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Cortesi PA, Antonazzo IC, Gasperini C, Nica M, Ritrovato D, Mantovani LG. Cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis of siponimod in the treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in Italy. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264123. [PMID: 35259168 PMCID: PMC8903273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siponimod is an effective treatment for patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), with active disease evidenced by relapses or imaging features characteristic of multiple sclerosis inflammatory activity, however there is a need to evaluate its economic value and sustainability compared to other disease modifying-therapies (DMTs). OBJECTIVE To estimate the siponimod cost-effectiveness profile and its relative budget impact compared with other DMTs, by using the Italian National Healthcare System perspective. METHODS We performed: 1) a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) vs interferon beta-1b using an analytical Markov model and a life time-horizon, and 2) a budget impact analysis by using 3-years time-horizon. The results were reported as incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and net-monetary benefit (NMB) for CEA, using a willingness to pay threshold of €40,000 per QALY gained, and as difference in the overall budget (Euro) between the scenario with and without siponimod for budget impact. RESULTS In the base case scenario siponimod resulted cost-effective compared with interferon beta-1b 28,891€ per QALY. Overall, the market access of siponimod was associated to an increased budget of about 3€ millions (+0.9%) in the next 3 years simulated. CONCLUSION Compared to interferon beta-1b, siponimod seems to be cost-effective in SPMS patients and sustainable, with less than 1% overall budget increased in the next 3 years. Future studies need to confirm our results in the real word setting and in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Angelo Cortesi
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Gasperini
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Centre, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani
- Research Centre on Public Health (CESP), University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Value-Based Healthcare Unit, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
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2
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Asadollahi M, Darvishi A, Azimi A, Annabi M, Jafariazar Z, Heshmat R. Estimation the medical cost of multiple sclerosis in Iran; 2019-2020. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35109835 PMCID: PMC8812215 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the high and increasing economic burden of chronic diseases, including Multiple sclerosis (MS), we aimed to investigate the medical cost of MS in Iran. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which conducted using comprehensive national prescription data from Iran’s Health Insurance Organization (IHIO) and rehabilitation data from Ministry of Health and Iran Welfare Organization. The time period considered for this study was 2019–2020. In order to calculate the medical cost of MS, the cost-of-illness (COI) method was used based on the prevalence-based approach and the cost of medications, determining and diagnosing the MS risk, follow-up and rehabilitation was estimated. Results The total medical cost of MS in Iran in 2019–2020 was estimated at $238,124,160, which medications and rehabilitation services had the largest share in the medical cost of MS in Iran with 80 and 19%, respectively, and the cost share of determining and diagnosing of the disease risk accounted for about less than 1%. The total medication cost was estimated to be equal to $192,298 thousand. The total cost of determining and diagnosing of the MS risk was estimated at $348,574 and the total cost of rehabilitation services for all MS subgroups in 2019–2020 was estimated at $45,477,205. Conclusions Results of calculating the medical cost of MS in Iran in 2019–2020 showed a significant burden on the Iranian health care system and society, among which the medication cost had the largest share, which requires serious attention of health system policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Asadollahi
- Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmaceutical Management Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Darvishi
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No 10, Jalale-Al-Ahmad Ave, Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran.,Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Azimi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Annabi
- Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmaceutical Management Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Jafariazar
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran Medical Sciences-Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No 10, Jalale-Al-Ahmad Ave, Chamran Highway, Tehran, 1411713137, Iran.
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Bohlega S, Elboghdady A, Al-Johani A, Mahajan K, Mughari MK, Al-Saqa'aby M, Mohamed O, Alarieh R, Al Malik Y. Economic Evaluation of Cladribine Tablets in Patients With High Disease Activity-Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Value Health Reg Issues 2021; 25:189-195. [PMID: 34425468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cladribine tablets are the first short-course oral treatment approved for high disease activity relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (HDA-RRMS) across various countries. This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of introducing cladribine tablets as a treatment option for patients with high disease activity compared with other HDA-RRMS therapies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS The cost-effectiveness model was adapted from the KSA payer's perspective. Data for the model's adaptation were retrieved from the literature and validated by key opinion leaders. The comparators considered in the model were alemtuzumab, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, interferon beta-1a (subcutaneous and intramuscular) and beta-1b, natalizumab, and teriflunomide. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to assess the robustness of the analysis. RESULTS The cost-effectiveness results showed cladribine tablets as the dominant strategy (ie, less costly and more effective) versus all the comparators. The incremental cost and quality-adjusted life-years gained were largely driven by drug acquisition cost and delayed expanded disability status scale progression, respectively. Cladribine tablets showed an 81% to 100% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold of Saudi Riyal 225 326 per quality-adjusted life-years gained against different comparators. CONCLUSIONS Cladribine tablets are a dominant treatment option for patients with HDA-RRMS from the payer perspective in the KSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Bohlega
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elboghdady
- Merck Serono Middle East FZ LTD, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Mai Al-Saqa'aby
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Yaser Al Malik
- King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Immunoregulatory Effects of Tolerogenic Probiotics in Multiple Sclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1286:87-105. [PMID: 33725347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has essential roles in the prevention and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). The association between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system (CNS) or immune system response of MS patients has been documented in many studies. The composition of the gut microbiota could lead to sensitization or resistance against promotion and development of MS disease. Probiotics are the major part of gut microflorapopulation and could be substituted with tolerogenic probiotics that protect the CNS against autoimmune responses. Tolerogenic probiotics with anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties have effects on intestinal flora and can reestablish regulatory mucosal and systemic immune responses. Probiotics are able to prevent and restore excessive activation of inflammatory responses, especially autoreactive T cells and inflammatory cytokines. Tolerogenic probiotics, through induction of regulatory T cells and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines, play a crucial role in controlling inflammation and maintaining tolerance and hemostasis. Therefore, probiotics can be considered as a preventive or therapeutic tool in MS. In the present review, we focus on the immunoregulatory effects of tolerogenic probiotics on the severity of disease, as well as Th1, Th2, and Treg populations in different experimental and human studies of MS.
