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Zeng T, Zang W, Xiao H, Jiang Y, Lin S, Wang M, Li S, Li L, Li C, Lu C, Yang H. Carrier-Free Nanovaccine: An Innovative Strategy for Ultrahigh Melanoma Neoantigen Loading. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18114-18127. [PMID: 37695697 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
In personalized cancer immunotherapy, developing an effective neoantigen nanovaccine with high immunogenicity is a significant challenge. Traditional nanovaccine delivery systems often require nanocarriers, which can hinder the delivery of the neoantigen and cause significant toxicity. In this study, we present an innovative strategy of carrier-free nanovaccine achieved through direct self-assembly of 2'-fluorinated CpG (2'F-CpG) with melanoma neoantigen peptide (Obsl1). Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the introduction of a fluorine atom into CpG increases the noncovalent interaction between 2'F-CpG and Obsl1, which enhanced the loading of Obsl1 on 2'F-CpG, resulting in the spontaneous formation of a hybrid 2'F-CpG/Obsl1 nanovaccine. This nanovaccine without extra nanocarriers showed ultrahigh Obsl1 loading up to 83.19 wt %, increasing the neoantigen peptide uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In C57BL/6 mice models, we demonstrated the long-term preventive and therapeutic effects of the prepared 2'F-CpG/Obsl1 nanovaccine against B16F10 melanoma. Immunocellular analysis revealed that the nanovaccine activated innate and adaptive immune responses to cancer cells. Hence, this study established a simple, safe, and effective preparation strategy for a carrier-free neoantigen nanovaccine, which could be adapted for the future design of personalized cancer vaccines in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Zang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Structure of Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Sang Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Liannishang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunsen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure of Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanghao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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Weng J, Li S, Zhu Z, Liu Q, Zhang R, Yang Y, Li X. Exploring immunotherapy in colorectal cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:95. [PMID: 35842707 PMCID: PMC9288068 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy combined with or without targeted therapy is the fundamental treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Due to the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and the biological characteristics of the tumor cells, it is difficult to make breakthroughs in traditional strategies. The immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) therapy has made significant progress in the treatment of advanced malignant tumors, and patients who benefit from this therapy may obtain a long-lasting response. Unfortunately, immunotherapy is only effective in a limited number of patients with microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), and segment initial responders can subsequently develop acquired resistance. From September 4, 2014, the first anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drug Pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA for the second-line treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Subsequently, it was approved for mCRC second-line treatment in 2017. Immunotherapy has rapidly developed in the past 7 years. The in-depth research of the ICB treatment indicated that the mechanism of colorectal cancer immune-resistance has become gradually clear, and new predictive biomarkers are constantly emerging. Clinical trials examining the effect of immune checkpoints are actively carried out, in order to produce long-lasting effects for mCRC patients. This review summarizes the treatment strategies for mCRC patients, discusses the mechanism and application of ICB in mCRC treatment, outlines the potential markers of the ICB efficacy, lists the key results of the clinical trials, and collects the recent basic research results, in order to provide a theoretical basis and practical direction for immunotherapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Weng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shanbao Li
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ruoxin Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yufei Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinxiang Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong'an Road, Xuhui, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Connolly KA, Fitzgerald B, Damo M, Joshi NS. Novel Mouse Models for Cancer Immunology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2022; 6:269-291. [PMID: 36875867 PMCID: PMC9979244 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-070620-105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models for the study of cancer immunology provide excellent systems in which to test biological mechanisms of the immune response against cancer. Historically, these models have been designed to have different strengths based on the current major research questions at the time. As such, many mouse models of immunology used today were not originally developed to study questions currently plaguing the relatively new field of cancer immunology, but instead have been adapted for such purposes. In this review, we discuss various mouse model of cancer immunology in a historical context as a means to provide a fuller perspective of each model's strengths. From this outlook, we discuss the current state of the art and strategies for tackling future modeling challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Connolly
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Brittany Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Martina Damo
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Nikhil S Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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Kerr MD, McBride DA, Chumber AK, Shah NJ. Combining therapeutic vaccines with chemo- and immunotherapies in the treatment of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:89-99. [PMID: 32867561 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have spurred interest in the development of vaccines to mediate prophylactic protection and therapeutic efficacy against primary tumors or to prevent relapse. However, immunosuppressive mechanisms employed by cancer cells to generate effective resistance have hampered clinical translation of therapeutic cancer vaccines. To enhance vaccine efficacy, the immunomodulatory properties of cytoreductive therapies could amplify a cancer-specific immune response. AREAS COVERED Herein, the authors discuss therapeutic cancer vaccines that harness whole cells and antigen-targeted vaccines. First, recent advancements in both autologous and allogeneic whole-cell vaccines and combinations with checkpoint blockade and chemotherapy are reviewed. Next, tumor antigen-targeted vaccines using peptide-based vaccines and DNA-vaccines are discussed. Finally, combination therapies using antigen-targeted vaccines are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION A deeper understanding of the immunostimulatory properties of cytoreductive therapies has supported their utility in combination therapies involving cancer vaccines as a potential strategy to induce a durable anti-tumor immune response for multiple types of cancers. Based on current evidence, combination therapies may have synergies that depend on the identity of the cytotoxic agent, vaccine target, dosing schedule, and cancer type. Together, these observations suggest that combining cancer vaccines with immunomodulatory cytoreductive therapy is a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Kerr
