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Frasca D. Senescent B cells in aging and age-related diseases: Their role in the regulation of antibody responses. Exp Gerontol 2018; 107:55-58. [PMID: 28687479 PMCID: PMC5754260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype increase in the blood of elderly individuals or individuals with age-associated diseases or with infections. Although senescent immune cells do not proliferate, they are transcriptionally and metabolically active and affect the microenvironment through the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. An age-driven increase in senescent B, T and NK cells has been reported and the function of these cells has been characterized. Results published by different groups have demonstrated that cell senescence induces the accumulation of terminally-differentiated cells characterized by the arrest of cell proliferation but with an active secretory profile which regulates their function through the activation of pathways integrating senescence and energy-sensing signals. This review will focus on senescent B cells, their increase in aging, age-associated conditions and infections. Similarities with other senescent immune cells will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Room #3146A, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, P.O. Box 016960 (R-138), Miami, FL 33101, USA..
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Pecenková T, Markovic V, Sabol P, Kulich I, Žárský V. Exocyst and autophagy-related membrane trafficking in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:47-57. [PMID: 29069430 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Endomembrane traffic in eukaryotic cells functions partially as a means of communication; delivery of membrane in one direction has to be balanced with a reduction at the other end. This effect is typically the case during the defence against pathogens. To combat pathogens, cellular growth and differentiation are suppressed, while endomembrane traffic is poised towards limiting the pathogen attack. The octameric exocyst vesicle-tethering complex was originally discovered as a factor facilitating vesicle-targeting and vesicle-plasma membrane (PM) fusion during exocytosis prior to and possibly during SNARE complex formation. Interestingly, it was recently implicated both in animals and plants in autophagy membrane traffic. In animal cells, the exocyst is integrated into the mTOR-regulated energy metabolism stress/starvation pathway, participating in the formation and especially initiation of an autophagosome. In plants, the first functional link was to autophagy-related anthocyanin import to the vacuole and to starvation. In this concise review, we summarize the current knowledge of exocyst functions in autophagy and defence in plants that might involve unconventional secretion and compare it with animal conditions. Formation of different exocyst complexes during undisturbed cell growth, as opposed to periods of cellular stress reactions involving autophagy, might contribute to the coordination of endomembrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Pecenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Vedrana Markovic
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Czech Republic
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Harnett MM, Pineda MA, Latré de Laté P, Eason RJ, Besteiro S, Harnett W, Langsley G. From Christian de Duve to Yoshinori Ohsumi: More to autophagy than just dining at home. Biomed J 2017; 40:9-22. [PMID: 28411887 PMCID: PMC6138802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Christian de Duve first coined the expression “autophagy” during his seminal work on the discovery of lysosomes, which led to him being awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974. The term was adopted to distinguish degradation of intracellular components from the uptake and degradation of extracellular substances that he called “heterophagy”. Studies until the 1990s were largely observational/morphological-based until in 1993 Yoshinori Oshumi described a genetic screen in yeast undergoing nitrogen deprivation that led to the isolation of autophagy-defective mutants now better known as ATG (AuTophaGy-related) genes. The screen identified mutants that fell into 15 complementation groups implying that at least 15 genes were involved in the regulation of autophagy in yeast undergoing nutrient deprivation, but today, 41 yeast ATG genes have been described and many (though not all) have orthologues in humans. Attempts to identify the genetic basis of autophagy led to an explosion in its research and it's not surprising that in 2016 Yoshinori Oshumi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Our aim here is not to exhaustively review the ever-expanding autophagy literature (>60 papers per week), but to celebrate Yoshinori Oshumi's Nobel Prize by highlighting just a few aspects that are not normally extensively covered. In an accompanying mini-review we address the role of autophagy in early-diverging eukaryote parasites that like yeast, lack lysosomes and so use a digestive vacuole to degrade autophagosome cargo and also discuss how parasitized host cells react to infection by subverting regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Miguel A Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France
| | - Russell J Eason
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sébastien Besteiro
- DIMNP, UMR CNRS 5235, Montpellier University, Place Eugène Bataillon, Building 24, CC Montpellier, France
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; The laboratory of Comparative Cell Biology of Apicomplexa, Medical Faculty of Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris City, France.