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Rahimirad S, Navaderi M, Alaei S, Sanati MH. Identification of hsa-miR-106a-5p as an impact agent on promotion of multiple sclerosis using multi-step data analysis. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3791-3799. [PMID: 33452935 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, demyelinating disease in which the neuron myelin sheath is disrupted and leading to signal transductions disabilities. The evidence demonstrated that gene expression patterns and their related regulating factors are the most critical agents in MS demyelinating process. A miRNA is a small non-coding RNA which functions in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Identification of specific miRNA dysregulation patterns in MS blood samples compared to healthy control can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic agent. Through the literature review and bioinformatics analysis, it was found that the hsa-miR-106a-5p can be considered a significant MS pathogenic factor, which seems has an abnormal expression pattern in patients' blood. Experimental validation using real-time PCR assay was carried to verifying the miR-106a-5p expression in MS and healthy control blood samples. The obtained results proved the miR-106a dysregulation in MS patients. The expression levels of miR-106a-5p were significantly downregulated (log 2 fold change = - 1.15) in patient blood samples compared to controls (p = 0.055). Our study suggested that miR-106a-5p may have a biomarker potential to the diagnosis of MS patients based on its dysregulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Rahimirad
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Young and Elite Researchers Club, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Navaderi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Young and Elite Researchers Club, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parand, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hossein Sanati
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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Stefanović M, Životić I, Stojković L, Dinčić E, Stanković A, Živković M. The association of genetic variants IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510 with multiple sclerosis onset and severity in patients from Serbia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 347:577346. [PMID: 32738499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An algorithm Probabilistic Identification of Causal SNPs, identified 434 causal variants for multiple sclerosis (MS) including IL2RA rs2104286, IFI30 rs11554159 and IKZF3 rs12946510. Analysis of individual and combined effects of these variants in the Serbian population identified that Il2RA rs2104286 G allele carriers had a lower risk for developing MS (gender adjusted OR = 0.63, p = .003). With regard to the IFI30 rs11554159 recessive genetic model, among HLA-DRB1*15:01 positive patients, the AA homozygote had a significantly higher MSSS compared to the G allele carriers (p = .003). This study confirms role of IL2RA rs2104286 in MS and suggest the role of IFI30 rs11554159 in disease severity, which needs validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Stefanović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Životić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Stojković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Evica Dinčić
- Military Medical Academy, Clinic for Neurology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Stanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Živković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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AlJumah M, Otaibi HA, Al Towaijri G, Hassan A, Kareem A, Kalakatawi M, Alrajeh S, Al Mejally M, Algahtani H, Almubarak A, Alawi S, Qureshi S, Al Malik Y, El-Metwally A, Shami S, Ishak S, Bunyan R. Familial aggregation of multiple sclerosis: Results from the national registry of the disease in Saudi Arabia. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217320960499. [PMID: 33110617 PMCID: PMC7556172 DOI: 10.1177/2055217320960499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic CNS inflammatory disease commonly affecting young adults. Both genetics and environmental factors have been reported to have a role in pathophysiology of the disease. Objective This article aims to report familial nature and aspects of MS in Saudi Arabia. Method The study utilized data collected by the National Saudi MS Registry between 2015 and 2018; especially data relevant to the familial history of MS. SPSS 22 was used for all analysis and reporting. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Results The registry included 20 hospitals and a total of 2516 patients from the different regions of Saudi Arabia with median age 32.00 (Range: 11-63) and 66.5% being female. About 12.8% of all registered patients reported a family history of MS (95%CI: 11.2-13.9). Reported parental consanguinity was significantly higher among patients with family history (FMS) (56.3%) compared to non-FMS patients (27.9%). 42.53% of FMS patients reported having siblings affected with MS (95%CI: 37.01-48.21), with more female siblings affected than males (63.4% vs 36.6% respectively). Conclusion Our Findings suggested that FMS was less prevalent than what was reported previously; however, parental consanguinity was significantly more prevalent among FMS patients than non-FMS. Our findings were in line with those reported in recent studies in the region, but lower than those reported by western countries indicating that increasing prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia could be multifactorial and other environmental factors should be considered for understanding this recent rise in the prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed AlJumah
- Neurology Department, King Fahd Medical City (KFMC), MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessa Al Otaibi
- Neurology Department, King Fahd General Hospital-Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Al Towaijri
- Neurology Department, King Fahd Medical City (KFMC), MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hassan
- Neurology Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abid Kareem
- Neurology Department, King Fahd General Hospital-Al-Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Saad Alrajeh
- Neurology Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital-Olaya Branch, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Al Mejally
- Neurology Department, Heraa General Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussein Algahtani
- Neurology Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical City (National Guard Health Affairs), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almubarak
- Neurology Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaga Alawi
- Neurology Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shireen Qureshi
- Neurology Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare Company (JHAH), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Al Malik
- Neurology Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University For Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf El-Metwally
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University For Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Shami
- King Fahd Specialist Hospital (KFSH)-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samah Ishak
- Itkan Health Consulting, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Bunyan
- King Fahd Specialist Hospital (KFSH)-Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Nazari F, Shaygannejad V, Mohammadi Sichani M, Mansourian M, Hajhashemi V. Quality of life among patients with multiple sclerosis and voiding dysfunction: a cross-sectional study. BMC Urol 2020; 20:62. [PMID: 32493262 PMCID: PMC7268392 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the usefulness of treatment requires a direct measurement of the health-related quality of life (QOL). Therefore, this study was carried out aiming to determine the QOL of patients with MS and voiding dysfunction. METHODS This cross-sectional study was carried out using multi-stage random cluster sampling method on 602 patients with MS in Isfahan, Iran. All data were collected through interviews using standard questionnaires including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 (MSQOL-54). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. RESULTS The prevalence rate of mixed, irritative, and obstructive urinary symptoms was 52.2, 25.5, and 6.5%, respectively. The mixed symptom had the highest prevalence among men and women with rates of 56.5 and 51.1%, respectively. The prevalence of irritative and obstructive symptoms was, respectively, higher and statistically significant among women alone and men alone (P < 0.05). The prevalence of irritative symptoms was higher among patients with MS, EDSS score ≤ 3, disease duration of less than 5 years, and with clinically isolated syndrome. In addition, the prevalence of mixed symptoms was higher among patients with MS of over 30 years of age with a Pre-high school degree, severe disability, disease duration of over 10 years, and progressive MS; the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was a difference in the combined dimensions of physical and mental health of QOL between the two groups with and without urinary symptoms (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that there was a higher probability of a urinary problems among patients with MS and high age [3.273 (1.083-9.860); P = 0.035]. CONCLUSIONS Mixed urinary symptoms are highly prevalent among MS patients and affect QOL dimensions. In order to improve QOL, more attention and focus should be paid to urinary problems in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nazari
- Isfahan neurosciences Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Vahid Shaygannejad
- Isfahan neurosciences Research center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohammadi Sichani
- Isfahan Kidney Transplantation Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Valiollah Hajhashemi
- Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Okolicsanyi RK, Bluhm J, Miller C, Griffiths LR, Haupt LM. An investigation of genetic polymorphisms in heparan sulfate proteoglycan core proteins and key modification enzymes in an Australian Caucasian multiple sclerosis population. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:18. [PMID: 32398079 PMCID: PMC7218574 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system in young adults. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are ubiquitous to the cell surface and the extracellular matrix. HSPG biosynthesis is a complex process involving enzymatic attachment of heparan sulfate (HS) chains to a core protein. HS side chains mediate specific ligand and growth factor interactions directing cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration and differentiation. Two main families of HSPGs exist, the syndecans (SDC1-4) and glypicans (GPC1-6). The SDCs are transmembrane proteins, while the GPC family are GPI linked to the cell surface. SDC1 has well-documented interactions with numerous signalling pathways. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified regions of the genome associated with MS including a region on chromosome 13 containing GPC5 and GPC6. International studies have revealed significant associations between this region and disease development. The exostosin-1 (EXT1) and sulfatase-1 (SULF1) are key enzymes contributing to the generation of HS chains. EXT1, with documented tumour suppressor properties, is involved in the initiation and polymerisation of the growing HS chain. SULF1 removes 6-O-sulfate groups from HS chains, affecting protein-ligand interactions and subsequent downstream signalling with HS modification potentially having significant effects on MS progression. In this study, we identified significant associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in SDC1, GPC5 and GPC6 and MS in an Australian Caucasian case-control population. Further significant associations in these genes were identified when the population was stratified by sex and disease subtype. No association was found for EXT1 or SULF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Okolicsanyi
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Julia Bluhm
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Cassandra Miller
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Larisa M Haupt
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
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10
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Maghbooli Z, Sahraian MA, Naser Moghadasi A. Multiple sclerosis and human leukocyte antigen genotypes: Focus on the Middle East and North Africa region. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217319881775. [PMID: 31976083 PMCID: PMC6956601 DOI: 10.1177/2055217319881775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing in the Middle East and North Africa region. There is also emerging evidence regarding the genetic components of MS risk. This review provides an overview of the role of genetic factors in MS susceptibility by examining human leukocyte antigen loci in patients within the Middle East and North Africa region. Most of the genetic studies conducted in the Middle East and North Africa region have been based on case–control designs, which cannot confirm direct causality of genetic variants on MS susceptibility. Moreover, there are very limited and inconsistent studies on human leukocyte antigen class I and II (DQA and DQB) in MS patients of the Middle East and North Africa region. To identify common risk haplotypes in the Middle East and North Africa region or its sub-populations, further longitudinal studies will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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11
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Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Peripheral Blood as a Potential Non-invasive Biomarker for Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:304-313. [PMID: 31902116 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in the pathogenicity of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease of the CNS. Circulating mtDNA copy number in body fluids has been proposed as an indicator for several neurodegenerative diseases, and the altered cerebrospinal fluid mtDNA has been shown as a promising marker for MS. The aim of this study was to determine changes and biomarker potential of circulating mtDNA in peripheral blood in MS. The mtDNA copy number was quantified by real-time PCR in blood samples from 60 patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 64 healthy controls. The RRMS patients had significantly lower circulating mtDNA copy number compared to controls. Subgroup analysis with stratification of RRMS patients based on disease duration under or over 10 years revealed that the mtDNA copy number was significantly lower in the group with longer disease duration. A negative correlation was observed between mtDNA copy number and disease duration. The ROC curve analysis indicated a significant ability of mtDNA copy number to separate RRMS patients from controls with an AUC of 0.859. This is the first study to measure peripheral blood mtDNA copy number in MS patients. Current data suggest that the reduction in peripheral blood mtDNA copy number may be an early event in MS and correlate with the disease progression. The findings of this study indicate that circulating blood-based mtDNA copy number may be a potential non-invasive candidate biomarker for mitochondria-mediated neurodegeneration and MS. This can put forward the clinical applicability over other invasive markers.
