LM, Slater H. Role of population-based cohorts in understanding the emergence and progression of musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2022; 163:58-63. [PMID: 33883537 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Waller
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anne Julia Smith
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Graven-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg DK, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg DK, Denmark
| | - Michele Sterling
- RECOVER Injury Research Centre, NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Road Traffic Injury, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Jaro Ilari Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Leon Melville Straker
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Slater
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Heritability of musculoskeletal pain and pain sensitivity phenotypes: two generations of the Raine Study. Pain 2021; 163:e580-e587. [PMID: 34686644 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT There is a need to better understand biological factors that increase the risk of persistent musculoskeletal pain and heightened pain sensitivity. Knowing the heritability (how genes account for differences in people's traits) can enhance the understanding of genetic versus environmental influences of pain and pain sensitivity. However, there are gaps in current knowledge, including the need for intergenerational studies to broaden our understanding of the genetic basis of pain. Data from Gen1 and Gen2 of the Raine Study were used to investigate the heritability of musculoskeletal pain, and pressure and cold pain sensitivity. Participants included parents (Gen 1, n=1092) and their offspring (Gen 2, n=688) who underwent a battery of testing and questionnaires including pressure and cold pain threshold testing and assessments of physical activity, sleep, musculoskeletal pain, mental health and adiposity. Heritability estimates were derived using the Sequential Oliogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR) software. Heritability estimates for musculoskeletal pain and pressure pain sensitivity were significant, accounting for between 0.190 and 0.289 of the variation in the phenotype. In contrast, heritability of cold pain sensitivity was not significant. This is the largest intergenerational study to date to comprehensively investigate the heritability of both musculoskeletal pain and pain sensitivity, using robust statistical analysis. This study provides support for the heritability of musculoskeletal pain and pain sensitivity to pressure, suggesting the need for further convergence of genetic and environmental factors in models for the development and/or maintenance of these pain disorders.
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Nunes A, Arendt-Nielsen L, Espanha M, Teles J, Moita J, Petersen KK. Bedside clinical tests to assess sensitization in office workers with chronic neck pain. Somatosens Mot Res 2021; 38:357-365. [PMID: 34635001 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.1986379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess pain sensitization in individual office workers with chronic neck pain through simple bedside quantitative sensory tests (QST) and to associate the findings with pain intensity and pain catastrophizing. METHODS One hundred-and-four office workers with chronic neck pain were assessed using pressure pain threshold (PPT) considering pain sensitive if PPTs were lower than 155 kPa in the upper trapezius and 245 kPa in the tibialis anterior. Pain sensitive to temporal summation of pain (TSP) was considered if there was a difference of two points in the visual analogue scale (VAS) comparing the first and last stimulus. Pain sensitive was considered to conditioned pain modulation (CPM) if the CPM-effect was less than -7.5%. Pain intensity and catastrophizing were measured using VAS and with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. RESULTS There was at least one pain sensitive QST finding in 66 office workers (63.5%). TSP findings were the most common (48.1%), followed by PPT's (31.7%) and CPM (20.2%). Based on the QST findings, office workers were divided based on the number of individual QST findings, and higher pain intensity and pain catastrophizing scores were found in office workers with one (N = 38, P < 0.05) or two (N = 28, P < 0.05) compared with office workers with no QST findings (N = 38). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that most office workers with chronic neck pain exhibit either widespread pressure hyperalgesia, facilitated TSP or impaired CPM, indicating pain sensitization within the central nervous system. This was associated with increased clinical pain and pain catastrophizing rumination scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Nunes
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget do Algarve, Portugal
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Halth Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Margarida Espanha
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Júlia Teles
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - João Moita
- Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Barcarena, Portugal