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David A McBride
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Arun K Chumber
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nisarg J Shah
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Chemical Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Center for Nano-Immuno Engineering, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,Program in Immunology, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA.,San Diego Center for Precision Immunotherapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California , San Diego, CA, USA
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Elizondo CR, Bright JD, Byrne JA, Bright RK. Analysis of the CD8+ IL-10+ T cell response elicited by vaccination with the oncogenic tumor-self protein D52. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1413-1423. [PMID: 31769704 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cancer vaccines targeting tumor self-antigens is complex and challenging due to the difficulty of overcoming immune tolerance to self-proteins. Vaccination against tumor self-protein D52 (D52) has been successful, although complete protection appears impaired by immune regulation. Our previous studies suggest that vaccine elicited CD8 + T cells producing interleukin 10 (IL-10) may have a negative impact on tumor protection. Understanding the role CD8+ IL-10 + T cells play in the immune response following vaccination with D52 could result in a more potent vaccine. To address this, we vaccinated IL-10 deficient mice with the murine orthologue of D52; vaccination of wild type (wt) C57BL/6J served as a control for comparison. In separate experiments, D52 vaccinated wt mice were administered IL-10R-specific mAb to neutralize IL-10 function. Interestingly, we observed similar protection against primary tumor challenge in the experimental groups compared to the controls. However, individual IL-10 deficient mice that rejected the primary tumor challenge were re-challenged 140 days post-primary challenge to access vaccine durability and immunologic memory against tumor recurrence. Mice deficient in IL-10 demonstrated a memory response in which 100% of the mice were protected from secondary tumor challenge, while wt mice had diminished recall response (25%) against tumor recurrence. These results with analysis of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells for tumor-specific killing and regulatory cell marker expression, add further support to our premise that CD8+ IL-10 + T cells elicited by D52 tumor-self protein vaccine contribute to the suppression of a memory CTL responses and durable tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riccay Elizondo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer D Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Byrne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney , Westmead, Australia
| | - Robert K Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA.,Cancer Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX, USA
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Lybaert L, Vermaelen K, De Geest BG, Nuhn L. Immunoengineering through cancer vaccines – A personalized and multi-step vaccine approach towards precise cancer immunity. J Control Release 2018; 289:125-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Manrique-Rincón AJ, de Carvalho AC, Ribeiro de Camargo ME, Franchini KG, Bajgelman MC. Development of a flow cytometry assay which allows to evaluate the efficiency of immunomodulatory vaccines to enhance T cell-mediated antitumor response. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:11-16. [PMID: 30053502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Since tumor cells exhibit low immunogenicity and can induce several mechanisms of tolerance, the use of monoclonal antibodies or other immunomodulators, targeting costimulation of T cells may mediate the inhibition of immunosuppressive mechanisms, favouring immune surveillance and enhancing the detection and elimination of tumor cells. We developed a new in vitro assay, based on flow cytometry, which allows exploring the therapeutic potential of tumor-derived immunomodulatory lineages, enhancing anti-tumor response. We generated tumor-derived cells that simultaneously co-express eGFP and one immunomodulatory molecule (OX40L, 4-1BBL or GM-CSF). These genetically modified tumor-derived cells are irradiated and then incubated with primary T cells to evaluate the killing activity, which can be estimated by a decrease in the eGFP positive cells. The results have shown correlation with in vivo experiments. This model may contribute to the development of high-throughput assays for the screening of immunomodulators and a reduction in the use of experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Manrique-Rincón
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas-SP, Brazil; Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
| | - Anna C de Carvalho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Kleber G Franchini
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas-SP, Brazil; Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcio C Bajgelman
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas-SP, Brazil; Medical School, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil; Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas-SP, Brazil.
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8
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Reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme. Nat Biotechnol 2018; 36:758-764. [PMID: 30010674 PMCID: PMC6078800 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression by upregulation of interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of the predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Whether these effects are due to Trp depletion in the TME or mediated by the accumulation of the IDO1 and/or TDO (hereafter referred to as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn) remains controversial. Here we show that administration of a pharmacologically optimized enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; hereafter referred to as PEG-KYNase) that degrades Kyn into immunologically inert, nontoxic and readily cleared metabolites inhibits tumor growth. Enzyme treatment was associated with a marked increase in the tumor infiltration and proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes. We show that PEG-KYNase administration had substantial therapeutic effects when combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or with a cancer vaccine for the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma or CT26 colon carcinoma tumors. PEG-KYNase mediated prolonged depletion of Kyn in the TME and reversed the modulatory effects of IDO1/TDO upregulation in the TME.