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12
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Alharbi MA, Al-Kafaji G, Khalaf NB, Messaoudi SA, Taha S, Daif A, Bakhiet M. Four novel mutations in the mitochondrial ND4 gene of complex I in patients with multiple sclerosis. Biomed Rep 2019; 11:257-268. [PMID: 31798871 PMCID: PMC6873451 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated neurological, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that genetic variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded complexes of respiratory chain, particularly, complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), contribute to the pathogenicity of MS among different ethnicities, and targeting mitochondrial function may represent a novel approach for MS therapy. In this study, we sequenced ND genes (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, ND5 and ND6) encoding subunits of complex I in 124 subjects, 60 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 64 healthy individuals, in order to identify potential novel mutations in these patients. We found several variants in ND genes in both the patients and controls, and specific variants only in patients with MS. While the majority of these variants were synonymous, 4 variants in the ND4 gene were identified as missense mutations in patients with MS. Of these, m.11150G>A was observed in one patient, whereas m.11519A>C, m.11523A>C and m.11527C>T were observed in another patient. Functional analysis predicted the mutations, m.11519A>C, m.11523A>C and m.11150G>A, as deleterious with a direct impact on ND4 protein stability and complex I function, whereas m.11527C>T mutation had no effect on ND4 protein stability. However, the 3 mutations, m.11519A>C, m.11523A>C and m.11527C>T, which were observed in the same patient, were predicted to cause a cumulative destabilizing effect on ND4 protein, and could thus disrupt complex I function. On the whole, this study identified 4 novel mutations in the mtDNA-encoded ND4 gene in patients with MS, which could lead to complex I dysfunction, and further confirmed the implication of mtDNA mutations in the pathogenicity of MS. The identified novel mutations in patients with MS may be ethnic-related and may prove to be significant in personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram Atallah Alharbi
- College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh 14812, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada Al-Kafaji
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Al-Jawhara Centre for Genetics and Inherited Disorders, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Block 329, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Noureddine Ben Khalaf
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Arabian Gulf University, Block 329, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Safia Abdulsalam Messaoudi
- College of Forensic Sciences, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh 14812, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Safa Taha
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Al-Jawhara Centre for Genetics and Inherited Disorders, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Block 329, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdulqader Daif
- King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12372, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Al-Jawhara Centre for Genetics and Inherited Disorders, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Block 329, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
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13
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Michels RE, de Fransesco M, Mahajan K, Hengstman GJD, Schiffers KMH, Budhia S, Harty G, Krol M. Cost Effectiveness of Cladribine Tablets for the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis in The Netherlands. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2019; 17:857-873. [PMID: 31444659 PMCID: PMC6885501 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-019-00500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cladribine tablets have recently become available in The Netherlands for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) as a disease-modifying agent that reduces the frequency and severity of relapses and delays disability progression. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of cladribine tablets, compared with alternative options, in the treatment of RRMS patients with high disease activity (HDA) and patients with rapidly evolving severe (RES) MS in The Netherlands. METHODS A Markov model was developed simulating the costs and effects of RRMS treatment. For HDA, alemtuzumab and fingolimod were used as comparators; natalizumab was used for the RES subpopulation. The analysis included a societal perspective and a value-of-information (VOI) analysis. RESULTS For the HDA subpopulation, treatment with cladribine tablets was the cost-effective (dominant) strategy compared with alemtuzumab and fingolimod, with 50.9% and 98.2%, respectively, probability of being cost effective at a threshold of €50,000/QALY gained and a net monetary benefit (NMB) of €10,866 and €151,115, respectively. For the RES subpopulation, treatment with cladribine tablets dominated treatment with natalizumab, with 94.1% probability of being cost effective at a threshold of €50,000/QALY gained and an NMB of €122,986. Note that these outcomes are driven by the lower costs of cladribine tablets. Efficacy differences were small, very uncertain, and likely not clinically meaningful. The probabilistic sensitivity analyses showed significant overlap in the credible intervals for total lifetime QALY outcomes and costs of cladribine tablets and all relevant comparators. The population-level VOI amounted to €19,295,441. CONCLUSIONS The base-case analysis shows that treatment of RRMS with cladribine tablets is cost effective versus alemtuzumab and fingolimod in HDA patients, and cost effective versus natalizumab in RES patients, at a threshold of €50,000. Driven by the lower costs, cladribine tablets were cost effective (dominant) in all base-case analyses. However, given that outcomes are based on indirect comparisons and post hoc subgroup analysis, as well as the uncertainty surrounding the outcomes, the results presented in this paper should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Else Michels
- IQVIA, Real World Evidence Solutions, Herikerbergweg 314, 1101 CT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gerald J D Hengstman
- Department of Neurology, Catharina Hospital, Michelangelolaan 2, 5623 EJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sangeeta Budhia
- PAREXEL International, PAREXEL Access Consulting, London, UK
| | - Gerard Harty
- EMD Serono, a business of Merck KGaA, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marieke Krol
- IQVIA, Real World Evidence Solutions, Herikerbergweg 314, 1101 CT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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14
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Swanberg KM, Landheer K, Pitt D, Juchem C. Quantifying the Metabolic Signature of Multiple Sclerosis by in vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Current Challenges and Future Outlook in the Translation From Proton Signal to Diagnostic Biomarker. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1173. [PMID: 31803127 PMCID: PMC6876616 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) offers a growing variety of methods for querying potential diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis in living central nervous system tissue. For the past three decades, 1H-MRS has enabled the acquisition of a rich dataset suggestive of numerous metabolic alterations in lesions, normal-appearing white matter, gray matter, and spinal cord of individuals with multiple sclerosis, but this body of information is not free of seeming internal contradiction. The use of 1H-MRS signals as diagnostic biomarkers depends on reproducible and generalizable sensitivity and specificity to disease state that can be confounded by a multitude of influences, including experiment group classification and demographics; acquisition sequence; spectral quality and quantifiability; the contribution of macromolecules and lipids to the spectroscopic baseline; spectral quantification pipeline; voxel tissue and lesion composition; T1 and T2 relaxation; B1 field characteristics; and other features of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification about which the experimenter may possess imperfect or incomplete information. The direct comparison of 1H-MRS data from individuals with and without multiple sclerosis poses a special challenge in this regard, as several lines of evidence suggest that experimental cohorts may differ significantly in some of these parameters. We review the existing findings of in vivo1H-MRS on central nervous system metabolic abnormalities in multiple sclerosis and its subtypes within the context of study design, spectral acquisition and processing, and metabolite quantification and offer an outlook on technical considerations, including the growing use of machine learning, by future investigations into diagnostic biomarkers of multiple sclerosis measurable by 1H-MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Swanberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States
| | - Karl Landheer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Pitt
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Radiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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15
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Leptin rs7799039 polymorphism is associated with multiple sclerosis risk in Kuwait. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 36:101409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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Phelps R, Winston JA, Wynn D, Habek M, Hartung HP, Havrdová EK, Markowitz GS, Margolin DH, Rodriguez CE, Baker DP, Coles AJ. Incidence, management, and outcomes of autoimmune nephropathies following alemtuzumab treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2019; 25:1273-1288. [PMID: 30986126 PMCID: PMC6681440 DOI: 10.1177/1352458519841829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Autoimmune disorders including nephropathies have been reported more
frequently in alemtuzumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients than in
the general population. Objective: Describe instances of autoimmune nephropathy in alemtuzumab-treated MS
patients. Methods: Cases were identified from safety monitoring within the alemtuzumab
relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) clinical development program
(CDP) or post-marketing, or following off-label use. Results: As of 16 June 2017, 16 autoimmune nephropathies have occurred following
alemtuzumab treatment for MS. The incidence of autoimmune nephropathies was
0.34% within the CDP (5/1485 patients). The five CDP cases (one of
anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, two of membranous
glomerulonephropathy, and two of serum anti-GBM antibody without typical
anti-GBM disease) were identified early, responded to conventional therapy
(where needed), and had favorable outcomes. Three of 11 cases outside the
CDP occurred following off-label alemtuzumab use prior to approval for RRMS
and were all anti-GBM disease. Diagnosis was delayed in one of these three
cases and another did not receive appropriate treatment; all three cases
resulted in end-stage renal failure. All anti-GBM disease cases with
documented urinalysis demonstrated prior microscopic hematuria. Conclusion: Close monitoring of alemtuzumab-treated MS patients facilitates diagnosis and
treatment early in the nephropathy course when preservation of renal
function is more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Phelps