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Arosa FA, Esgalhado AJ, Padrão CA, Cardoso EM. Divide, Conquer, and Sense: CD8 +CD28 - T Cells in Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 7:665. [PMID: 28096804 PMCID: PMC5206803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the rationale for the generation of a pool of highly differentiated effector memory CD8+ T cells displaying a weakened capacity to scrutinize for peptides complexed with major histocompatibility class I molecules via their T cell receptor, lacking the “signal 2” CD28 receptor, and yet expressing a highly diverse array of innate receptors, from natural killer receptors, interleukin receptors, and damage-associated molecular pattern receptors, among others, is one of the most challenging issues in contemporary human immunology. The prevalence of these differentiated CD8+ T cells, also known as CD8+CD28−, CD8+KIR+, NK-like CD8+ T cells, or innate CD8+ T cells, in non-lymphoid organs and tissues, in peripheral blood of healthy elderly, namely centenarians, but also in stressful and chronic inflammatory conditions suggests that they are not merely end-of-the-line dysfunctional cells. These experienced CD8+ T cells are highly diverse and capable of sensing a variety of TCR-independent signals, which enables them to respond and fine-tune tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Arosa
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - André J Esgalhado
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Carolina A Padrão
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior , Covilhã , Portugal
| | - Elsa M Cardoso
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. B Cell-Specific Biomarkers for Optimal Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination and Molecular Pathways That Reduce B Cell Function with Aging. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 36:523-537. [PMID: 28845758 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2017020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings on the effects of aging on influenza vaccine responses, with major emphasis on T and B cells, which are significantly impaired by aging. We discuss changes in T cell production and thymic output; T cell subsets; and TCR repertoire, function, and response to latent persistent infection. We also discuss changes in B cell subsets, repertoire, and function, and how function is impaired by increased intrinsic B cell inflammation and reduced signal transduction. This review presents age-related effects on antigen-presenting cells, summarizes recent studies, including our own, aimed at the identification of biomarkers of protective vaccine responses, and provides examples of recent technical advances and insights into human vaccine responses that are helping to define the features associated with successful vaccination and that may enable a more predictive vaccinology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S, Iranshahi M, Mahmoudi M. In vitro anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of umbelliprenin and methyl galbanate. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:209-16. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1043606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
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Abstract
In MCF-7 breast cancer cells epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces cell proliferation, whereas heregulin (HRG)/neuregulin (NRG) induces irreversible phenotypic changes accompanied by lipid accumulation. Although these changes in breast cancer cells resemble processes that take place in the tissue, there is no understanding of signalling mechanisms regulating it. To identify molecular mechanisms mediating this cell-fate decision process, we applied different perturbations to pathways activated by these growth factors. The results demonstrate that phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (mTORC)1 activation is necessary for lipid accumulation that can also be induced by insulin, whereas stimulation of the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is surprisingly dispensable. Interestingly, insulin exposure, as short as 4 h, was sufficient for triggering the lipid accumulation, whereas much longer treatment with HRG was required for achieving similar cellular response. Further, activation patterns of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), an enzyme playing a central role in linking glycolytic and lipogenic pathways, suggest that lipids accumulated within cells are produced de novo rather than absorbed from the environment. In the present study, we demonstrate that PI3K pathway regulates phenotypic changes in breast cancer cells, whereas signal intensity and duration is crucial for cell fate decisions and commitment. Our findings reveal that MCF-7 cell fate decisions are controlled by a network of positive and negative regulators of both signalling and metabolic pathways. Excessive production and accumulation of lipids is often observed in breast cancer tissue. In the current study, we investigate signalling mechanisms regulating this process using a model cell line.