| | - Kristian Kjær Petersen
- SMI, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Health and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Halth Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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20
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Vo L, Drummond PD. "Big girls don't cry": the effect of the experimenter's sex and pain catastrophising on pain. Scand J Pain 2021; 21:617-627. [PMID: 33565286 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2020-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The expression of pain in males and females involves complex socio-psychological mechanisms. Males may report lower pain to a female experimenter to appear strong, whereas females may report higher pain to a male experimenter to appear weak and to seek protection. However, evidence to support these stereotypes is inconclusive. Individuals who catastrophise about pain rate higher pain than those who do not. How pain catastrophising interacts with the effect of the experimenter's sex on pain reports is yet to be explored. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether pain catastrophising moderated the effect of the experimenter's sex on pain reports in healthy males and females. METHODS Participants (n=60, 30 males) were assigned to one of four experimental conditions: males tested by male experimenters, males tested by female experimenters, females tested by male experimenters, and females tested by female experimenters. Participants completed the Pain Catastrophising Scale, and then sensitivity to heat and to blunt (pressure-pain threshold) and sharp stimuli was assessed on both forearms, and to high frequency electrical stimulation (HFS) administered to one forearm. RESULTS Females reported lower pressure-pain thresholds than males irrespective of the experimenters' sex. Females reported lower sharpness ratings to male than female experimenters only when the test stimuli were moderately or intensely sharp. Higher pain catastrophising scores were associated with higher sharpness ratings in females but not males. Additionally, higher pain catastrophising scores were associated with greater temporal summation of pain to HFS, and with lower pressure-pain thresholds in females who were tested by male experimenters. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that the experimenters' sex and the participant's pain catastrophising score influence pain reports, particularly in females. Awareness of these psychosocial factors is important in order to interpret pain responses in a meaningful way, especially when females are tested by male experimenters. A greater awareness of sex/gender role biases and their potential interaction with pain catastrophising may help researchers and clinicians to interpret pain reports in meaningful ways. In turn, this may help to improve delivery of treatments for patients with chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechi Vo
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- College of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Nunes AMP, Moita JPAM, Espanha MMMR, Petersen KK, Arendt-Nielsen L. Pressure pain thresholds in office workers with chronic neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Pract 2021; 21:799-814. [PMID: 33829681 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to (a) compare pressure pain threshold (PPT) values between office workers with chronic neck pain and asymptomatic controls; (b) establish reference PPT values in chronic neck pain; and (c) evaluate associations between PPTs and pain intensity, and disability. METHODS Seven English/Portuguese databases were searched for relevant literature. Studies investigating adult office workers (age >18 years) with chronic neck pain were included if PPTs were an outcome. The risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Meta-analysis was conducted if a cluster contained at least two studies reporting the same PPTs. RESULTS Ten high quality, two low quality, and one poor quality studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed decreased PPT values in the upper trapezius, extensor carpi ulnaris, and tibialis anterior in office workers with chronic neck pain when compared with healthy workers, without a statistical difference (p > 0.05). The PPT reference value in the upper trapezius was 263 kPa (95% confidence interval [CI] = 236.35 to 289.70), and 365 kPa (95% CI = 316.66 to 415.12) for the tibialis anterior in office workers with chronic neck pain. No correlations were found between the upper trapezius PPT and pain intensity and disability. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis found that all the PPT measurements were not significantly reduced in office workers with chronic neck pain compared with healthy workers. These assumptions were based on a small sample of existing studies, and therefore further studies are necessary to quantify the differences in PPTs. Hypersensitivity PPT reference values are proposed for localized and extrasegmental sites in office workers with chronic neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maurício Passos Nunes