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Daniel Wynn
- Consultants in Neurology MS Center, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Mario Habek
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb and University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Kubala Havrdová
- Department of Neurology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Glen S Markowitz
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Lambe T, Duarte R, Mahon J, Nevitt S, Greenhalgh J, Boland A, Beale S, Kotas E, McEntee J, Pomeroy I. Cladribine Tablets for the First-Line Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Evidence Review Group Perspective of a NICE Single Technology Appraisal. PHARMACOECONOMICS 2019; 37:345-357. [PMID: 30328051 PMCID: PMC6380198 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-018-0718-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As part of the single technology appraisal process, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence invited Merck to submit evidence for the clinical and cost effectiveness of cladribine tablets (cladribine) for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Rapidly evolving severe (RES) and sub-optimally treated (SOT) RRMS were specified by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as subgroups of interest. The Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group at the University of Liverpool was the Evidence Review Group. This article summarises the Evidence Review Group's review of the company's evidence submission for cladribine and the Appraisal Committee's final decision. The final scope issued by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence listed the following disease-modifying treatments as comparators: alemtuzumab, daclizumab, fingolimod and natalizumab. At the time of the company submission, a licence was anticipated for low-dose cladribine. The main clinical evidence (the CLARITY trial) in the company submission focused on the efficacy of low-dose cladribine vs. placebo. The CLARITY trial showed a statistically significant reduction in relapse rate for cladribine in the RES-RRMS subgroup (n = 50) but not in the SOT-RRMS subgroup (n = 19). Cladribine showed a numerical, but not a statistically significant, advantage in delaying disability progression at 6 months in the RES-RRMS subgroup. Disability progression benefits could not be estimated for those in the SOT-RRMS subgroup because of few events. The Evidence Review Group's main concern regarding the clinical evidence was the small sample size of the subgroups. To compare the effectiveness of cladribine to other disease-modifying treatments, the company conducted network meta-analyses, which showed cladribine and its comparators to be equally effective. The Evidence Review Group considered the results of the disease-modifying treatments to be unreliable because few trials were in the network. The company's cost-effectiveness evidence showed cladribine to be cheaper and more effective than other disease-modifying treatments in the RES-RRMS arm and the SOT-RRMS arm. The results were most sensitive to treatment effect on disability progression at 6 months. The Evidence Review Group was concerned that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that cladribine was superior to placebo in delaying disability progression. The Evidence Review Group amended the company's economic model to allow alternative estimates for the treatment effect of cladribine and its comparators on relapse rate and disability progression at 6 months. The Evidence Review Group made other changes to the company model. After implementing all the amendments, cladribine remained cost effective in the RES-RRMS and SOT-RRMS subgroups. The Appraisal Committee recognised the uncertainty in the available data but concluded that cladribine could be considered a cost-effective use of National Health Service resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Lambe
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Rui Duarte
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK.
| | - James Mahon
- Coldingham Analytical Services, Berwickshire, UK
| | - Sarah Nevitt
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Janette Greenhalgh
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Angela Boland
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Sophie Beale
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | - Eleanor Kotas
- Liverpool Reviews and Implementation Group, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK
| | | | - Ian Pomeroy
- The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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18
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Hettle R, Harty G, Wong SL. Cost-effectiveness of cladribine tablets, alemtuzumab, and natalizumab in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with high disease activity in England. J Med Econ 2018; 21:676-686. [PMID: 29618273 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2018.1461630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cladribine tablets were the first oral short-course treatment approved for highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The Association of British Neurologists guidelines currently recommend two infusion therapies, alemtuzumab and natalizumab, to treat high disease activity relapsing remitting MS (HDA-RRMS). This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of cladribine tablets in HDA-RRMS compared with alemtuzumab and natalizumab, from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS) in England. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort-based Markov model with 11 health states (10 Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] plus death) was developed. Transition matrices from the British Columbia registry were used to model the natural history of EDSS. The treatment effect on EDSS was modelled using hazard ratios for 6-month confirmed disability progression from an indirect treatment comparison (ITC). Relapses and drug-related adverse events were modeled via annualized relapse rates and event probabilities, with associated costs and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) losses. Utilities were derived from trials and the literature, and costs from NHS and literature sources. Uncertainty was assessed via probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS Cladribine tablets were dominant (i.e., less costly and more effective) vs alemtuzumab and natalizumab in pairwise comparisons, and the dominant strategy in fully incremental analyses. Incremental cost was driven largely by drug acquisition and administration costs, and incremental QALY gain largely by differences in delayed EDSS progression. Cladribine tablets had a 93% probability of being cost-effective at a threshold of GBP 30,000 per QALY gained, and remained dominant across the scenario analyses tested. The greatest influence on results was the treatment effect on disability progression derived from the ITC. LIMITATIONS Uncertainty over the efficacy of DMT beyond trial durations. In line with other comparative effectiveness analyses, the network meta-analysis informing this cost-effectiveness analysis was associated with a degree of uncertainty. No treatment switching analyses were undertaken. CONCLUSIONS Cladribine tablets are a cost-effective alternative to alemtuzumab and natalizumab in the treatment of HDA-RRMS from the perspective of the NHS in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hettle
- a Parexel Access Consulting, Parexel International , Uxbridge , UK
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19
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Ghai S, Ghai I. Effects of Rhythmic Auditory Cueing in Gait Rehabilitation for Multiple Sclerosis: A Mini Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29942278 PMCID: PMC6004404 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic auditory cueing has been shown to enhance gait performance in several movement disorders. The "entrainment effect" generated by the stimulations can enhance auditory motor coupling and instigate plasticity. However, a consensus as to its influence over gait training among patients with multiple sclerosis is still warranted. A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to analyze the effects of rhythmic auditory cueing in studies gait performance in patients with multiple sclerosis. This systematic identification of published literature was performed according to PRISMA guidelines, from inception until Dec 2017, on online databases: Web of science, PEDro, EBSCO, MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, and PROQUEST. Studies were critically appraised using PEDro scale. Of 602 records, five studies (PEDro score: 5.7 ± 1.3) involving 188 participants (144 females/40 males) met our inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed enhancements in spatiotemporal parameters of gait i.e., velocity (Hedge's g: 0.67), stride length (0.70), and cadence (1.0), and reduction in timed 25 feet walking test (-0.17). Underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, and clinical implications are discussed. This present review bridges the gaps in literature by suggesting application of rhythmic auditory cueing in conventional rehabilitation approaches to enhance gait performance in the multiple sclerosis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Ghai
- Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ishan Ghai
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Recognition of viral and self-antigens by T H 1 and T H 1/T H 17 central memory cells in patients with multiple sclerosis reveals distinct roles in immune surveillance and relapses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:797-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The Enigmatic Role of Viruses in Multiple Sclerosis: Molecular Mimicry or Disturbed Immune Surveillance? Trends Immunol 2017; 38:498-512. [PMID: 28549714 PMCID: PMC7185415 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a T cell driven autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite its association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), how viral infections promote MS remains unclear. However, there is increasing evidence that the CNS is continuously surveyed by virus-specific T cells, which protect against reactivating neurotropic viruses. Here, we discuss how viral infections could lead to the breakdown of self-tolerance in genetically predisposed individuals, and how the reactivations of viruses in the CNS could induce the recruitment of both autoaggressive and virus-specific T cell subsets, causing relapses and progressive disability. A disturbed immune surveillance in MS would explain several experimental findings, and has important implications for prognosis and therapy. A huge body of evidence suggests that viral infections promote MS; however, no single causal virus has been identified. Multiple viruses could promote MS via bystander effects. Molecular mimicry is an established pathogenic mechanism in selected autoimmune diseases. It is also well documented in MS, but its contribution to MS pathogenesis is still unclear. Bystander activation upon viral infection could be involved in the generation of the autoreactive and potentially encephalitogenic T helper (Th)-1/17 central memory (Th1/17CM) cells found in the circulation of patients with MS. Autoreactive Th1/17CM cells could expand at the cost of antiviral Th1CM cells in patients with MS, in particular in those undergoing natalizumab therapy, because these cells are expected to compete for the same homeostatic niche. Autoreactive Th1/17 cells and antiviral Th1 cells are recruited to the CSF of patients with MS following attacks, suggesting that viral reactivations in the CNS induce the recruitment of pathogenic Th1/17 cells. Autoreactive Th1/17 cells in the CNS might also induce de novo viral reactivations in a circuit of self-induced inflammation.
