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Dhar A, Gupta SL, Saini P, Sinha K, Khandelwal A, Tyagi R, Singh A, Sharma P, Jaiswal RK. Nanotechnology-based theranostic and prophylactic approaches against SARS-CoV-2. Immunol Res 2024; 72:14-33. [PMID: 37682455 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09416-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has been an unpredicted burden on global healthcare system by infecting over 700 million individuals, with approximately 6 million deaths worldwide. COVID-19 significantly impacted all sectors, but it very adversely affected the healthcare system. These effects were much more evident in the resource limited part of the world. Individuals with acute conditions were also severely impacted. Although classical COVID-19 diagnostics such as RT-PCR and rapid antibody testing have played a crucial role in reducing the spread of infection, these diagnostic techniques are associated with certain limitations. For instance, drawback of RT-PCR diagnostics is that due to degradation of viral RNA during shipping, it can give false negative results. Also, rapid antibody testing majorly depends on the phase of infection and cannot be performed on immune compromised individuals. These limitations in current diagnostic tools require the development of nanodiagnostic tools for early detection of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has necessitated the development of specific, responsive, accurate, rapid, low-cost, and simple-to-use diagnostic tools at point of care. In recent years, early detection has been a challenge for several health diseases that require prompt attention and treatment. Disease identification at an early stage, increased imaging of inner health issues, and ease of diagnostic processes have all been established using a new discipline of laboratory medicine called nanodiagnostics, even before symptoms have appeared. Nanodiagnostics refers to the application of nanoparticles (material with size equal to or less than 100 nm) for medical diagnostic purposes. The special property of nanomaterials compared to their macroscopic counterparts is a lesser signal loss and an enhanced electromagnetic field. Nanosize of the detection material also enhances its sensitivity and increases the signal to noise ratio. Microchips, nanorobots, biosensors, nanoidentification of single-celled structures, and microelectromechanical systems are some of the most modern nanodiagnostics technologies now in development. Here, we have highlighted the important roles of nanotechnology in healthcare sector, with a detailed focus on the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. We outline the different types of nanotechnology-based diagnostic devices for SARS-CoV-2 and the possible applications of nanomaterials in COVID-19 treatment. We also discuss the utility of nanomaterials in formulating preventive strategies against SARS-CoV-2 including their use in manufacture of protective equipment, formulation of vaccines, and strategies for directly hindering viral infection. We further discuss the factors hindering the large-scale accessibility of nanotechnology-based healthcare applications and suggestions for overcoming them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | | | - Pratima Saini
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Kirti Sinha
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India
| | | | - Rohit Tyagi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alka Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Feroze Gandhi College, Raebareli, U.P, India, 229001
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna, Bihar, India.
| | - Rishi Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Li J, Long J, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Bo W, Ren L, Fan Y, Wang P, Cheng Y, Liu B, Cheng X, Xi H. Procedural Promotion of Multiple Stages in the Wound Healing Process by Graphene-Spiky Silica Heterostructured Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6585-6599. [PMID: 38026527 PMCID: PMC10644860 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s426552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple stages including hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling were involved in the wound healing process. The increase in nanomaterials in recent years has extended the scope of tools for wound healing; however, it is still difficult to achieve the four multistage procedures simultaneously. Materials and Methods In this study, graphene-spiky silica heterostructured nanoparticles (GS) were synthesized for the procedural acceleration of the multistage in wound healing process. The nanobridge effect of GS was analyzed through the adhesion of two skins, the antibacterial effect was assessed in Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria, cell proliferation and migration were investigated in mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH-3T3) cells, and the in vivo wound healing effect was examined in female BALB/c mice with a cutting wound and E. coli or S. aureus bacteria infection on the back. Results First, GS has a strong nanobridge effect on the rapid closure of wounds because the spiky architecture on the surface of GS facilitates the adhesion of skins, promoting the hemostasis stage. Second, graphene exhibits antimicrobial activities both in chemical and physical interactions, especially under simulated sunlight irradiation. Third, graphene plays an important role in scaffolding function, together with the spiky topographical architecture of GS, accelerating the proliferation and maturation stages. Conclusion By periodically promoting every stage of wound healing, GS combined with simulated sunlight irradiation could significantly accelerate wound healing. With a simple composition and compact structure but multiple functions, this strategy will be the guideline for the development of ideal wound-healing nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangtao Long