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde Jean Piaget do Algarve, Silves, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Barcarena, Portugal
| | | | | | - Kristian Kjaer Petersen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Hager L, Averbeck B, Voelcker-Rehage C, Kutz DF. Sex differences in the consumption of over-the-counter analgesics among amateur volleyball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33910635 PMCID: PMC8082781 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Compared with the normal adult population, athletes of several sport disciplines, such as endurance sports, ball sports, cycling and swimming, have higher use of over-the-counter analgesics (OTC analgesics). The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of OTC analgesic use in volleyball players as a typical competitive sport discipline. One particular focus was placed on the analysis whether the athletes’ use of OTC analgesics was influenced by their performance motivation. Methods A cross-sectional survey among amateur volleyball players was carried out using a web-based sports questionnaire. The study included athletes of both sexes, 18 years and older, currently playing in a German volleyball league. The athletes’ sport-related complaints were evaluated regarding the use of OTC analgesics. The use of OTC analgesics by athletes was compared with their performance motivation, based on the „Achievement Motives Scale - Sport” (AMS-Sport) questionnaire. Results The analysis of 114 completed questionnaires of amateur athletes revealed that the use of OTC analgesics was sex dependent, with a higher prevalence of use in female players (60%) versus male players (38%). The main reasons for consumption of OTC analgesics were pain in the head, knee and shoulder. The most frequently taken drug was ibuprofen, most often taken at competitions and over a period of 4 years (median). The analysis of the AMS-Sport questionnaire revealed that a logistic regression model for estimating the probability of drug use can be explained by the factors hope of success and years of playing practise in female players but not male players. In females, an increase in the factor hope of success resulted in a lower probability of OTC analgesic use, while an increase in years of playing practise resulted in a higher probability of use. Conclusion The average duration that volleyball players in this study took OTC analgesics was higher than that of the German population, and OTC analgesic use was more prevalent in female than male volleyball players. Thus, to reduce the prevalence of OTC analgesic use, educational programs should be implemented in sports teams; and, to reduce direct and indirect social pressure, sports teams should also receive sex-specific psychological support. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-021-00273-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hager
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Beate Averbeck
- Walter Brendel Center of Experimental Medicine, Biomedical Center Munich, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.,Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dieter F Kutz
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany. .,Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
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Masterclass: A pragmatic approach to pain sensitivity in people with musculoskeletal disorders and implications for clinical management for musculoskeletal clinicians. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2021; 51:102221. [PMID: 32972875 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research on musculoskeletal disorders indicates that pain sensitivity can be an important consideration for musculoskeletal clinicians in the holistic view of a patient presentation. However, diversity in research findings in this field can make this a difficult concept for clinicians to navigate. Limited integration of the concept of pain sensitivity into clinical practice for musculoskeletal clinicians has been noted. PURPOSE The purpose of this masterclass is to provide a framework for the consideration of pain sensitivity as a contributing factor in the presentation of people with musculoskeletal pain. It provides pragmatic synthesis of the literature related to pain sensitivity through a lens of how this information can inform clinical practice for musculoskeletal clinicians. Guidance is provided in a 'how to' format for integration of this knowledge into the clinical encounter to facilitate personalised care. IMPLICATIONS The relationship of pain sensitivity with pain and disability is not clear or linear. The real importance of pain sensitivity in a clinical presentation may be: (1) the potential for pain sensitivity to modify the effect of common treatments utilised by musculoskeletal clinicians, or (2) the effect of pain sensitivity on the prognosis/course of a disorder. Screening tools and subjective features have been highlighted to indicate when physical assessment of pain sensitivity should be prioritised in the physical examination. A pragmatic blueprint for specific assessment related to pain sensitivity has been outlined. A framework for integrating assessment findings into clinical reasoning to formulate management plans for the pain sensitive patient is provided.