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Straudi S, Manfredini F, Lamberti N, Zamboni P, Bernardi F, Marchetti G, Pinton P, Bonora M, Secchiero P, Tisato V, Volpato S, Basaglia N. The effectiveness of Robot-Assisted Gait Training versus conventional therapy on mobility in severely disabled progressIve MultiplE sclerosis patients (RAGTIME): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2017; 18:88. [PMID: 28241776 PMCID: PMC5330064 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-1838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gait and mobility impairments affect the quality of life (QoL) of patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS). Robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) is an effective rehabilitative treatment but evidence of its superiority compared to other options is lacking. Furthermore, the response to rehabilitation is multidimensional, person-specific and possibly involves functional reorganization processes. The aims of this study are: (1) to test the effectiveness on gait speed, mobility, balance, fatigue and QoL of RAGT compared to conventional therapy (CT) in progressive MS and (2) to explore changes of clinical and circulating biomarkers of neural plasticity. Methods This will be a parallel-group, randomized controlled trial design with the assessor blinded to the group allocation of participants. Ninety-eight (49 per arm) progressive MS patients (EDSS scale 6–7) will be randomly assigned to receive twelve 2-h training sessions over a 4-week period (three sessions/week) of either: (1) RAGT intervention on a robotic-driven gait orthosis (Lokomat, Hocoma, Switzerland). The training parameters (torque of the knee and hip drives, treadmill speed, body weight support) are set during the first session and progressively adjusted during training progression or (2) individual conventional physiotherapy focusing on over-ground walking training performed with the habitual walking device. The same assessors will perform outcome measurements at four time points: baseline (before the first intervention session); intermediate (after six training sessions); end of treatment (after the completion of 12 sessions); and follow-up (after 3 months from the end of the training program). The primary outcome is gait speed, assessed by the Timed 25-Foot Walk Test. We will also assess walking endurance, balance, depression, fatigue and QoL as well as instrumental laboratory markers (muscle metabolism, cerebral venous hemodynamics, cortical activation) and circulating laboratory markers (rare circulating cell populations pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, growth factors, neurotrophic factors, coagulation factors, other plasma proteins suggested by transcriptomic analysis and metabolic parameters). Discussion The RAGT training is expected to improve mobility compared to the active control intervention in progressive MS. Unique to this study is the analysis of various potential markers of plasticity in relation with clinical outcomes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02421731. Registered on 19 January 2015 (retrospectively registered). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1838-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Straudi
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Manfredini
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Nicola Lamberti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Zamboni
- Unit of Translational Surgery and Vascular Diseases Center, Ferrara University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpato
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nino Basaglia
- Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Department, Ferrara University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124, Ferrara, Italy
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Schiess N, Huether K, Fatafta T, Fitzgerald KC, Calabresi PA, Blair I, Alsaadi T, Szolics M. How global MS prevalence is changing: A retrospective chart review in the United Arab Emirates. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2016; 9:73-9. [PMID: 27645349 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder leading to central nervous system inflammation. Traditionally, reported MS prevalence rates in the Middle East are low. Few studies include age/sex standardization giving an unreliable estimate of regional prevalence. OBJECTIVE to determine the prevalence, incidence and characteristics of MS in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted at the four largest hospitals in Abu Dhabi Emirate between 2010 and 2014. Data collected included MS type, age and symptoms at onset, expanded disability status scale, treatment, laboratory findings and family history. RESULTS 510 patients were identified consisting of 318 (62.2%) Emiratis and 192 (37.6%) expatriates. Total crude prevalence rate was 18/100,000 (95% CI: 10-30/100,000). Crude prevalence rate in Emiratis was 57.09 (95% CI:50 to 63/100,000) but increased to 64.44 (95% CI: 57 to 72/100,000) when age standardized. Age-standardized incidence rate in Emiratis was 6.0 MS cases per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 5.5 to 6.5 cases per 100,000 person-years). CONCLUSION At 64.44/100,000, the Abu Dhabi Emirati population has one of the highest, most reliable prevalence rate on the Arab peninsula. Age/sex standardized prevalence rates, uncommonly reported in the Middle East, should be standard for all prevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Schiess
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States.
| | - Katherine Huether
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Taghreed Fatafta
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Iain Blair
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Taoufik Alsaadi
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Miklos Szolics
- Johns Hopkins University, Neurology, 600 N. Wolfe St. Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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Su W, Kansal A, Vicente C, Deniz B, Sarda S. The cost-effectiveness of delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in Canada. J Med Econ 2016; 19:718-27. [PMID: 27080475 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2016.1164174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes significant disability and diminished quality-of-life. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastro-resistant DMF) is a new oral treatment for relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) approved in the US, Australia, Canada, and Europe. OBJECTIVES A cost-effectiveness model was developed to compare the health economic impact of DMF against other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) as first-line RRMS treatment from a Canadian Ministry of Health perspective. METHODS A Markov cohort model was developed to simulate patients' progression through health states based on the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) over a life-time horizon. Patients entered the model based on a distribution of baseline EDSS scores, from which they could progress to higher or regress to lower EDSS state, or remain in the same state. Relapses could occur at any EDSS score. Results from a mixed-treatment comparison were used to inform model inputs for disease progression and relapse rates per treatment. Costs included direct medical costs stratified by EDSS score. Utilities were accrued based on time spent in each EDSS state. RESULTS Compared with glatiramer acetate, DMF yielded 0.528 incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at an incremental cost of $23 338 Canadian dollars (CAD), resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of CAD $44 118/QALY. The ICER for DMF compared with Rebif 44 mcg was CAD $10 672. Results were consistent across a wide range of one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS Based on traditional cost-effectiveness thresholds in Canada (CAD $50 000-60 000), DMF can be considered a cost-effective option compared to other first-line DMTs.