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Pan J, Wang Y, Zhang C, Wang X, Wang H, Wang J, Yuan Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Yu C, Sun SK, Yan XP. Antigen-Directed Fabrication of a Multifunctional Nanovaccine with Ultrahigh Antigen Loading Efficiency for Tumor Photothermal-Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1704408. [PMID: 29318677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Current antigen-encapsulated multifunctional nanovaccines for oncotherapy suffer from limited antigen loading efficiency, low yield, tedious manufacture, and systemic toxicity. Here, an antigen-directed strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional nanovaccine with ultrahigh antigen loading efficiency in a facile way for tumor photothermal-immunotherapy is shown. As a proof of concept, a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) is used as a natural carrier to load a representative theranostic agent indocyanine green (ICG). Mixing OVA and ICG in aqueous solution gives the simplest multifunctional nanovaccine so far. The nanovaccine owns antigen loading efficiency of 80.8%, high yield of >90%, intense near-infrared absorption and fluorescence, excellent reproducibility, good aqueous solubility and stability, and favorable biocompatibility. These merits not only guarantee sensitive labeling/tracking and efficient stimulation of dendritic cells, but also reliable imaging-guided photothermal-immunotherapy of tumors and tumor prevention. The proposed strategy provides a facile and robust method for large-scale and reproducible fabrication of multifunctional nanovaccines with ultrahigh antigen loading efficiency for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Pan
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Biosensing, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Yizhong Yuan
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shao-Kai Sun
- School of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300203, China
| | - Xiu-Ping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Analytical Foodsafetiology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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Guo G, Yu M, Xiao W, Celis E, Cui Y. Local Activation of p53 in the Tumor Microenvironment Overcomes Immune Suppression and Enhances Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2017; 77:2292-2305. [PMID: 28280037 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in tumor suppressor p53 remain a vital mechanism of tumor escape from apoptosis and senescence. Emerging evidence suggests that p53 dysfunction also fuels inflammation and supports tumor immune evasion, thereby serving as an immunological driver of tumorigenesis. Therefore, targeting p53 in the tumor microenvironment (TME) also represents an immunologically desirable strategy for reversing immunosuppression and enhancing antitumor immunity. Using a pharmacological p53 activator nutlin-3a, we show that local p53 activation in TME comprising overt tumor-infiltrating leukocytes (TILeus) induces systemic antitumor immunity and tumor regression, but not in TME with scarce TILeus, such as B16 melanoma. Maneuvers that recruit leukocytes to TME, such as TLR3 ligand in B16 tumors, greatly enhanced nutlin-induced antitumor immunity and tumor control. Mechanistically, nutlin-3a-induced antitumor immunity was contingent on two nonredundant but immunologically synergistic p53-dependent processes: reversal of immunosuppression in the TME and induction of tumor immunogenic cell death, leading to activation and expansion of polyfunctional CD8 CTLs and tumor regression. Our study demonstrates that unlike conventional tumoricidal therapies, which rely on effective p53 targeting in each tumor cell and often associate with systemic toxicity, this immune-based strategy requires only limited local p53 activation to alter the immune landscape of TME and subsequently amplify immune response to systemic antitumor immunity. Hence, targeting the p53 pathway in TME can be exploited to reverse immunosuppression and augment therapeutic benefits beyond tumoricidal effects to harness tumor-specific, durable, and systemic antitumor immunity with minimal toxicity. Cancer Res; 77(9); 2292-305. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Guo
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Miao Yu
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Wei Xiao
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Yan Cui
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Georgia Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Qian Y, Jin H, Qiao S, Dai Y, Huang C, Lu L, Luo Q, Zhang Z. Targeting dendritic cells in lymph node with an antigen peptide-based nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2016; 98:171-83. [PMID: 27192420 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of peptide-based subunit vaccine formulations for the direct delivery of tumor antigen peptides (Aps) to dendritic cells (DCs) localized within draining lymph nodes (DLNs) is challenging. Mature DCs (mDCs) are abundantly distributed within DLNs but have dramatically reduced endocytic uptake and antigen-processing abilities, so their role as potential vaccine targets has been largely overlooked. Here we report an ultra-small biocompatible nanovaccine (α-Ap-FNP) functionalized by avidly targeting delivery of Ap via the scavenger receptor class B1 (SR-B1) pathway to mDCs. The self-assembly, small size (∼30 nm), SR-B1-targeting and optical properties of α-Ap-FNP resulted in its efficient Ap loading, substantial LN accumulation, targeting of mDCs and enhanced Ap presentation, and fluorescence trafficking, respectively. We also demonstrate that the α-Ap-FNP can be either used alone or encapsulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as a prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine. Thus, the excellent properties of α-Ap-FNP provide it potential for clinical applications as a potent nanovaccine for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qian
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Honglin Jin
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 JieFang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Sha Qiao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lisen Lu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a cornerstone in oncologic management and is employed in various curative and palliative scenarios for local-regional control. RT is thought to locally control tumor cells by direct physical DNA damage or indirect insults from reactive oxygen species. Therapeutic effects apart from those observed at the treatment target, that is, abscopal effect, have been observed for several decades, though the underlying mechanisms regulating this phenomenon have been unclear. Accumulating evidence now suggests that the immune system is a major determinant in regulating the abscopal effect. It is now evident that RT may also enhance immunologic responses to tumors by creating an in situ vaccine by eliciting antigen release from dying tumor cells. Harnessing the specificity and dynamic nature of the immune system to target tumors in conjunction with RT is an emerging field with much promise. To optimize this approach, it is important to systematically evaluate the intricacies of the host immune system, the new generation of immunotherapeutics and the RT approach. Here we will discuss the current biologic mechanisms thought to regulate the RT-induced abscopal effect and how these may be translated to the clinical setting.