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Bo
- Department of General Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Children’s Hospital affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinkui Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
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Ma L, Li Y, Shi T, Zhu Z, Zhao J, Xie Y, Wen J, Guo S, Wang J, Ding J, Liang C, Shan G, Li Q, Ge M, Cen S. Teicoplanin derivatives block spike protein mediated viral entry as pan-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114213. [PMID: 36916436 PMCID: PMC9808420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants poses serious threat to the efficacy of vaccines and neutralizing antibodies. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new and effective inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 and future outbreaks. Here, we have identified a series of glycopeptide antibiotics teicoplanin derivatives that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, interrupt its interaction with ACE2 receptor and selectively inhibit viral entry mediated by S protein. Computation modeling predicts that these compounds interact with the residues in the receptor binding domain. More importantly, these teicoplanin derivatives inhibit the entry of both pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of developing small molecule entry inhibitors by targeting the interaction of viral S protein and ACE2. Together, considering the proven safety and pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin as a glycopeptide antibiotic, the teicoplanin derivatives hold great promise of being repurposed as pan-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Li
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Wen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Saisai Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill AIDS Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangzhi Shan
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Mei Ge
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Qiu H, Lan G, Ding W, Wang X, Wang W, Shou D, Lu F, Hu E, Yu K, Shang S, Xie R. Dual-Driven Hemostats Featured with Puncturing Erythrocytes for Severe Bleeding in Complex Wounds. RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9762746. [PMID: 35707050 PMCID: PMC9178490 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9762746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Achieving rapid hemostasis in complex and deep wounds with secluded hemorrhagic sites is still a challenge because of the difficulty in delivering hemostats to these sites. In this study, a Janus particle, SEC-Fe@CaT with dual-driven forces, bubble-driving, and magnetic field– (MF–) mediated driving, was prepared via in situ loading of Fe3O4 on a sunflower sporopollenin exine capsule (SEC), and followed by growth of flower-shaped CaCO3 clusters. The bubble-driving forces enabled SEC-Fe@CaT to self-diffuse in the blood to eliminate agglomeration, and the MF-mediated driving force facilitated the SEC-Fe@CaT countercurrent against blood to access deep bleeding sites in the wounds. During the movement in blood flow, the meteor hammer-like SEC from SEC-Fe@CaT can puncture red blood cells (RBCs) to release procoagulants, thus promoting activation of platelet and rapid hemostasis. Animal tests suggested that SEC-Fe@CaT stopped bleeding in as short as 30 and 45 s in femoral artery and liver hemorrhage models, respectively. In contrast, the similar commercial product Celox™ required approximately 70 s to stop the bleeding in both bleeding modes. This study demonstrates a new hemostat platform for rapid hemostasis in deep and complex wounds. It was the first attempt integrating geometric structure of sunflower pollen with dual-driven movement in hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangqian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weiwei Ding
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Dahua Shou
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Enling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Kun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Songmin Shang
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Ruiqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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Yuan H, Zhang L, Ma T, Huang J, Nie C, Cao S, Xiang X, Ma L, Cheng C, Qiu L. Spiky Cascade Biocatalysts as Peroxisome-Mimics for Ultrasound-Augmented Tumor Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15970-15981. [PMID: 35348330 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c25072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US)-augmented tumor ablation with sono-catalysts has emerged as a promising therapeutic modality due to high tissue penetration, nonionizing performance, and low cost of US-based therapies. Developing peroxisome-mimetic cascade biocatalysts for US-augmented synergistic treatment would further effectively reduce the dependence of the microenvironment H2O2 and enhance the tumor-localized reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Here, we proposed and synthesized a novel spiky cascade biocatalyst as peroxisome-mimics that consist of multiple enzyme-mimics, i.e., glucose