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Antithymocyte Globulin Induces a Tolerogenic Phenotype in Human Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122081. [PMID: 27973435 PMCID: PMC5187881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) is used in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. It is generally accepted that ATG mediates its immunosuppressive effect primarily via depletion of T cells. Here, we analyzed the impact of ATG-Fresenius (now Grafalon®) on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). ATG induced a semi-mature phenotype in DC with significantly reduced expression of CD14, increased expression of HLA-DR, and intermediate expression of CD54, CD80, CD83, and CD86. ATG-DC showed an increase in IL-10 secretion but no IL-12 production. In line with this tolerogenic phenotype, ATG caused a significant induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression and a concomitant increase in levels of tryptophan metabolites in the supernatants of DC. Further, ATG-DC did not induce the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction but actively suppressed the T cell proliferation induced by mature DC. These data suggest that besides its well-known effect on T cells, ATG modulates the phenotype of DC in a tolerogenic way, which might constitute an essential part of its immunosuppressive action in vivo.
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McGovern N, Schlitzer A, Janela B, Ginhoux F. Protocols for the Identification and Isolation of Antigen-Presenting Cells in Human and Mouse Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1423:169-80. [PMID: 27142016 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3606-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The efficient processing of both mouse and human tissues is a valuable technique for characterizing tissue-associated immune cells. Here, we describe the techniques used and optimised within our laboratory for the enrichment and identification of antigen-presenting cells across a number of mouse and human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi McGovern
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Baptiste Janela
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, IMMUNOS Building #3-4, Biopolis, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
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Mimiola E, Marini O, Perbellini O, Micheletti A, Vermi W, Lonardi S, Costantini C, Meneghelli E, Andreini A, Bonetto C, Vassanelli A, Cantini M, Zoratti E, Massi D, Zamo' A, Leso A, Quaresmini G, Benedetti F, Pizzolo G, Cassatella MA, Tecchio C. Rapid reconstitution of functionally active 6-sulfoLacNAc(+) dendritic cells (slanDCs) of donor origin following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 178:129-41. [PMID: 24853271 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is critical in determining the extent of graft-versus-host response. The goal of this study was to analyse slanDCs, a subset of human proinflammatory DCs, in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) sources, as well as to evaluate their 1-year kinetics of reconstitution, origin and functional capacities in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) of patients who have undergone HSCT, and their presence in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) tissue specimens. slanDCs were also compared to myeloid (m)DCs, plasmacytoid (p)DCs and monocytes in HSC sources and in patients' PB and BM throughout reconstitution. slanDCs accounted for all HSC sources. In patients' PB and BM, slanDCs were identified from day +21, showing median frequencies comparable to healthy donors, donor origin and kinetics of recovery similar to mDCs, pDCs, and monocytes. Under cyclosporin treatment, slanDCs displayed a normal pattern of maturation, and maintained an efficient chemotactic activity and capacity of releasing tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. None the less, they were almost undetectable in GVHD tissue specimens, being present only in intestinal acute GVHD samples. slanDCs reconstitute early, being donor-derived and functionally competent. The absence of slanDCs from most of the GVHD-targeted tissue specimens seems to rule out the direct participation of these cells in the majority of the local reactions characterizing GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mimiola
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Hubbard-Lucey VM, Shono Y, Maurer K, West ML, Singer NV, Ziegler CGK, Lezcano C, Motta ACF, Schmid K, Levi SM, Murphy GF, Liu C, Winkler JD, Amaravadi RK, Rogler G, Dickinson AM, Holler E, van den Brink MRM, Cadwell K. Autophagy gene Atg16L1 prevents lethal T cell alloreactivity mediated by dendritic cells. Immunity 2014; 41:579-91. [PMID: 25308334 PMCID: PMC4237219 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Atg16L1 mediates the cellular degradative process of autophagy and is considered a critical regulator of inflammation based on its genetic association with inflammatory bowel disease. Here we find that Atg16L1 deficiency leads to an exacerbated graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a mouse model of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Atg16L1-deficient allo-HSCT recipients with GVHD displayed increased T cell proliferation due to increased dendritic cell (DC) numbers and costimulatory molecule expression. Reduced autophagy within DCs was associated with lysosomal abnormalities and decreased amounts of A20, a negative regulator of DC activation. These results broaden the function of Atg16L1 and the autophagy pathway to include a role in limiting a DC-mediated response during inflammatory disease, such as GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hubbard-Lucey
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yusuke Shono
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katie Maurer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mallory L West
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Natalie V Singer
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Carly G K Ziegler
- Department of Computational Biology and Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Lezcano
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ana Carolina Fragoso Motta
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karin Schmid
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Samuel M Levi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH Tyne and Wear, UK
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Marcel R M van den Brink