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Radaelli E, Hermans E, Omodho L, Francis A, Vander Borght S, Marine JC, van den Oord J, Amant F. Spontaneous Post-Transplant Disorders in NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac (NOG) Mice Engrafted with Patient-Derived Metastatic Melanomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124974. [PMID: 25996609 PMCID: PMC4440639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) approach is nowadays considered a reliable preclinical model to study in vivo cancer biology and therapeutic response. NOD scid and Il2rg-deficient mice represent the "gold standard" host for the generation of PDTXs. Compared to other immunocompromised murine lines, these mice offers several advantages including higher engraftment rate, longer lifespan and improved morphological and molecular preservation of patient-derived neoplasms. Here we describe a spectrum of previously uncharacterized post-transplant disorders affecting 14/116 (12%) NOD.Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug/JicTac (NOG) mice subcutaneously engrafted with patient-derived metastatic melanomas. Affected mice exhibited extensive scaling/crusting dermatitis (13/14) associated with emaciation (13/14) and poor/unsuccessful tumor engraftment (14/14). In this context, the following pathological conditions have been recognized and characterized in details: (i) immunoinflammatory disorders with features of graft versus host disease (14/14); (ii) reactive lymphoid infiltrates effacing xenografted tumors (8/14); (iii) post-transplant B cell lymphomas associated with Epstein-Barr virus reactivation (2/14). We demonstrate that all these entities are driven by co-transplanted human immune cells populating patient-derived tumor samples. Since the exploding interest in the utilization of NOD scid and Il2rg-deficient mice for the establishment of PDTX platforms, it is of uppermost importance to raise the awareness of the limitations associated with this model. The disorders here described adversely impact tumor engraftment rate and animal lifespan, potentially representing a major confounding factor in the context of efficacy and personalized therapy studies. The occurrence of these conditions in the NOG model reflects the ability of this mouse line to promote efficient engraftment of human immune cells. Co-transplanted human lymphoid cells have indeed the potential to colonize the recipient mouse initiating the post-transplant conditions here reported. On the other hand, the evidence of an immune response of human origin against the xenotransplanted melanoma opens intriguing perspectives for the establishment of suitable preclinical models of anti-melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Radaelli
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- InfraMouse, KU Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Hermans
- Gynaecological Oncology, UZ Leuven—Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorna Omodho
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annick Francis
- VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
- InfraMouse, KU Leuven-VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Vander Borght
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Morphology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, VIB11 Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Amant
- Gynaecological Oncology, UZ Leuven—Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Lee Y, Lee YS, Cho SY, Kwon HJ. Perspective of Peptide Vaccine Composed of Epitope Peptide, CpG-DNA, and Liposome Complex Without Carriers. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 99:75-97. [PMID: 26067817 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and specificity of cell-mediated and humoral immunity are critically determined by peptide sequences; peptides corresponding to the B- or T-cell receptor epitopes are sufficient to induce an effective immune response if delivered properly. Therefore, studies on the screening and application of peptide-based epitopes have been done extensively for the development of therapeutic antibodies and prophylactic vaccines. However, the efficacy of immune response and antibody production by peptide-based immunization is too limited for human application at the present. To improve the efficacy of vaccines, researchers formulated adjuvants such as alum, water-in-oil emulsion, and Toll-like receptor agonists. They also employed liposomes as delivering vehicles to stimulate immune responses. Here, we review our recent studies providing a potent method of epitope screening and antibody production without conventional carriers. We adopted Lipoplex(O), comprising a natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a specific liposome complex, as an adjuvant. Lipoplex(O) induces potent stimulatory activity in humans as well as in mice, and immunization of mice with several peptides along with Lipoplex(O) without general carriers induces significant production of each peptide-specific IgG2a. Immunization of peptide vaccines against virus-associated antigens in mice has protective effects against the viral infection. A peptide vaccine against carcinoma-associated antigen and the peptide-specific monoclonal antibody has functional effects against cancer cells in mouse models. In conclusion, we improved the efficacy of peptide vaccines in mice. Our strategy can be applied in development of therapeutic antibodies or in defense against pandemic infectious diseases through rapid screening of potent B-cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science BK21, Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea; Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