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Anestakis D, Petanidis S, Kalyvas S, Nday CM, Tsave O, Kioseoglou E, Salifoglou A. Mechanisms and applications of interleukins in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1691-710. [PMID: 25590298 PMCID: PMC4307328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in innovative and novel approaches in molecular cancer diagnostics and cancer therapeutic procedures. However, due to tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumoral discrepancy in tumor immunity, the clinical benefits are quite restricted. The goal of this review is to evaluate the major cytokines-interleukins involved in cancer immunotherapy and project their basic biochemical and clinical applications. Emphasis will be given to new cytokines in pre-clinical development, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines. Furthermore, current interleukin-based approaches and clinical trial data from combination cancer immunotherapies will also be discussed. It appears that continuously increasing comprehension of cytokine-induced effects, cancer stemness, immunoediting, immune-surveillance as well as understanding of molecular interactions emerging in the tumor microenvironment and involving microRNAs, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and DNA methylation processes may hold much promise in improving anti-tumor immunity. To this end, the emerging in-depth knowledge supports further studies on optimal synergistic combinations and additional adjuvant therapies to realize the full potential of cytokines as immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doxakis Anestakis
- Laboratory of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Savvas Petanidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kalyvas
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Halkidiki, Poligiros 63100, Greece.
| | - Christiane M Nday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Olga Tsave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Efrosini Kioseoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Salifoglou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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Abstract
Over the past years, advances in cancer immunotherapy have resulted in innovative and novel approaches in molecular cancer diagnostics and cancer therapeutic procedures. However, due to tumor heterogeneity and inter-tumoral discrepancy in tumor immunity, the clinical benefits are quite restricted. The goal of this review is to evaluate the major cytokines-interleukins involved in cancer immunotherapy and project their basic biochemical and clinical applications. Emphasis will be given to new cytokines in pre-clinical development, and potential directions for future investigation using cytokines. Furthermore, current interleukin-based approaches and clinical trial data from combination cancer immunotherapies will also be discussed. It appears that continuously increasing comprehension of cytokine-induced effects, cancer stemness, immunoediting, immune-surveillance as well as understanding of molecular interactions emerging in the tumor microenvironment and involving microRNAs, autophagy, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation, and DNA methylation processes may hold much promise in improving anti-tumor immunity. To this end, the emerging in-depth knowledge supports further studies on optimal synergistic combinations and additional adjuvant therapies to realize the full potential of cytokines as immunotherapeutic agents.
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10
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Zamanai Taghizadeh Rabe S, Iranshahi M, Rastin M, Tabasi N, Mahmoudi M. In vitroimmunomodulatory properties of a sesquiterpene lactone-bearing fraction fromArtemisia khorassanica. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:223-30. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.930079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Aramburu J, Ortells MC, Tejedor S, Buxadé M, López-Rodríguez C. Transcriptional regulation of the stress response by mTOR. Sci Signal 2014; 7:re2. [PMID: 24985347 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation that integrates inputs from growth factor receptors, nutrient availability, intracellular ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate), and a variety of stressors. Since early works in the mid-1990s uncovered the role of mTOR in stimulating protein translation, this kinase has emerged as a rather multifaceted regulator of numerous processes. Whereas mTOR is generally activated by growth- and proliferation-stimulating signals, its activity can be reduced and even suppressed when cells are exposed to a variety of stress conditions. However, cells can also adapt to stress while maintaining their growth capacity and mTOR function. Despite knowledge accumulated on how stress represses mTOR, less is known about mTOR influencing stress responses. In this review, we discuss the capability of mTOR, in particular mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), to activate stress-responsive transcription factors, and we outline open questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Aramburu
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Ortells
- Centre for Genomic Regulation and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Sonia Tejedor
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Maria Buxadé
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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Cobbold SP. The mTOR pathway and integrating immune regulation. Immunology 2014; 140:391-8. [PMID: 23952610 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important integrator of nutrient-sensing signals in all mammalian cells, and acts to coordinate the cell proliferation with the availability of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and energy (oxygen and ATP). A large part of the immune response depends on the proliferation and clonal expansion of antigen-specific T cells, which depends on mTOR activation, and the pharmacological inhibition of this pathway by rapamycin is therefore potently immunosuppressive. It is only recently, however, that we have started to understand the more subtle details of how the mTOR pathway is involved in controlling the differentiation of effector versus memory CD8(+) T cells and the decision to generate different CD4(+) helper T-cell subsets. In particular, this review will focus on how nutrient sensing via mTOR controls the expression of the master transcription factor for regulatory T cells in order to maintain the balance between tolerance and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Waldmann H, Hilbrands R, Howie D, Cobbold S. Harnessing FOXP3+ regulatory T cells for transplantation tolerance. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1439-45. [PMID: 24691478 DOI: 10.1172/jci67226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early demonstrations that mice could be tolerized to transplanted tissues with short courses of immunosuppressive therapy and that with regard to tolerance to self, CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) appeared to play a critical role, have catalyzed strategies to harness FOXP3-dependent processes to control rejection in human transplantation. This review seeks to examine the scientific underpinning for this new approach to finesse immunosuppression.