oxidase-mimics (Au nanoparticles for producing H2O2) and heme-mimetic atomic catalytic centers (Fe-porphyrin for ROS generation), for US-augmented cascade-catalytic tumor therapy. The synthesized spiky cascade biocatalysts exhibit an obvious spiky structure, uniform nanoscale size, independent of endogenous H2O2, and efficient US-responsive biocatalytic activities. The enzyme-mimetic biocatalytic experiments show that the spiky cascade biocatalysts can generate abundant ·OH via a cascade chemodynamic path and also 1O2 via US excitation. Then, we demonstrate that the spiky cascade biocatalysts show highly efficient ROS production to promote melanoma cell apoptosis under US irradiation without extra H2O2. Our in vivo animal data further reveal that the proposed US-assisted chemodynamic cascade therapies can significantly augment the therapy efficacy of malignant melanoma. We suggest that these efficient peroxisome-mimetic cascade-catalytic strategies will be promising for clinical tumor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Ultrasound, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Lingyan Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Sujiao Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lang Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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6
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Fan X, Yang F, Nie C, Ma L, Cheng C, Haag R. Biocatalytic Nanomaterials: A New Pathway for Bacterial Disinfection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100637. [PMID: 34216401 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical treatment of pathogenic infection has emerged as a growing challenge in global public health. Such treatment is currently limited to antibiotics, but abuse of antibiotics have induced multidrug resistance and high fatality rates in anti-infection therapies. Thus, it is vital to develop alternative bactericidal agents to open novel disinfection pathways. Drawing inspiration from elements of the human immune system that show great potential for controlling pathogens or regulating cell apoptosis, the design of biocatalytic nanomaterials (BCNs) have provided unrivaled opportunities for future antibacterial therapies. More significantly, BCNs exhibit various superior properties to immune cells and natural enzymes, such as higher biocatalytic performance, extraordinary stability against harsh conditions, and scalable production. In this review, the most recent efforts toward developing BCN-based biomedical applications in combating bacterial infections are focused upon. BCNs' antibacterial mechanisms, the classification of BCNs, antibacterial activities that can be triggered or augmented by energy conversion, and the eradication of biofilms with BCNs are systematically introduced and discussed. The current challenges and prospects of BCNs for biocatalytic disinfection are also summarized. It is anticipated this review will provide new therapeutic insights into combating bacteria and biofilms and offer significant new inspiration for designing future biocatalytic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Yihuan Road No. 24 Chengdu 610065 China
- Department of Physics Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Lang Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Yihuan Road No. 24 Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital Sichuan University Yihuan Road No. 24 Chengdu 610065 China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Rainer Haag
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Takustraße 3 14195 Berlin Germany
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Seifi T, Kamali AR. Anti-pathogenic activity of graphene nanomaterials: A review. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 199:111509. [PMID: 33340933 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are promising candidates for a variety of biological applications, among which, their anti-pathogenic properties are highly attractive due to the outstanding physicochemical characteristics of these novel nanomaterials. The antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal performances of graphene are increasingly becoming more important due to the pathogen's resistance to existing drugs. Despite this, the factors influencing the antibacterial activity of graphene nanomaterials, and consequently, the mechanisms involved are still controversial. This review aims to systematically summarize the literature, discussing various factors that affect the antibacterial performance of graphene materials, including the shape, size, functional group and the electrical conductivity of graphene flakes, as well as the concentration, contact time and the pH value of the graphene suspensions used in related microbial tests. We discuss the possible surface and edge interactions between bacterial cells and graphene nanomaterials, which cause antibacterial effects such as membrane/oxidative/photothermal stresses, charge transfer, entrapment and self-killing phenomena. This article reviews the anti-pathogenic activity of graphene nanomaterials, comprising their antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and biofilm-forming performance, with an emphasis on the antibacterial mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Seifi
- Energy and Environmental Materials Research Centre (E(2)MC), School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Ali Reza Kamali
- Energy and Environmental Materials Research Centre (E(2)MC), School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China.
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