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Vargas E Silva NCO, Rubio AL, Alfieri FM. Associations Between Skin Surface Temperature and Pressure Pain Tolerance Thresholds of Asymptomatic Individuals Exposed to Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy. J Chiropr Med 2020; 18:171-179. [PMID: 32874157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between skin surface temperature and pressure pain tolerance thresholds (PPTs) of asymptomatic individuals exposed to cryotherapy and thermotherapy. Methods Twenty-two asymptomatic female university students aged between 18 and 35 years underwent thermography and algometry assessments at 6 points in both knees before, immediately after, and 20 minutes after the application of frozen (cryotherapy) or heated (thermotherapy) gel bags in the right knee for 20 minutes. Data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, Student t test, and Pearson or Spearman correlation tests. Results There was a significant change in skin surface temperature after cryotherapy and thermotherapy, which was maintained after 20 minutes of withdrawal (P < .001). After the intervention, no significant differences were observed regarding PPT compared with the baseline measurements, nor between the experimental and control knees. Conclusion Cryotherapy and thermotherapy produced significant changes in the temperature of the evaluated points after their application. No differences in pain tolerance were observed in these asymptomatic participants. There was little association between skin surface temperature and PPT in the knees of healthy women after application of the resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson L Rubio
- Master Program in Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Alfieri
- Master Program in Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Vargas E Silva NCO, Rubio AL, Alfieri FM. Pain Tolerance: The Influence of Cold or Heat Therapy. J Chiropr Med 2020; 18:261-269. [PMID: 32952471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Resources of heat or cold therapies have been widely used for their low cost, analgesic action and for assisting the rehabilitation of acute or chronic injuries. The objective of this study was to search for associations between skin surface temperature and pressure pain tolerance thresholds (PPTs) of healthy individuals undergoing cryotherapy and thermotherapy. Methods This is an experimental clinical trial with 22 healthy university students aged between 18 and 35 years. Volunteers underwent thermography and algometry assessments at 6 points in both knees before, immediately after, and 20 minutes after the application of frozen (cryotherapy) or heated (thermotherapy) gel bags in the right knee for 20 minutes. Data were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance, Student's t test, and Pearson or Spearman correlation tests. Results There was a significant change in skin surface temperature after cryotherapy and thermotherapy, which was maintained after 20 minutes of withdrawal (P < .001). After the intervention, no significant differences were observed regarding the PPT compared to the baseline measurements, nor between the experimental and control knees. Conclusion Cryotherapy and thermotherapy produced significant changes in the temperature of the evaluated points after their application. Despite this, no differences in pain tolerance were observed, and there was little association between skin surface temperature and PPT in the knees of healthy women after application of the resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson L Rubio
- Master Program in Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Alfieri
- Master Program in Health Promotion, Adventist University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Shim JW, Ko J, Lee CS, Lee DS, Park J, Lee HM, Kim YS, Moon YE, Hong SH, Chae MS. Better timing of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block for early recovery after open inguinal herniorrhaphy: A prospective randomised controlled study. Asian J Surg 2020; 44:254-261. [PMID: 32624400 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the optimal timing of analgesic transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in the operating room for better recovery quality using the Korean version of the Quality of Recovery-40 (QoR-40K) questionnaire in patients who had undergone open inguinal herniorrhaphy. METHODS This single-centre, prospective randomised controlled study included adult male patients who had an ASA physical status of I-II. A total of 80 patients were analysed. The patients were randomly assigned and classified into pre-incisional TAP (pre-TAP) block (n = 40) and post-incisional TAP (post-TAP) block (n = 40) groups. The quality of postoperative functional recovery and complications were compared between the two groups during 24 h postoperatively. RESULTS Preoperative findings of the two groups were comparable. The global QoR-40K score was higher in the pre-TAP group than in the post-TAP group. Among sub-dimensions, scores of physical comfort and pain were higher in the pre-TAP group than in the post-TAP group. In the post-anaesthesia care unit, the pre-TAP group showed lower pain scores than the post-TAP block group. There was no severe pain in the pre-TAP group, but two patients (5.0%) in the post-TAP block group suffered severe pain. The pre-TAP group required lower doses of IV rescue opioid in the PACU than the post-TAP group. All patients were discharged from hospital on postoperative day 1 without surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS The timing of analgesic TAP block may be of clinical importance to prevent postoperative pain and to improve the quality of early patient recovery following open inguinal herniorrhaphy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Shim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jemin Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Sang Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesik Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Mook Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Chae