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Fracchia KM, Pai CY, Walsh CM. Modulation of T Cell Metabolism and Function through Calcium Signaling. Front Immunol 2013; 4:324. [PMID: 24133495 PMCID: PMC3795426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As a vital second messenger in the activation of lymphocytes, the divalent cation Ca(2+) plays numerous roles in adaptive immune responses. Importantly, Ca(2+) signaling is essential for T cell activation, tolerance of self-antigens, and homeostasis. Supporting the essential role of Ca(2+) signaling in T cell biology, the Ca(2+) regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin is a key target of pharmacologic inhibition for preventing allograft rejection and for autoimmune therapy. Recent studies have highlighted the unique role of Stim1 and Orai1/2 proteins in the regulation of store-operated/calcium release activated calcium (CRAC) channels in the context of T cells. While Ca(2+) is known to modulate T cell activation via effects on calcineurin and its target, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), this second messenger also regulates other pathways, including protein kinase C, calmodulin kinases, and cytoskeletal proteins. Ca(2+) also modulates the unique metabolic changes that occur during in distinct T cell stages and subsets. Herein, we discuss the means by which Ca(2+) mobilization modulates cellular metabolism following T cell receptor ligation. Further, we highlight the crosstalk between mitochondrial metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and CRAC channel activity. As a target of mitochondrial ROS and Ca(2+) regulation, we describe the involvement of the serine/threonine kinase DRAK2 in the context of these processes. Given the important roles for Ca(2+) dependent signaling and cellular metabolism in adaptive immune responses, the crosstalk between these pathways is likely to be important for the regulation of T cell activation, tolerance, and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley M Fracchia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine , Irvine, CA , USA
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Yang Z, Fujii H, Mohan SV, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Phosphofructokinase deficiency impairs ATP generation, autophagy, and redox balance in rheumatoid arthritis T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2119-34. [PMID: 24043759 PMCID: PMC3782046 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20130252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In the HLA class II-associated autoimmune syndrome rheumatoid arthritis (RA), CD4 T cells are critical drivers of pathogenic immunity. We have explored the metabolic activity of RA T cells and its impact on cellular function and fate. Naive CD4 T cells from RA patients failed to metabolize equal amounts of glucose as age-matched control cells, generated less intracellular ATP, and were apoptosis-susceptible. The defect was attributed to insufficient induction of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a regulatory and rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme known to cause the Warburg effect. Forced overexpression of PFKFB3 in RA T cells restored glycolytic flux and protected cells from excessive apoptosis. Hypoglycolytic RA T cells diverted glucose toward the pentose phosphate pathway, generated more NADPH, and consumed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). PFKFB3 deficiency also constrained the ability of RA T cells to resort to autophagy as an alternative means to provide energy and biosynthetic precursor molecules. PFKFB3 silencing and overexpression identified a novel extraglycolytic role of the enzyme in autophagy regulation. In essence, T cells in RA patients, even those in a naive state, are metabolically reprogrammed with insufficient up-regulation of the glycolytic activator PFKFB3, rendering them energy-deprived, ROS- and autophagy-deficient, apoptosis-sensitive, and prone to undergo senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Division of Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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Kolev M, Le Friec G, Kemper C. The role of complement in CD4+ T cell homeostasis and effector functions. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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