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Liu J, Liu X, Liu Y, Deng S, Huang H, Chen Q, Liu W, Huang Z. Association of EVI5 rs11808092, CD58 rs2300747, and CIITA rs3087456 polymorphisms with multiple sclerosis risk: A meta-analysis. Meta Gene 2016; 9:97-103. [PMID: 27331013 PMCID: PMC4908284 DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with a strong genetic component. Previous studies have reported that the association of EVI5 rs11808092, CD58 rs2300747, and CIITA rs3087456 polymorphisms with the susceptibility to MS. However, the results were inconsistent. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to provide a more accurate estimation of the association between any of these polymorphisms and MS risk. Methods The PubMed, Embase, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang databases and MSGene were used to search all potentially relevant studies. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to investigate the associations between these three polymorphisms and MS risk. Results 16 independent case–control studies from 12 publications were finally included into this meta-analysis. The results showed that EVI5 rs11808092 polymorphism was related with increasing the development of MS under five genetic models (allelic: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.10–1.24, P < 0.01; homozygous: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.18–1.59, P < 0.01; heterozygous: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.07–1.26, P < 0.01; recessive: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.11–1.48, P < 0.01; and dominant: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.11–1.48, P < 0.01). CD58 rs2300747 polymorphism was found to be associated with decreasing MS risk in three genetic models (allelic: OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.78–0.94, P < 0.01; heterozygous: OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.76–0.94, P < 0.01, and dominant: OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76–0.93, P < 0.01). However, this meta-analysis indicated that CIITA rs3087456 polymorphism was not related to multiple sclerosis. Conclusions The mutant alleles of EVI5 rs11808092 polymorphism may increase the susceptibility to MS while those of CD58 rs2300747 polymorphism may decrease MS risk. In addition, CIITA rs3087456 polymorphism might not be associated with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Shimin Deng
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Hongbin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qicong Chen
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China; Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
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Chevalier J, Chamoux C, Hammès F, Chicoye A. Cost-Effectiveness of Treatments for Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A French Societal Perspective. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150703. [PMID: 26987055 PMCID: PMC4795754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The paper aimed to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) at the public published price for delayed-release dimethyl fumarate versus relevant Multiple Sclerosis disease-modifying therapies available in France in June 2015. METHODS The economic model was adapted to the French setting in accordance with the Haute Autorité de Santé guidelines using a model previously developed for NICE. A cohort of Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients was simulated over a 30-year time horizon. Twenty one health states were taken into account: Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0-9 for Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis patients, EDSS 0-9 for Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis patients, and death. Estimates of relative treatment efficacy were determined using a mixed-treatment comparison. Probabilities of events were derived from the dimethyl fumarate pivotal clinical trials and the London Ontario Dataset. Costs and utilities were extracted from the published literature from both the payer and societal perspectives. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model results. RESULTS From both perspectives, dimethyl fumarate and interferon beta-1a (IFN beta-1a) 44 mcg were the two optimal treatments, as the other treatments (IFN beta-1a 30 mcg, IFN beta-1b 250 mcg, teriflunomide, glatiramer acetate, fingolimod) were dominated on the efficiency frontier. From the societal perspective, dimethyl fumarate versus IFN beta-1a 44 mcg incurred an incremental cost of €3,684 and an incremental quality-adjusted life year (QALY) of 0.281, corresponding to an ICER of €13,110/QALY. CONCLUSIONS Despite no reference threshold for France, dimethyl fumarate can be considered as a cost-effective option as it is on the efficiency frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chevalier
- Real World Strategy and Analytics, Mapi Group, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Catherine Chamoux
- Economie de Santé & Affaires Gouvernementales, Biogen France SAS, Nanterre, France
| | - Florence Hammès
- Economie de Santé & Affaires Gouvernementales, Biogen France SAS, Nanterre, France
| | - Annie Chicoye
- Real World Strategy and Analytics, Mapi Group, Paris, France
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Jiang L, Bai X, Wang Y, Wei M. Association Between CD24-P226-C/T Polymorphism and Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:321-30. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.1003650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dorman E, Kansal AR, Sarda S. The budget impact of introducing delayed-release dimethyl fumarate for treatment of relapse-remitting multiple sclerosis in Canada. J Med Econ 2015; 18:1085-91. [PMID: 26390149 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2015.1076826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes significant disability globally and is especially prevalent in Canada. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastro-resistant DMF) is an orally administered disease-modifying treatment (DMT) for patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) that is currently on the market in the US, Australia, Canada, and Europe. A budget impact model (BIM) was developed to assess the financial consequences of introducing DMF for treatment of RRMS in Canada. METHODS A BIM calculated the financial consequences of introducing DMF in Canada over 3 years based on RRMS prevalence, treatment market share, and clinical effects. RRMS prevalence in Canada was derived from published literature and natural relapse rates, and disease state distribution from clinical trial data. It was conservatively assumed that 100% of RRMS patients were treated with a DMT. DMF was assumed to absorb market share proportionally from the following current treatments: interferon beta-1a-IM, interferon beta-1a-SC, interferon beta-1b, and glatiramer acetate. Treatment efficacy, in terms of relapse rate reductions and treatment discontinuation rates, was determined from mixed treatment comparison. Treatment costs (including costs of acquisition, monitoring, and administration) and cost of relapse were considered. Deterministic one-way sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the most sensitive input parameters. RESULTS Over 3 years, the introduction of DMF resulted in an average annual increase of CAD417 per treated patient per year, with reductions in costs associated with relapses (CAD192/patient/year) partially offsetting increased drug acquisition costs (CAD602/patient/year). On a population level, the average annual cost increase was CAD24,654,237, a CAD 0.68 increase per population covered by the Canadian healthcare system. The main drivers of budget impact were drop-out rates, proportion of RRMS patients treated, and market share assumptions. CONCLUSIONS The acquisition costs of DMF for treatment of RRMS are predicted to be partially offset by reduced costs of relapses in the Canadian healthcare system.
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Majdinasab N, Hosseini Behbahani M, Galehdari H, Mohaghegh M. Association of interleukin 7 receptor gene polymorphism rs6897932 with multiple sclerosis patients in Khuzestan. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY 2014; 13:168-71. [PMID: 25422737 PMCID: PMC4240935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of central nervous system with unknown causes. Etiology of MS involves both genetic and environment factors. The interleukin 7 receptor (IL7R) gene is a promising candidate for MS, because its involvement in the autoimmunity, regulation of the T-cell homeostasis, proliferation, and anti-apoptotic signaling. METHODS We investigated the association of the IL7R gene polymorphism rs6897932 in MS patients in a case and control study. In this case and control study participating, 127 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients (mean age: 32.25, age range: 16-57) selected according McDonald criteria, and 109 ethnically, sex and age matched healthy control (mean age: 27.44, age range: 14-63) with no personal or family history of autoimmune diseases were studied. DNA was extracted from whole blood using high pure polymerase chain reaction template preparation kit from Roch Company. Amplification refractory mutation system method was applied to define the genotyping C/T within exon 6 of the IL7R gene among individuals. RESULTS Evaluation of the IL7R gene polymorphism revealed that the T allele and the C/T and T/T genotypes are present in 53.5%, 42.5%, 4.0%, and 68.8%, 26.6%, 4.6% in MS patients and controls, respectively. Comparison between alleles and genotypes in the MS patients and healthy controls show significant differences (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION The distribution of the rs6897932 polymorphism is significantly different in our case/control study in Khuzestan Province. This single nucleotide polymorphism causes alternative splicing in exon 6 of the IL7R gene with possible influence of the autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Majdinasab
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center AND Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Galehdari
- Departmanet of Genetic, School of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohaghegh
- Departmanet of Genetic, School of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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A woman with sensory deficits, paresthesias, and ataxia. JAAPA 2014; 27:34-6, 38. [DOI: 10.1097/01.jaa.0000443966.23610.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Observations on the brain vasculature in multiple sclerosis: A historical perspective. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 3:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 selectively and reversibly impairs T helper-cell CNS localization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:21101-6. [PMID: 24324134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306072110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologic targeting of T helper (TH) cell trafficking poses an attractive opportunity for amelioration of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS risk is associated with vitamin D deficiency, and its bioactive form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], has been shown to prevent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of MS, via an incompletely understood mechanism. Herein, we systematically examined 1,25(OH)2D3 effects on TH cells during their migration from the lymph nodes to the CNS. Our data demonstrate that myelin-reactive TH cells are successfully generated in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, secrete proinflammatory cytokines, and do not preferentially differentiate into suppressor T cells. These cells are able to leave the lymph node, enter the peripheral circulation, and migrate to the s.c. immunization sites. However, TH cells from 1,25(OH)2D3-treated mice are unable to enter the CNS parenchyma but are instead maintained in the periphery. Upon treatment cessation, mice rapidly develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, demonstrating that 1,25(OH)2D3 prevents the disease only temporarily likely by halting TH cell migration into the CNS.