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15
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Kazemi T, Younesi V, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Yousefi M. Immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer therapy: An updated review. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:769-79. [PMID: 25801036 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1019669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of specific immune effector mechanisms raised against tumor cells, there are mechanisms employed by the tumor cells to keep them away from immune recognition and elimination; some of these mechanisms have been identified, while others are still poorly understood. Manipulation or augmentation of specific antitumor immune responses are now the preferred approaches for treatment of malignancies, and traditional therapeutic approaches are being replaced by the use of agents which potentiate immune effector mechanisms, broadly called "immunotherapy". Cancer immunotherapy is generally classified into two main classes including active and passive methods. Interventions to augment the immune system of the patient, for example, vaccination or adjuvant therapy, actively promote antitumor effector mechanisms to improve cancer elimination. On the other hand, administration of specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against different tumor antigens and adoptive transfer of genetically-modified specific T cells are currently the most rapidly developing approaches for cancer targeted therapy. In this review, we will discuss the different modalities for active and passive immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohid Kazemi
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Vahid Younesi
- c Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- c Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- a Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
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16
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Kwon S, Kim YE, Park JA, Kim DS, Kwon HJ, Lee Y. Therapeutic effect of a TM4SF5-specific peptide vaccine against colon cancer in a mouse model. BMB Rep 2015; 47:215-20. [PMID: 24286311 PMCID: PMC4163885 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.4.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapy has gained attention because of its high efficacy and weak side effects. Previously, we confirmed that transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5) can serve as a molecular target to prevent or treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We recently extended the application of the peptide vaccine, composed of CpG-DNA, liposome complex, and TM4SF5 peptide, to prevent colon cancer in a mouse model. Here, we first implanted mice with mouse colon cancer cells and then checked therapeutic effects of the vaccine against tumor growth. Immunization with the peptide vaccine resulted in robust production of TM4SF5-specific antibodies, alleviated tumor growth, and reduced survival rate of the tumor-bearing mice. We also found that serum levels of VEGF were markedly reduced in the mice immunized with the peptide vaccine. Therefore, we suggest that the TM4SF5-specific peptide vaccine has a therapeutic effect against colon cancer in a mouse model. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 215-220]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Rosales R, Rosales C. Immune therapy for human papillomaviruses-related cancers. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:1002-1019. [PMID: 25493236 PMCID: PMC4259927 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a large family of double strand DNA viruses comprising more than 180 types. Infection with HPV is very common and it is associated with benign and malignant proliferation of skin and squamous mucosae. Many HPVs, considered low-risk such as HPV 6 and 11, produce warts; while high-risk viruses, such as HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, and 58, induce tumors. About 5% of all cancers in men and women are associated with HPV infection. Because there are not antiviral drugs for HPV infection, current therapies for low-risk HPV infections involve physical removal of the lesion by cryotherapy, trichloracetic acid, laser, or surgical removal. Surgical procedures are effective in the treatment of pre-cancerous lesions, however after these procedures, many recurrences appear due to new re-infections, or to failure of the procedure to eliminate the HPV. In addition, HPV can inhibit recognition of malignant cells by the immune system, leading to the development of cancer lesions. When this occurs, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are then used. Unfortunately, about 50% of the HPV-cancer patients still die. In the past decade, a better knowledge of the natural history of the virus-host interaction and of the immune response against this viral infection has brought new therapeutic strategies geared to modulate the immune system to generate an efficient virus-specific cytotoxic response. Novel HPV protein-expressing vaccines have shown some significant clinical efficacy and systemic HPV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. This review will describe the current status of the several therapeutic strategies used to treat HPV-induced lesions, and discuss the various new therapies now being tested.