- Department of Immunology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Hashimoto D, Chow A, Noizat C, Teo P, Beasley MB, Leboeuf M, Becker CD, See P, Price J, Lucas D, Greter M, Mortha A, Boyer SW, Forsberg EC, Tanaka M, van Rooijen N, García-Sastre A, Stanley ER, Ginhoux F, Frenette PS, Merad M. Tissue-resident macrophages self-maintain locally throughout adult life with minimal contribution from circulating monocytes. Immunity 2013; 38:792-804. [PMID: 23601688 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1601] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence suggesting local self-maintenance of tissue macrophages in the steady state, the dogma remains that tissue macrophages derive from monocytes. Using parabiosis and fate-mapping approaches, we confirmed that monocytes do not show significant contribution to tissue macrophages in the steady state. Similarly, we found that after depletion of lung macrophages, the majority of repopulation occurred by stochastic cellular proliferation in situ in a macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-Csf)- and granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF-dependent manner but independently of interleukin-4. We also found that after bone marrow transplantation, host macrophages retained the capacity to expand when the development of donor macrophages was compromised. Expansion of host macrophages was functional and prevented the development of alveolar proteinosis in mice transplanted with GM-Csf-receptor-deficient progenitors. Collectively, these results indicate that tissue-resident macrophages and circulating monocytes should be classified as mononuclear phagocyte lineages that are independently maintained in the steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Hashimoto
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Tisch Cancer Institute, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Meng Y, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wang E, Plotnikoff NP, Shan F. Synergistic effect of methionine encephalin (MENK) combined with pidotimod(PTD) on the maturation of murine dendritic cells (DCs). Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:773-83. [PMID: 23470544 PMCID: PMC3903895 DOI: 10.4161/hv.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain new insight into the functional interaction between dendritic cells and methionine encephalin (MENK) combined with pidotimod (PTD), we have analyzed the effect of MENK plus PTD on the morphology, phenotype and functions of murine bone-marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) in vitro. The maturation of BMDCs cultured in the presence of either MENK or PTD alone, or MENK in combination with PTD, was detected. The cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt/phenazinemethosulphate (MTS/PMS). The changes of BMDCs morphology were confirmed with light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The BMDCs treated with MENK combined with PTD displayed a higher expression of typical maturation markers of CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86 and MHC-IIidentified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and stronger ability to drive T cells. The decrease of the endocytic ability was assayed by DAB kit, FITC-dextran and cellular immunohistochemistry. Finally upregulation of cytokines production of IL-12 and TNF-α was determined by ELISA. These data indicate that MENK combined with PTD could exert synergistic action on BMDC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Meng
- Department of immunology; School of Basic Medical Science; China Medical University; Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Central Blood Bank; Shengjing Hospital; China Medical University; Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- Department of immunology; School of Basic Medical Science; China Medical University; Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Institute of pathology and pathophysiology; School of Basic Medical Science; China Medical University; Shenyang, P.R. China
| | | | - Fengping Shan
- Department of immunology; School of Basic Medical Science; China Medical University; Shenyang, P.R. China
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Reconstitution of 6-sulfo LacNAc dendritic cells after allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. Transplantation 2013; 93:1270-5. [PMID: 22643330 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31824fd8b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) represent major complications of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT). Dendritic cells (DCs) display an extraordinary capacity to induce innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, they play a crucial role in the elimination of pathogens and in the pathogenesis of acute GvHD. 6-Sulfo LacNAc DCs (slanDCs) are a major subpopulation of human blood DCs with a high proinflammatory capacity. We investigated for the first time the reconstitution of slanDCs in the blood of patients after SCT and the modulation of their frequency by bacterial infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation, and acute GvHD. METHODS The frequency of slanDCs, CD1c myeloid DCs (mDCs), and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the peripheral blood was quantified by flow cytometry in 80 patients after SCT. To assess individual DC subsets, we used pregating of the HLADRLin subset and antibodies against slanDCs, blood DC antigen 1 (CD1c mDCs), and blood DC antigen 2 (pDCs). RESULTS SlanDCs showed the slowest reconstitution in the first month after SCT compared with CD1c mDCs and pDCs. Interestingly, in the second and third months after SCT, their percentage steadily increased, and slanDCs were the most abundant DC subset. In addition, we observed a markedly reduced frequency of slanDCs in the blood of patients with bacterial infection, CMV reactivation, or severe acute GvHD. Furthermore, slanDCs showed the most prominent reduction after steroid treatment of acute GvHD. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SCT-associated complications such as bacterial infection, CMV reactivation, and acute GvHD can significantly modulate the frequency of slanDCs.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Successful immune reconstitution is important for decreasing posthematopoietic cell transplant (post-HCT) infections, relapse, and secondary malignancy, without increasing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here we review how different parts of the immune system recover, and the relationship between recovery and clinical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Innate immunity (e.g., neutrophils, natural killer cells) recovers within weeks, whereas adaptive immunity (B and T cells) recovers within months to years. This has been known for years; however, more recently, the pattern of recovery of additional immune cell subsets has been described. The role of these subsets in transplant complications like infections, GVHD and relapse is becoming increasingly recognized, as gleaned from studies of the association between subset counts or function and complications/outcomes, and from studies depleting or adoptively transferring various subsets. SUMMARY Lessons learned from observational studies on immune reconstitution are leading to new strategies to prevent or treat posttransplant infections. Additional knowledge is needed to develop effective strategies to prevent or treat relapse, second malignancies and GVHD.
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