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Day MA, Ward LC, Grover MP, Ehde DM, Illingworth OR, Jensen MP. The roles of race, sex and cognitions in response to experimental pain. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1072-1083. [PMID: 32115805 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reports a multivariate test of sex and race differences in experimental pain, and the degree to which these differences could be uniquely attributable to three levels of cognition: primary appraisals (threat, challenge), secondary appraisals (pain catastrophizing) and/or cognitive processes (mindful observing, non-reactivity). Both the predictive and mediator role of the cognitive variables was of interest. METHODS The study employed a cross-sectional experimental design, with the cold pressor task employed as the pain stimulus. The total sample included N = 355 healthy adults (67% female, 33% male; 70% Caucasian, 30% Asian). RESULTS Significant sex and race differences on pain tolerance were found, with females and racial minorities reporting less pain tolerance (ps < 0.001). Males reported significantly higher challenge appraisals and non-reactivity, and lower pain catastrophizing than females; Asians reported significantly higher threat appraisals and pain catastrophizing than Caucasians. In multivariate analyses, challenge appraisals and non-reactivity emerged as the strongest predictors of pain tolerance. Furthermore, challenge appraisals mediated the sex-pain tolerance association (p = .017). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that race and sex differences, at least in part, may be accounted for by differences in pain-related cognitions. SIGNIFICANCE The three levels of cognition investigated in this research represent changeable, important processes for potentially mitigating the impact of pain in vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Day
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Charles Ward
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle P Grover
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dawn M Ehde
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver R Illingworth
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark P Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Honoré M, Picchiottino M, Wedderkopp N, Leboeuf-Yde C, Gagey O. What is the effect of spinal manipulation on the pressure pain threshold in young, asymptomatic subjects? A randomized placebo-controlled trial, with a cross-over design. Chiropr Man Therap 2020; 28:6. [PMID: 32028982 PMCID: PMC7006124 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-020-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal manipulation (SM) has been shown to have an effect on the pressure pain threshold (PPT) in asymptomatic subjects, but SM has never been compared in studies on this topic to a validated sham procedure. We investigated the effect of SM on the PPT when measured i) in the area of intervention and ii) in an area remote from the intervention. In addition, we measured the size and duration of the effect. METHOD In a randomized cross-over trial, 50 asymptomatic chiropractic students had their PPT measured at baseline, immediately after and every 12 min after intervention, over a period of 45 min, comparing values after SM and a previously validated sham. The trial was conducted during two sessions, separated by 48 h. PPT was measured both regionally and remotely from the 'treated' thoracic segment. Blinding of study subjects was tested with a post-intervention questionnaire. We used mixed linear regression with the baseline value and time as co-variates. If a significant difference were found between groups, then an effect size would be calculated using Cohen's d or Hedge's h coefficient. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Study subjects had been successfully blinded. No statistically significant differences were found between SM and sham estimates, at any time or anatomical location. CONCLUSION When compared to a valid sham procedure and with successfully blinded subjects, there is no regional or remote effect of spinal manipulation of the thoracic spine on the pressure pain threshold in a young pain-free population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Honoré
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France. .,CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067, Orléans, France. .,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94200, Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - Mathieu Picchiottino
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067, Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94200, Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Southwestern Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067, Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94200, Ivry sur Seine, France.,Institute for Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olivier Gagey
- CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay Cedex, France.,CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067, Orléans, France
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The association of early life stressors with pain sensitivity and pain experience at 22 years. Pain 2019; 161:220-229. [DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Waller R, Smith A, Slater H, O’Sullivan P, Beales D, McVeigh J, Straker L. Associations of physical activity or sedentary behaviour with pain sensitivity in young adults of the Raine Study. Scand J Pain 2019; 19:679-691. [DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2019-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background and aims
There is high level evidence for physical activity (PA) improving outcomes in persistent pain disorders and one of the mechanisms proposed is the effect of exercise on central nociceptive modulation. Although laboratory studies and small field intervention studies suggest associations between physical activity and pain sensitivity, the association of objectively measured, habitual PA and sedentary behaviour (SB) with pain sensitivity requires further investigation. Current evidence suggests PA typically lowers pain sensitivity in people without pain or with single-site pain, whereas PA is frequently associated with an increase in pain sensitivity for those with multisite pain. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships of PA and SB with pain sensitivity measured by pressure pain thresholds and cold pain thresholds, considering the presence of single-site and multisite pain and controlling for potential confounders.
Methods
Participants from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (n = 714) provided data at age 22-years. PA and SB were measured via accelerometry over a 7-day period. Pain sensitivity was measured using pressure pain threshold (4 sites) and cold pain threshold (wrist). Participants were grouped by number of pain areas into “No pain areas” (n = 438), “Single-site pain” (n = 113) and “Multisite pain” (n = 163) groups. The association of PA and SB variables with pain sensitivity was tested separately within each pain group by multivariable regression, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
For those with “Single-site pain”, higher levels (>13 min/day) of moderate-vigorous PA in ≥10 min bouts was associated with more pressure pain sensitivity (p = 0.035). Those with “Multisite pain” displayed increased cold pain sensitivity with greater amounts of vigorous PA (p = 0.011). Those with “No pain areas” displayed increased cold pain sensitivity with decreasing breaks from sedentary time (p = 0.046).