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18
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Strbo N, Garcia-Soto A, Schreiber TH, Podack ER. Secreted heat shock protein gp96-Ig: next-generation vaccines for cancer and infectious diseases. Immunol Res 2014; 57:311-25. [PMID: 24254084 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our laboratory has developed a secreted heat shock protein (HSP), chaperone gp96, cell-based vaccine that generates effective anti-tumor and anti-infectious immunity in vivo. Gp96-peptide complexes were identified as an extremely efficient stimulator of MHC I-mediated antigen cross-presentation, generating CD8 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses detectable in blood, spleen, gut and reproductive tract to femto-molar concentrations of antigen. These studies provided the first evidence that cell-based gp96-Ig-secreting vaccines may serve as a potent modality to induce both systemic and mucosal immunity. This approach takes advantage of the combined adjuvant and antigen delivery capacity of gp96 for the generation of cytotoxic immunity against a wide range of antigens in both anti-vial and anti-cancer vaccination. Here, we review the vaccine design that utilizes the unique property/ability of endoplasmic HSP gp96 to bind antigenic peptides and deliver them to antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, RMSB 3008, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
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19
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Heat shock protein vaccination and directed IL-2 therapy amplify tumor immunity rapidly following bone marrow transplantation in mice. Blood 2014; 123:3045-55. [PMID: 24687086 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-520775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse is the primary cause of mortality in patients with hematologic cancers following autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Vaccination early after HSCT can exploit both the state of lymphopenia and minimal residual disease for generating antitumor immunity. Here, multiple vaccinations using lymphoma cells engineered to secrete heat shock protein fusion gp96-Ig within 2 weeks of T cell-replete syngeneic HSCT led to cross-presentation and increased survival of lymphoma-bearing mice. To enhance vaccine efficacy, interleukin (IL)-2 was directed to predominantly memory phenotype CD8(+) T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells via administration bound to anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody clone S4B6 (IL-2S4B6). Combination therapy with gp96-Ig vaccination and coordinated infusions of IL-2S4B6 resulted in marked prolongation of survival, which directly correlated with ~500% increase in effector CD8(+) T-cell numbers. Notably, this dual regimen elicited large increases in both donor CD8(+) T and NK cells, but not CD4(+) T lymphocytes; the former 2 populations are essential for both vaccine efficacy and protection against opportunistic infections after HSCT. Indeed, IL-2S4B6-treated HSCT recipients infected with Listeria monocytogenes exhibited decreased bacterial levels. These preclinical studies validate a new strategy particularly well suited to the post-HSCT environment, which may augment adaptive and innate immune function in patients with malignant disease receiving autologous HSCT.
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20
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Perez CA, Santos ES, Raez LE. Active immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: moving toward a reality. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 11:1599-605. [DOI: 10.1586/era.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Conesa-Zamora P. Immune responses against virus and tumor in cervical carcinogenesis: Treatment strategies for avoiding the HPV-induced immune escape. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 131:480-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Lokhov PG, Balashova EE. Tumor-induced endothelial cell surface heterogeneity directly affects endothelial cell escape from a cell-mediated immune response in vitro. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:198-209. [PMID: 23442592 PMCID: PMC3667939 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated damage to tumor vessels is a potential means of preventing solid tumor progression. Antiangiogenic cancer vaccines capable of inducing this kind of damage include formulations comprised of endothelial cell-specific antigens. Identification of antigens capable of eliciting efficient vaccination is difficult because the endothelial cell phenotype is affected by surrounding tissues, including angiogenic stimuli received from surrounding tumor cells. Therefore, phenotype endothelial cell variations (heterogeneity) were examined in the context of the development of an efficient vaccine using mass spectrometry-based cell surface profiling. This approach was applied to primary human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC) cultures proliferated under growth stimuli provided by either normal tissues (growth supplement from human hypothalamus) or cancer cells (MCF-7, LNCap and HepG2). It was found that tumors induced pronounced, tumor type-dependent changes to HMEC surface targets that in an in vitro model of human antiangiogenic vaccination directly facilitated HMEC escape from cytotoxic T cell-mediated cell death. Furthermore, it was found that tumors influenced the HMEC phenotype unidirectionally and that HMEC imunogenicity was reciprocal to the intensity of tumor-induced changes to the HMEC surface. These findings provide data for the design of tumor-specific endothelial cell based vaccines with sufficient immunogenicity without posing a risk to the elicitation of autoimmunity if administered in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr G Lokhov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, RAMS, Moscow, Russia.