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Dzieżyc K, Litwin T, Członkowska A. Multiple sclerosis in two patients with coexisting Wilson's disease. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 3:387-90. [PMID: 25876478 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism with main hepatic and neurological symptoms. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and inflammatory demyelinating disease. We present two patients with coexisting WD and MS. In both cases the diagnosis of MS preceded diagnosis of WD. Both patients exhibited neurological signs typical of MS (internuclear palsy, optic neuritis). The first one displayed typical signs of WD (hypomimia, sialorrhea, behavioral changes). The second patient had liver injury without any neurological symptoms. In both cases clinical course of MS was very mild (17 and 12 years of observation) which may be caused by immunosuppressive effect of free copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Dzieżyc
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02 957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02 957 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Członkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Sobieskiego 9, 02 957 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Olival GSD, Lima BM, Sumita LM, Serafim V, Fink MC, Nali LH, Romano CM, Thomaz RB, Cavenaghi VB, Tilbery CP, Penalva-de-Oliveira AC. Multiple sclerosis and herpesvirus interaction. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2013; 71:727-30. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20130160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and its etiology is believed to have both genetic and environmental components. Several viruses have already been implicated as triggers and there are several studies that implicate members of the Herpesviridae family in the pathogenesis of MS. The most important characteristic of these viruses is that they have periods of latency and exacerbations within their biological sanctuary, the central nervous system. The Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 viruses are the members that are most studied as being possible triggers of multiple sclerosis. According to evidence in the literature, the herpesvirus family is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, but it is unlikely that they are the only component responsible for its development. There are probably multiple triggers and more studies are necessary to investigate and define these interactions.
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Alwan S, Sadovnick AD. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: maternal considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:399-414. [PMID: 22757731 DOI: 10.2217/whe.12.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most commonly acquired neurological disorder affecting young adults of reproductive age with approximately a 3:1 female-to-male ratio. Pregnancy is not contraindicated in MS but remains to be an issue that raises many questions. Although relapse rates tend to increase in the first 3 months postpartum, pregnancy does not seem to be a detriment to the long-term progression of MS and has a protective effect on reducing relapses, especially during the third trimester. MS does not appear to affect fertility or increase the risk of congenital anomalies or pregnancy complications. There has been some evidence that maternal treatment with β interferons, the most commonly used disease-modifying therapies in MS, may cause adverse reproductive outcomes, prompting the US FDA to issue warnings about their use at conception and during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sura Alwan
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Vancouver Coastal Health Authority-UBC Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Spiro DB. Early onset multiple sclerosis: a review for nurse practitioners. J Pediatr Health Care 2012; 26:399-408. [PMID: 23099306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that 3.5% to 5% of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) present before the age of 18 years. MS can present in early childhood through adolescence and must be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with motor impairment, sensory changes, and cognitive disability. The diagnosis of early-onset MS is based on findings from a complete history and physical examination along with brain and spine imaging. The purpose of this article is to review recent literature on early-onset MS and offer suggestions or clinical practice in the identification and management of patients with this debilitating disease.
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, the clinical features and pathological correlate for which were first described by Charcot, is a chronic neuroinflammatory disease with unknown etiology and variable clinical evolution. Although neuroinflammation is a descriptive denominator in multiple sclerosis based on histopathological observations, namely the penetration of leukocytes into the central nervous system, the clinical symptoms of relapses, remissions and progressive paralysis are the result of losses of myelin and neurons. In the absence of etiological factors as targets for prevention and therapy, the definition of molecular mechanisms that form the basis of inflammation, demyelination and toxicity for neurons have led to a number of treatments that slow down disease progression in specific patient cohorts, but that do not cure the disease. Current therapies are directed to block the immune processes, both innate and adaptive, that are associated with multiple sclerosis. In this review, we analyze the role of cytokines in the multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and current/future use of them in treatments of multiple sclerosis.
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H(1)R expression by CD11B(+) cells is not required for susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:27-34. [PMID: 23121973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The histamine H(1) receptor (Hrh1/H(1)R) was identified as an autoimmune disease gene in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the principal autoimmune model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previously, we showed that selective re-expression of H(1)R by endothelial cells or T cells in H(1)RKO mice significantly reduced or complemented EAE severity and cytokine responses, respectively. H(1)R regulates innate immune cells, which in turn influences peripheral and central nervous system CD4(+) T cell effector responses. Therefore, we selectively re-expressed H(1)R in CD11b(+) cells of H(1)RKO mice to test the hypothesis that H(1)R signaling in these cells contributes to EAE susceptibility. We demonstrate that transgenic re-expression of H(1)R by H(1)RKO-CD11b(+) cells neither complements EAE susceptibility nor T cell cytokine responses highlighting the cell-specific effects of Hrh1 in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS, and the need for cell-specific targeting in optimizing therapeutic interventions based on such genes.
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Treadmill training in multiple sclerosis: can body weight support or robot assistance provide added value? A systematic review. Mult Scler Int 2012; 2012:240274. [PMID: 22701177 PMCID: PMC3369491 DOI: 10.1155/2012/240274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This systematic review critically analyzes the literature on the effectiveness of treadmill training (TT), body-weight-supported TT (BWSTT), and robot-assisted TT (RATT) in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), with focus on gait-related outcome measurements. Method. Electronic databases (Pubmed, Pedro, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and reference lists of articles and narrative reviews were searched. Pre-, quasi- and true-experimental studies were included if adult persons with MS were involved in TT, BWSTT, or RATT intervention studies published before 2012. Descriptive analysis was performed and two researchers scored the methodological quality of the studies. Results. 5 true- and 3 preexperimental studies (mean quality score: 66%) have been included. In total 161 persons with MS were involved (TT, BWSTT, or RATT, 6–42 sessions; 2–5x/week; 3–21 weeks). Significant improvements in walking speed and endurance were reported. Furthermore, improvements of step length, double-support time, and Expanded Disability Status Scale were found. Conclusions. There is a limited number of published papers related to TT in persons with MS, concluding that TT, BWSTT, and RATT improve the walking speed and endurance. However, it is not clear what type of TT is most effective. RCTs with larger but more homogeneous populations are needed.