Conclusions
This study was a comprehensive investigation of a community-based sample of young adults with “No pain areas”, “Single-site pain” and “Multisite pain” and suggests some associations of measures of PA and SB with pain sensitivity.
Implications
The findings suggest that the pattern of accumulation of PA and SB may be important to inform improved clinical management of musculoskeletal pain disorders. This study provides a baseline for follow-up studies using the Raine Study cohort. Future research should consider temporal influences of PA and SB on pain sensitivity, pain experience and consider using a broader range of pain sensitivity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Waller
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , GPO Box 1987 , Perth , Western Australia 6845, Australia
| | - Anne Smith
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Helen Slater
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Peter O’Sullivan
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Darren Beales
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
| | - Joanne McVeigh
- School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
- Exercise Laboratory, School of Physiology, University of Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Leon Straker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth, Western Australia , Australia
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Honoré M, Leboeuf-Yde C, Gagey O, Wedderkopp N. How big is the effect of spinal manipulation on the pressure pain threshold and for how long does it last? - secondary analysis of data from a systematic review. Chiropr Man Therap 2019; 27:22. [PMID: 31049195 PMCID: PMC6480891 DOI: 10.1186/s12998-019-0240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal manipulation (SM) has been shown in a systematic review to have a statistically significant effect on the pressure pain threshold (PPT) in asymptomatic subjects, when SM is compared to a sham intervention. The magnitude and duration of this effect is unclear. Objectives To determine the effect-size of SM in asymptomatic subjects and its duration. Method This is a secondary analysis of data from a previous review. We sought to compare the effect-sizes in the various articles but had to calculate them ourselves, at different follow-up time measurements. Effect-sizes (Cohen’s d or Hedge’s g coefficient) were considered low, medium, and large, at the cut points of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively. Results Effect-sizes were reported in 6/8 studies, but all had calculated ‘within-group’ changes, not ‘between-group’ differences. Immediately after SM, only one study of four (with four measurements) had a statistically significant ‘medium’ effect size (d = 0.56; 95% CI: 00.4–1.08 to d = 0.70; 95% CI:0.18–1.22). Five minutes after SM, 4/5 studies found a statistically significant ‘medium to large’ effect-size (d = 0.51; 95% CI: 0.04–0.98 to d = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.28–2.20). Ten minutes after SM, two studies reported a ‘medium’ effect-size with statistical significance (d = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.11–1.05 to d = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.12–1.48). We drew no conclusions for the effect-sizes at one minute and thirty minutes after SM, as no between-group statistical difference was found. Conclusion Authors need to revise their approach to ‘effect size’. Our calculations showed that the effect-size of SM on PPT may go from ‘medium’ to ‘large’ within the first five minutes but appears to diminish again within ten minutes. Research of this type should collect information for longer periods and compare results to other interventions to put results into perspective. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12998-019-0240-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Honoré
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Charlotte Leboeuf-Yde
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France.,Institut Franco Européen de Chiropraxie, 24 boulevard Paul Vaillant-Couturier, F-94200 Ivry sur Seine, France.,4University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Olivier Gagey
- 1CIAMS, University of Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France.,2CIAMS, University of Orléans, F-45067 Orléans, France
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- 4University of Southern Denmark, Institute for Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark.,5Orthopedic Department, Hospital of Southwestern Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Associations Between Musculoskeletal Pain Experience and Pressure and Cold Pain Sensitivity. Clin J Pain 2019; 35:56-64. [DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Tracy LM, Koenig J, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Gibson SJ, Giummarra MJ. Heart rate variability is associated with thermal heat pain threshold in males, but not females. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 131:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Lue YJ, Wang HH, Cheng KI, Chen CH, Lu YM. Thermal pain tolerance and pain rating in normal subjects: Gender and age effects. Eur J Pain 2018; 22:1035-1042. [PMID: 29388295 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal detection thresholds and thermal pain thresholds are important in quantitative sensory testing. Although they have been well studied for assessing somatosensory function, the investigation of thermal pain tolerance has been insufficient. The aim of this study was to explore the characteristics of thermal pain tolerance and pain ratings in healthy subjects. METHODS Cold pain tolerance (CPTol) and heat pain tolerance (HPTol) were tested in 213 healthy adults aged 18-81 years recruited from the local community. The thermal detection and thermal pain thresholds were also tested to investigate the association with pain tolerance. The visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for assessing pain severity immediately after the thermal pain and tolerance tests. RESULTS The normality of the CPTol and HPTol was acceptable. Most participants rated the pain induced by the CPTol and HPTol testing as moderate. HPTol was lower in women than in men (p = 0.001), but CPTol did not differ between sexes. The pain ratings of CPTol and HPTol did not differ between sexes, but significant age effects were observed. The association of the tolerance temperature with pain ratings was weak, while those of pain ratings for CPTol and HPTol were strong (r = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Women were more sensitive to tolerance heat pain stimuli. Younger participants reported more pain for thermal pain and tolerance tests. SIGNIFICANCE Thermal pain tolerance and pain rating for the thermal pain tolerance temperature depend on gender and age. Women are more sensitive to heat temperatures, young people rate more pain, and the pain ratings of heat and cold are strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-J Lue
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - H-H Wang
- College of Nursing, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
| | - K-I Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - C-H Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Orthopaedic Research Centre, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Division of Adult Reconstruction Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Y-M Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Averbeck B, Seitz L, Kolb FP, Kutz DF. Sex differences in thermal detection and thermal pain threshold and the thermal grill illusion: a psychophysical study in young volunteers. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28859684 PMCID: PMC5579939 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-related differences in human thermal and pain sensitivity are the subject of controversial discussion. The goal of this study in a large number of subjects was to investigate sex differences in thermal and thermal pain perception and the thermal grill illusion (TGI) as a phenomenon reflecting crosstalk between the thermoreceptive and nociceptive systems. The thermal grill illusion is a sensation of strong, but not necessarily painful, heat often preceded by transient cold upon skin contact with spatially interlaced innocuous warm and cool stimuli. METHODS The TGI was studied in a group of 78 female and 58 male undergraduate students and was evoked by placing the palm of the right hand on the thermal grill (20/40 °C interleaved stimulus). Sex-related thermal perception was investigated by a retrospective analysis of thermal detection and thermal pain threshold data that had been measured in student laboratory courses over 5 years (776 female and 476 male undergraduate students) using the method of quantitative sensory testing (QST). To analyse correlations between thermal pain sensitivity and the TGI, thermal pain threshold and the TGI were determined in a group of 20 female and 20 male undergraduate students. RESULTS The TGI was more pronounced in females than males. Females were more sensitive with respect to thermal detection and thermal pain thresholds. Independent of sex, thermal detection thresholds were dependent on the baseline temperature with a specific progression of an optimum curve for cold detection threshold versus baseline temperature. The distribution of cold pain thresholds was multi-modal and sex-dependent. The more pronounced TGI in females correlated with higher cold sensitivity and cold pain sensitivity in females than in males. CONCLUSIONS Our finding that thermal detection threshold not only differs between the sexes but is also dependent on the baseline temperature reveals a complex processing of "cold" and "warm" inputs in thermal perception. The results of the TGI experiment support the assumption that sex differences in cold-related thermoreception are responsible for sex differences in the TGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Averbeck
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiology, Biomedical Center Munich (BMC), University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, D-82152 Germany
| | - Lena Seitz
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian P. Kolb
- Department of Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter F. Kutz
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Science, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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Sivert Nielsen C. Bringing the lab to the people: Experimental pain testing in the general population. Scand J Pain 2017; 13:142-143. [PMID: 28850518 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sivert Nielsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Ageing and Health, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Department of Pain Management and Research, Oslo, Norway
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