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23
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Monzavi-Karbassi B, Pashov A, Kieber-Emmons T. Tumor-Associated Glycans and Immune Surveillance. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:174-203. [PMID: 26343966 PMCID: PMC4515579 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in cell surface glycosylation are a hallmark of the transition from normal to inflamed and neoplastic tissue. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) challenge our understanding of immune tolerance, while functioning as immune targets that bridge innate immune surveillance and adaptive antitumor immunity in clinical applications. T-cells, being a part of the adaptive immune response, are the most popular component of the immune system considered for targeting tumor cells. However, for TACAs, T-cells take a back seat to antibodies and natural killer cells as first-line innate defense mechanisms. Here, we briefly highlight the rationale associated with the relative importance of the immune surveillance machinery that might be applicable for developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anastas Pashov
- Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, BAS, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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24
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Bright JD, Schultz HN, Byrne JA, Bright RK. Injection site and regulatory T cells influence durable vaccine-induced tumor immunity to an over-expressed self tumor associated antigen. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25049. [PMID: 24073379 PMCID: PMC3782160 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor protein D52 (D52) is constitutively expressed in healthy tissues and overexpressed in multiple cancers, including (but not limited to) breast, prostate and ovarian carcinomas. Although the normal functions of D52 are unknown, it is clear that increased D52 expression levels not only stimulate cell proliferation and metastasis, but also correlate with poor prognosis in a subset of breast cancer patients. The murine orthologs of D52 (mD52) shares 86% identity with its human counterpart (hD52) and mirrors hD52 expression patterns. The forced overexpression of mD52 induces anchorage-independent growth in vitro and promotes tumor formation as well as spontaneous metastasis in vivo. We have previously reported that the intramuscular administration of recombinant mD52 elicits immune responses capable of rejecting a challenge with tumor cells and preventing spontaneous metastasis only in 50% of mice. We hypothesized that mechanisms of peripheral tolerance dampen immune responses against mD52, thus limiting the protective effects of vaccination. To test this hypothesis, mice were depleted of CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and subcutaneously immunized with mD52 prior to a tumor challenge. The subcutaneous immunization failed to induce protective antitumor immunity unless accompanied by Treg depletion, which resulted in a rate of protection of 70% as compared with
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Bright
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; Lubbock, TX USA
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25
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Martin Caballero J, Garzón A, González-Cintado L, Kowalczyk W, Jimenez Torres I, Calderita G, Rodriguez M, Gondar V, Bernal JJ, Ardavín C, Andreu D, Zürcher T, von Kobbe C. Chimeric infectious bursal disease virus-like particles as potent vaccines for eradication of established HPV-16 E7-dependent tumors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52976. [PMID: 23300838 PMCID: PMC3534127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection and represents the second most frequent gynecological malignancy in the world. The HPV-16 type accounts for up to 55% of all cervical cancers. The HPV-16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 are necessary for induction and maintenance of malignant transformation and represent tumor-specific antigens for targeted cytotoxic T lymphocyte–mediated immunotherapy. Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become a challenging area of oncology research in recent decades. Among current cancer immunotherapy strategies, virus-like particle (VLP)–based vaccines have emerged as a potent and safe approach. We generated a vaccine (VLP-E7) incorporating a long C-terminal fragment of HPV-16 E7 protein into the infectious bursal disease virus VLP and tested its therapeutic potential in HLA-A2 humanized transgenic mice grafted with TC1/A2 tumor cells. We performed a series of tumor challenge experiments demonstrating a strong immune response against already-formed tumors (complete eradication). Remarkably, therapeutic efficacy was obtained with a single dose without adjuvant and against two injections of tumor cells, indicating a potent and long-lasting immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Garzón
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Wioleta Kowalczyk
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Calderita
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Rodriguez
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Virgínia Gondar
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Bernal
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Ardavín
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Zürcher
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
| | - Cayetano von Kobbe
- Cancer Vaccines Unit, R & D Department, Chimera Pharma S.L.U., Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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26
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Kwon S, Kim D, Park BK, Wu G, Park MC, Ha YW, Kwon HJ, Lee Y. Induction of immunological memory response by vaccination with TM4SF5 epitope-CpG-DNA-liposome complex in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma model. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:735-40. [PMID: 23138455 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innovation of a peptide vaccine strategy may contribute to the development of efficacious and convenient cancer vaccines. Recently, we formulated an efficacious peptide vaccine without carriers using the natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a special liposome complex [Lipoplex(O)]. The peptide vaccine targeting a tumor antigen, transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5), was confirmed to have preventive and therapeutic effects in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. In this study, we demonstrated that the isotype-switched (IgM(-)IgD(-)) B cell population increased after immunization and that the functional memory response persisted for at least 70 days after the final immunization of mice. Delayed implantation of BNL-HCC cells significantly induced the peptide-specific IgG2a production in the immunized mice. Accordingly, tumor growth was inhibited and the survival rate increased. These results suggest that our peptide vaccine induces memory response, which is essential for cancer vaccine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kwon
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon, Republic of Korea
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Lee IH, Kwon HK, An S, Kim D, Kim S, Yu MK, Lee JH, Lee TS, Im SH, Jon S. Imageable antigen-presenting gold nanoparticle vaccines for effective cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8800-5. [PMID: 22847719 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- In-Hyun Lee
- Biological Science Department, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro,Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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Immune microenvironment in tumor progression: characteristics and challenges for therapy. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:608406. [PMID: 22927846 PMCID: PMC3423944 DOI: 10.1155/2012/608406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer development, progression, and control. The molecular and cellular nature of the tumor immune microenvironment influences disease outcome by altering the balance of suppressive versus cytotoxic responses in the vicinity of the tumor. Recent developments in systems biology have improved our understanding of the complex interactions between tumors and their immunological microenvironment in various human cancers. Effective tumor surveillance by the host immune system protects against disease, but chronic inflammation and tumor “immunoediting” have also been implicated in disease development and progression. Accordingly, reactivation and maintenance of appropriate antitumor responses within the tumor microenvironment correlate with a good prognosis in cancer patients. Improved understanding of the factors that shape the tumor microenvironment will be critical for the development of effective future strategies for disease management. The manipulation of these microenvironmental factors is already emerging as a promising tool for novel cancer treatments. In this paper, we summarize the various roles of the tumor microenvironment in cancer, focusing on immunological mediators of tumor progression and control, as well as the significant challenges for future therapies.
