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Kebede TG, Birhane E, Ayimut KM, Egziabher YG. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased biomass, nutritional value, and cochineal resistance of Opuntia ficus-indica plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:706. [PMID: 39054409 PMCID: PMC11270880 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller is dominantly growing on degraded soils in arid and semi-arid areas. The plants might establish a strong association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to adapt to nutrient, drought, and herbivore insect stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AMF inoculations and variable soil water levels (SWA) on the biomass, nutrient concentration, nutritional composition, and nutrient digestibility of the spiny and spineless O. ficus-indica by inducing resistance to cochineal stress. One mother Opuntia ficus-indica cladode was planted in a single pot in each field with 24 kg mixed soil. AMF inoculums were cultured in sorghum plants in a greenhouse and were inoculated in the planted cladodes. The planted cladodes were arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three factors: AMF (present and absent); O. ficus-indica type (spiny and spineless) and four water treatments with 0-25% of plant available soil water (SWA), 25-50% of SWA, 50-75% of SWA, and 75-100% of SWA. RESULTS Drought stress reduced the below and above-ground biomass, cladode nutrient content, nutritional composition, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). AMF colonization significantly increased biomass production with significant changes in the macro and micro-nutrient concentrations of O. ficus-indica. AMF inoculation significantly increased the IVDMD and IVOMD of both O. ficus-indica types by improving the biomass, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and reduced fiber and ash contents. AMF-inoculated cladodes improved the nutrient concentrations of the cladodes. AMF caused an increase in biomass production, increased tolerance to cochineal stress, and improved nutrient concentration, nutritional composition, and nutrient digestibility performance of O. ficus-indica plants. CONCLUSIONS AMF improved the performance of the O. ficus-indica plant to resist drought and cochineal stress and increased the biomass, nutrient concentration, nutritional composition, and nutrient digestibility. The potential of O. ficus-indica to adapt to cochineal stress is controlled by the macro and micro-nutrient concentration brought by the AMF association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teame Gebrehiwot Kebede
- Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia.
| | - Emiru Birhane
- Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental Protection, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Institute of Climate and Society, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Kiros-Meles Ayimut
- Department of Dryland Crop and Horticultural Science, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane G Egziabher
- Department of Dryland Crop and Horticultural Science, College of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resource, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
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Godoi PFA, Magalhães ALR, de Araújo GGL, de Melo AAS, Silva TS, Gois GC, dos Santos KC, do Nascimento DB, da Silva PB, de Oliveira JS, Santos EM, da Silva TGF, Zanine ADM, Ferreira DDJ, Voltolini TV, Campos FS. Chemical Properties, Ruminal Fermentation, Gas Production and Digestibility of Silages Composed of Spineless Cactus and Tropical Forage Plants for Sheep Feeding. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:552. [PMID: 38396518 PMCID: PMC10886150 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the chemical composition, carbohydrates, protein fractionation and in vitro gas production of silages composed of spineless cactus and tropical forages and their effect on sheep performance. Treatments consisted of silages: corn silage (CS), spineless cactus silage (SCS), spineless cactus + gliricidia (SCG), spineless cactus + buffel grass silage (SCBG) and spineless cactus + pornunça (SCP). Silos were opened 60 days after ensiling, and analyses were carried out. The digestibility test lasted for 36 days, with eight animals per treatment. A completely randomized design was adopted. Considering carbohydrate fractionation, CS, SCS and SCBG silages had higher total carbohydrate content (p = 0.001). The SCS silage presented a higher A + B1 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG and SCG silages showed a higher B2 fraction (p < 0.0001) compared to the CS and SCS silages. The SCBG and SCP silages presented a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). For protein fractionation, the SCP and SCG silages showed higher crude protein contents (p = 0.001). The CS and SCS silages showed a higher A fraction (p = 0.001). The SCBG silage presented a higher B1 + B2 fraction (p = 0.001). The SCG silage showed a higher B3 fraction (p = 0.006) compared to SCBG silage. The SCS and SCP silages showed a higher C fraction (p = 0.001). Exclusive SCS silage showed higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (p = 0.001), dry matter degradability (p = 0.001) and total gas production (p = 0.001). The use of the SCBG, SCP and SCG silages to feed sheep increased the dry matter intake (p < 0.001). Sheep fed the SCG silage showed greater dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to the sheep fed the CS, SCS and SCP silages (p = 0.002). There was a higher water intake (p < 0.001) with the use of the SCS and SCG silages to feed the sheep. The SCP and SCG silages provided a greater intake (p < 0.001) and excretion (p < 0.001) of nitrogen by the animals. Although there were no differences between the treatments for daily gains, lambs that received the spineless cactus-based silage associated with tropical forages showed higher gains (160-190 g/day) than lambs that received CS silage (130 g/day). Thus, the use of spineless cactus associated with buffelgrass, pornunça and gliricidia to prepare mixed silages (60:40) to feed sheep has potential use to feed sheep, with positive effects on nutrient degradation and increases in dry matter intake. Under experimental conditions, we recommend the exclusive use of spineless cactus silage associated with buffel grass, pornunça and gliricidia in feeding sheep in semi-arid regions, as it provides nutrients, water and greater daily gains compared to corn silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Fernando Andrade Godoi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.F.A.G.); (A.L.R.M.); (A.A.S.d.M.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.F.A.G.); (A.L.R.M.); (A.A.S.d.M.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo
- Setor de Produção Animal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina 56302-970, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.G.L.d.A.); (T.V.V.)
| | - Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.F.A.G.); (A.L.R.M.); (A.A.S.d.M.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Tiago Santos Silva
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão, Ouricuri 56200-000, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Glayciane Costa Gois
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil; (A.d.M.Z.); (F.S.C.)
| | - Kelly Cristina dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (K.C.d.S.); (D.B.d.N.)
| | - Daniel Bezerra do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil; (K.C.d.S.); (D.B.d.N.)
| | - Priscila Barreto da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal e Pastagens, Universidade Federal do Agreste de Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, Pernambuco, Brazil; (P.F.A.G.); (A.L.R.M.); (A.A.S.d.M.); (P.B.d.S.)
| | - Juliana Silva de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Paraíba, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Edson Mauro Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Paraíba, Brazil; (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Thieres George Freire da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Pernambuco, Brazil;
| | - Anderson de Moura Zanine
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil; (A.d.M.Z.); (F.S.C.)
| | - Daniele de Jesus Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil; (A.d.M.Z.); (F.S.C.)
| | - Tadeu Vinhas Voltolini
- Setor de Produção Animal, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Semiárido, Petrolina 56302-970, Pernambuco, Brazil; (G.G.L.d.A.); (T.V.V.)
| | - Fleming Sena Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil; (A.d.M.Z.); (F.S.C.)
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Silva TS, de Araujo GGL, Santos EM, de Oliveira JS, Godoi PFA, Gois GC, Perazzo AF, Ribeiro OL, Turco SHN, Campos FS. Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and performance in lamb fed spineless cactus silage associated with forages adapted to the semiarid environment Spineless cactus silages in diets for lambs. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Physicochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Goat Kids' Meat Fed Ground-Corn-Grain Silage Rehydrated with Different Additives. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010031. [PMID: 36611641 PMCID: PMC9817871 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the replacement of dry ground corn (GC) with corn-grain silage rehydrated with water (RCSwater), cactus pear mucilage (RCSmucilage), and whey (RCSwhey) on the growth, physicochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of goat kids’ meat were investigated. Thirty-two crossbred goat kids (16.4 ± 2.50 kg initial weight) were assigned in a randomized block design with four treatments and eight repetitions. The NDF intake of goat kids fed with RCSmucilage was higher in comparison to RCSwater and RCSwhey (p = 0.0009). The dietary replacement of GC by RCSmucilage increased the final weight (p = 0.033) and meat-cooking losses (p = 0.0001) of kids. The concentrations of oleic (p = 0.046), 11,14-eicosadienoic (p = 0.033), and EPA (p = 0.010) were higher in the meat of kids fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey, and the α-linolenic concentration was higher (p = 0.019) for animals feeding with RCSmucilage. Meat from kids fed with RCSwhey presented the lowest ∑SFA and the highest ∑MUFA. In contrast, the ∑PUFA (p < 0.012) was higher for goats fed with RCSwater. The ∑ω3 (p < 0.0001) was higher in animals fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey. Desirable fatty acids were higher (p = 0.044) in animals fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey, and the atherogenicity (p = 0.044) and thrombogenicity (p < 0.0001) indexes were lower for goats fed the RCSwhey diet. The enzymatic activities of Δ9desaturase (C16) were higher (p = 0.027) in goat kids fed with GC and RCSmucilage, and Δ9desaturase (C18) was higher (p = 0.0497) when goats were fed with RCSmucilage and RCSwhey. Elongase activities were higher (p = 0.045) in goat kids fed with GC and RCSwater. The total replacement of GC by RCSmucilage is recommended in the diet of goat kids due to improvements in the weight gain and proportion of desirable fatty acids in the meat. In addition, RCSmucilage promoted better conservation of the silage at a lower cost when compared to commercial additives.