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Matesanz F, González-Pérez A, Lucas M, Sanna S, Gayán J, Urcelay E, Zara I, Pitzalis M, Cavanillas ML, Arroyo R, Zoledziewska M, Marrosu M, Fernández O, Leyva L, Alcina A, Fedetz M, Moreno-Rey C, Velasco J, Real LM, Ruiz-Peña JL, Cucca F, Ruiz A, Izquierdo G. Genome-wide association study of multiple sclerosis confirms a novel locus at 5p13.1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36140. [PMID: 22570697 PMCID: PMC3343041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive and disabling neurological condition affecting young adults in the world today. From a genetic point of view, MS is a complex disorder resulting from the combination of genetic and non-genetic factors. We aimed to identify previously unidentified loci conducting a new GWAS of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in a sample of 296 MS cases and 801 controls from the Spanish population. Meta-analysis of our data in combination with previous GWAS was done. A total of 17 GWAS-significant SNPs, corresponding to three different loci were identified:HLA, IL2RA, and 5p13.1. All three have been previously reported as GWAS-significant. We confirmed our observation in 5p13.1 for rs9292777 using two additional independent Spanish samples to make a total of 4912 MS cases and 7498 controls (ORpooled = 0.84; 95%CI: 0.80–0.89; p = 1.36×10-9). This SNP differs from the one reported within this locus in a recent GWAS. Although it is unclear whether both signals are tapping the same genetic association, it seems clear that this locus plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Lucas
- Servicio de Biología Molecular, Hospital Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Javier Gayán
- Department of Structural Genomics, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Urcelay
- Immunology Department, H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ilenia Zara
- Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia (CRS4), AGCT, Parco tecnologico della Sardegna, Pula, Italy
| | | | - María L. Cavanillas
- Immunology Department, H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Arroyo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, H. Clínico S. Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria S. Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Marisa Marrosu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche e Cardiovascolari, Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Leyva
- Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Neurociencias Clínicas, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Alcina
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Fedetz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López Neyra”, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan Velasco
- Department of Structural Genomics, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis M. Real
- Department of Structural Genomics, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monserrato, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Department of Structural Genomics, Neocodex, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Menon R, Di Dario M, Cordiglieri C, Musio S, La Mantia L, Milanese C, Di Stefano AL, Crabbio M, Franciotta D, Bergamaschi R, Pedotti R, Medico E, Farina C. Gender-based blood transcriptomes and interactomes in multiple sclerosis: Involvement of SP1 dependent gene transcription. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:J144-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Bove RM, Healy B, Augustine A, Musallam A, Gholipour T, Chitnis T. Effect of gender on late-onset multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2012; 18:1472-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458512438236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to examine the incidence and disease course of late-onset multiple sclerosis (LOMS) compared with adult-onset MS (AOMS) in our clinic cohort, stratified based on gender and race, since both have been reported as important modifiers of disease outcomes in MS. Methods: Patients with LOMS and AOMS were compared in terms of demographic characteristics and disease course characteristics. Combined effects were investigated with a logistic regression model. Time from disease onset to sustained Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 6 was investigated using an extension of log-rank test appropriate for interval-censored data. Results: Some 7.96% of 4273 patients studied had an onset of MS after the age of 50 years (LOMS), and 1.33% experienced an onset after age 60. Progressive onset was more common in LOMS relative to AOMS. The proportion of women with progressive-onset disease was similar in AOMS and LOMS. Time to EDSS 6 was delayed in AOMS females compared with males; however, it was similar between males and females in the LOMS group. Conclusions: Women with LOMS have a different trajectory in terms of disease progression than women with AOMS. The effect of menopause combined with race/ethnicity on the MS disease course requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Brian Healy
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Ann Augustine
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Alexander Musallam
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Taha Gholipour
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners Multiple Sclerosis Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, USA
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CMV infection attenuates the disease course in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32767. [PMID: 22393447 PMCID: PMC3290597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests that active CMV infection may result in more benign clinical disease. The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether underlying murine CMV (MCMV) infection affects the course of the Theiler's murine encephalitis virus (TMEV) induced murine model of MS. A group of eight TMEV-infected mice were co-infected with MCMV at 2 weeks prior to TMEV infection while a second group of TMEV-infected mice received MCMV two weeks post TMEV. We also used 2 control groups, where at the above time points MCMV was replaced with PBS. Outcome measures included (1) monthly monitoring of disability via rotarod for 8 months; (2) in vivo MRI for brain atrophy studies and (3) FACS analysis of brain infiltrating lymphocytes at 8 months post TMEV infection. Co-infection with MCMV influenced the disease course in mice infected prior to TMEV infection. In this group, rotarod detectable motor performance was significantly improved starting 3 months post-infection and beyond (p≤0.024). In addition, their brain atrophy was close to 30% reduced at 8 months, but this was only present as a trend due to low power (p = 0.19). A significant reduction in the proportion of brain infiltrating CD3+ cells was detected in this group (p = 0.026), while the proportion of CD45+ Mac1+ cells significantly increased (p = 0.003). There was also a strong trend for a reduced proportion of CD4+ cells (p = 0.17) while CD8 and B220+ cell proportion did not change. These findings support an immunomodulatory effect of MCMV infection in this MS model. Future studies in this co-infection model will provide insight into mechanisms which modulate the development of demyelination and may be utilized for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Hedrich CM, Rauen T. Epigenetic patterns in systemic sclerosis and their contribution to attenuated CD70 signaling cascades. Clin Immunol 2012; 143:1-3. [PMID: 22386864 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurological condition typically affecting women of childbearing age. This review addresses questions that often arise in this patient group during pregnancy including the effects of pregnancy on relapse rates and long-term disease course, up-to-date advice on the use of disease-modifying MS treatments during pregnancy, the management of relapses in pregnancy and postpartum and current advice on breast feeding. RECENT FINDINGS Pregnancy is associated with a reduction in relapse frequency most marked in the final trimester with a comparable increase in relapse risk in the first 3 months postpartum. Studies examining exposure to MS therapies glatiramer acetate and interferon-beta during pregnancy have produced few negative outcomes offering the possibility of offering treatment until conception. Although initial data suggested breast feeding reduced MS relapses, the latest study demonstrated no significant benefit. SUMMARY Pregnancy is safe in most MS patients and does not negatively influence MS disease course overall. Use of disease-modifying treatments around conception should be considered on a case-by-case basis, weighing risks of drug exposure against risks of relapses. Whether breast feeding produces beneficial effects on MS relapses remain inconclusive.
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Boström I, Landtblom AM, Lauer K. An ecological study of industry in a high-risk region of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2011; 311:50-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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De Jager PL. Genome-wide association study of severity in multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2011; 12:615-25. [PMID: 21654844 PMCID: PMC3640650 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system with a strong genetic component. Several lines of evidence support a strong role for genetic factors influencing both disease susceptibility and clinical outcome in MS. Identification of genetic variants that distinguish particular disease subgroups and/or predict a severe clinical outcome is critical to further our understanding of disease mechanisms and guide development of effective therapeutic approaches. We studied 1470 MS cases and performed a genome-wide association study of more than 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms to identify loci influencing disease severity, measured using the MS severity score (MSSS), a measure of clinical disability. Of note, no single result achieved genome-wide significance. Furthermore, variants within previously confirmed MS susceptibility loci do not appear to influence severity. Although bioinformatic analyses highlight certain pathways that are over-represented in our results, we conclude that the genetic architecture of disease severity is likely polygenic and comprised of modest effects, similar to what has been described for MS susceptibility, to date. However, a role for major effects of rare variants cannot be excluded. Importantly, our results also show the MSSS, when considered as a binary or continuous phenotype variable is by comparison a stable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- PL De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Program in Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Opdenakker G, Van Damme J. Probing cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases towards better immunotherapies of multiple sclerosis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2011; 22:359-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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Hedrich CM, Tsokos GC. Epigenetic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:714-24. [PMID: 21885342 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic origin of autoimmune diseases can be traced to both genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modifications arising from exposure to the environment. Epigenetic modifications influence gene expression and alter cellular functions without modifying the genomic sequence. CpG-DNA methylation, histone tail modifications and microRNAs (miRNAs) are the main epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases is essential for the introduction of effective, target-directed and tolerated therapies. In this review, we summarize recent findings that signify the importance of epigenetic modifications in autoimmune disorders while focusing on systemic lupus erythematosus. We also discuss future directions in basic research, autoimmune diagnostics and applied therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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