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Lee IH, Kwon HK, An S, Kim D, Kim S, Yu MK, Lee JH, Lee TS, Im SH, Jon S. Imageable Antigen-Presenting Gold Nanoparticle Vaccines for Effective Cancer Immunotherapy In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Strioga M, Schijns V, Powell DJ, Pasukoniene V, Dobrovolskiene N, Michalek J. Dendritic cells and their role in tumor immunosurveillance. Innate Immun 2012; 19:98-111. [PMID: 22732734 DOI: 10.1177/1753425912449549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) comprise a heterogeneous population of cells that play a key role in initiating, directing and regulating adaptive immune responses, including those critically involved in tumor immunosurveillance. As a riposte to the central role of DCs in the generation of antitumor immune responses, tumors have developed various mechanisms which impair the immunostimulatory functions of DCs or even instruct them to actively contribute to tumor growth and progression. In the first part of this review we discuss general aspects of DC biology, including their origin, subtypes, immature and mature states, and functional plasticity which ensures a delicate balance between active immune response and immune tolerance. In the second part of the review we discuss the complex interactions between DCs and the tumor microenvironment, and point out the challenges faced by DCs during the recognition of tumor Ags. We also discuss the role of DCs in tumor angiogenesis and vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Strioga
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Kwon S, Kim D, Park BK, Cho S, Kim KD, Kim YE, Park CS, Ahn HJ, Seo JN, Choi KC, Kim DS, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. Prevention and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma by vaccination with TM4SF5 epitope-CpG-DNA-liposome complex without carriers. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33121. [PMID: 22427965 PMCID: PMC3299740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although peptide vaccines have been actively studied in various animal models, their efficacy in treatment is limited. To improve the efficacy of peptide vaccines, we previously formulated an efficacious peptide vaccine without carriers using the natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA and a special liposome complex (Lipoplex(O)). Here, we show that immunization of mice with a complex consisting of peptide and Lipoplex(O) without carriers significantly induces peptide-specific IgG2a production in a CD4+ cells- and Th1 differentiation-dependent manner. The transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5) has gained attention as a target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy because it induces uncontrolled growth of human HCC cells via the loss of contact inhibition. Monoclonal antibodies specific to an epitope of human TM4SF5 (hTM4SF5R2-3) can recognize native mouse TM4SF5 and induce functional effects on mouse cancer cells. Pre-immunization with a complex of the hTM4SF5R2-3 epitope and Lipoplex(O) had prophylactic effects against tumor formation by HCC cells implanted in an mouse tumor model. Furthermore, therapeutic effects were revealed regarding the growth of HCC when the vaccine was injected into mice after tumor formation. These results suggest that our improved peptide vaccine technology provides a novel prophylaxis measure as well as therapy for HCC patients with TM4SF5-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongbum Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Kwon Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Cho
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Dong Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheung-Seog Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Nam Seo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sik Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YL); (HJK)
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- Center for Medical Science Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YL); (HJK)
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Holt GE, Podack ER, Raez LE. Immunotherapy as a strategy for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 8:43-54. [PMID: 21359153 DOI: 10.2217/thy.10.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Positive modulation of a patient's immune system to produce antitumor immunity is an attractive strategy that may improve the dismal outcomes typically associated with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Using methods that either augment specific antitumor immunity or positively influence the patient's immune system to allow the de novo generation of immunity to encompass current strategies used in recent clinical trials of NSCLC. Encouraging results of Phase II trials in antigen-specific immunotherapy have led to three subsequent Phase III trials, which are currently enrolling. Results of these trials will improve our understanding of the role that immunotherapy plays in the treatment of NSCLC. Successful application of a humoral vaccine in Cuba led to its approval for the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients in that country. To date, trials involving nonspecific immunotherapeutic interventions have failed to improve outcomes in NSCLC and may indicate a need to combine them with antigen-specific vaccines. Although these trials will greatly advance our knowledge of NSCLC immunotherapy, we believe truly efficacious immunotherapy may only result from implementation of strategies to both augment antitumor immunity and counteract tumor-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E Holt
- Sheila & David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami Leonard M Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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