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Silva MVSD, Aguiar EMD, Silva JGMD, Melo AASD, Cardoso DB, Costa MG, Costa Filho JHD, Ramalho AMZ. Intake, digestibility, and ingestive behavior of sheep fed with thornless Mandacaru, cactus pear genotypes Orelha de Elefante Mexicana and Miúda. ACTA SCIENTIARUM: ANIMAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v45i1.58162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the intake, digestibility, and ingestive behavior of sheep fed with different species of forage cacti. Fifteen sheep (17.27kg ± 1 kg) were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with three treatments and five replicates. The treatments were diets on a dry matter basis composed of 430.9 g kg-1 of thornless Mandacaru cactus (Cereus hildmannianus), 525.7 g kg-1 of cactus pear cv. Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (Opuntia stricta) and 492.1 g kg-1 of cactus pear cv. Miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera) in addition to Sabiá hay (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) (194.7 to 233.8 g kg-1), plus concentrate feed. The intake of the dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients and voluntary water intake in g day-1 was not differ (p > 0.05) by experimental diets. There were no differences (p > 0.05) in digestibility coefficients of the dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients between the experimental diets. The feeding times differed (p < 0.05) between diets, with a higher value for the Opuntia diet, while the rumination times, feeding efficiency, and rumination efficiency did not differ (p > 0.05). The cactus Cereus and Opuntia and Nopalea have similar nutritional value in sheep’s diet.
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Menezes GL, de Oliveira AF, Gonçalves LC, de Assis Pires FPA, de Menezes RA, de Sousa PG, Azevêdo JAG, Lana ÂMQ, de Pinho MM, de Araújo VE, Jayme DG. Efficacy of formic acid, enzymes, and microbial additives in silage on the performance of sheep: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vieira DDS, de Oliveira JS, Santos EM, dos Santos BRC, Pinto LFB, Zanine ADM, Coelho DFO, Sobral GDC, Leite GM, Soares RL, Santos FNDS, Santos MAC, Viana NB, Júnior PDCT, Gomes PGB. Microbiological Composition of Diets of Cactus Pear-Based with Increasing Levels of Buffel Grass Hay and Relationship to Nutritional Disorders in Sheep. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040500. [PMID: 35203207 PMCID: PMC8868152 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological composition of cactus pear-based diets with increasing levels of buffel grass hay, and its effect on the blood and physiological parameters and occurrence of diarrhea in feedlot sheep. Four diets containing different percentages of buffel grass hay were tested. Diets were composed of forage cactus, buffel grass hay and concentrate, and the treatments were represented by different levels of hay in the dry matter of the feed: 7.5% buffel grass hay; 15% buffel grass hay; 30% buffel grass hay; and 45% buffel grass hay on a dry matter basis. There was a significant effect (p = 0.0034) of inclusion levels of buffel grass hay on fecal score. Only at the 45% inclusion level diarrhea was not observed, showing that the level of buffel grass affected more the animals than the collection period, although the collection period has affected the microbial counts. Probably there was a physiological adaptation of animals over time. There were significant changes (p < 0.0001) in the blood parameters of sheep. The reduction of the proportion of cactus and the inclusion of greater than 15% buffel grass hay, on a dry matter basis, provides less contamination of the diet and animal feces by enterobacteria, such as E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego de S. Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Juliana S. de Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Edson M. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Betina Raquel C. dos Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Luís Fernando B. Pinto
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil;
| | - Anderson de M. Zanine
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhao, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil;
| | - Diego Francisco O. Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Gilberto de C. Sobral
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Guilherme M. Leite
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Rafael L. Soares
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Francisco Naysson de S. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Maranhao, Chapadinha 65500-000, Maranhão, Brazil;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-8599997-9264
| | - Maria Alyne C. Santos
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Nelquides B. Viana
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Paulo da C. Torres Júnior
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
| | - Paloma G. B. Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Paraiba, Areia 58397-000, Paraiba, Brazil; (D.d.S.V.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.M.S.); (B.R.C.d.S.); (D.F.O.C.); (G.d.C.S.); (G.M.L.); (R.L.S.); (M.A.C.S.); (N.B.V.); (P.d.C.T.J.); (P.G.B.G.)
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Tannins in the diet for lactating goats from different genetic groups in the Brazilian semiarid: Nitrogen, energy and water balance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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