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Nguyen HA, Lee NY. Pipette-Free and Fully Integrated Paper Device Employing DNA Extraction, Isothermal Amplification, and Carmoisine-Based Colorimetric Detection for Determining Infectious Pathogens. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:9112. [PMID: 38005500 PMCID: PMC10675313 DOI: 10.3390/s23229112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
A pipette-free and fully integrated device that can be used to accurately recognize the presence of infectious pathogens is an important and useful tool in point-of-care testing, particularly when aiming to decrease the unpredictable threats posed by disease outbreak. In this study, a paper device is developed to integrate the three main processes required for detecting infectious pathogens, including DNA extraction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and detection. All key reagents, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), NaOH, LAMP reagents, and carmoisine, are placed on the paper device. The paper device is operated simply via sliding and folding without using any bulky equipment, and the results can be directly observed by the naked eye. The optimized concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and carmoisine were found to be 0.1%, 0.1 M, and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. The paper device was used to detect Enterococcus faecium at concentrations as low as 102 CFU/mL within 60 min. Also, E. faecium spiked in milk was successfully detected using the paper device, demonstrating the feasible application in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Kirichenko A, Bryushkova E, Dedkov V, Dolgova A. A Novel DNAzyme-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for Detection of RNA-Containing Nipah Henipavirus. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:252. [PMID: 36832018 PMCID: PMC9954549 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic RNA virus which infects humans and animals in Asian countries. Infection in humans occurs in different forms, from asymptomatic infection to fatal encephalitis, and death occurred in 40-70% of those infected in outbreaks that occurred between 1998 and 2018. Modern diagnostics is carried out by real-time PCR to identify pathogens or by ELISA to detect antibodies. Both technologies are labor-intensive and require the use of expensive stationary equipment. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative simple, fast and accurate test systems for virus detection. The aim of this study was to develop a highly specific and easily standardized system for the detection of Nipah virus RNA. In our work, we have developed a design for a Dz_NiV biosensor based on a split catalytic core of deoxyribozyme 10-23. It was shown that the assembly of active 10-23 DNAzymes occurred only in the presence of synthetic target Nipah virus RNA and that this was accompanied by stable fluorescence signals from the cleaved fluorescent substrates. This process was realized at 37 °C, pH 7.5, and in the presence of magnesium ions, with a 10 nM limit of detection achieved for the synthetic target RNA. Constructed via a simple and easily modifiable process, our biosensor may be used for the detection of other RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ekaterina Bryushkova
- Faculty of Molecular Biology, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov, 188512 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Dedkov
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Dolgova
- Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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Rubel MS, Shkodenko LA, Gorbenko DA, Solyanikova VV, Maltzeva YI, Rubel AA, Koshel EI, Kolpashchikov DM. Detection of Multiplex NASBA RNA Products Using Colorimetric Split G Quadruplex Probes. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2709:287-298. [PMID: 37572289 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3417-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural RNA is a challenging target for recognition by hybridization probes. This chapter addresses the recognition problem of RNA amplicons in samples obtained by multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). The method describes the design of G-quadruplex binary (split) DNA peroxidase sensors that produces colorimetric signal upon recognition of NASBA amplicons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Rubel
- Laboratory of DNA-Nanosensor Diagnostics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Liubov A Shkodenko
- Laboratory of DNA-Nanosensor Diagnostics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria A Gorbenko
- Laboratory of DNA-Nanosensor Diagnostics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Yulia I Maltzeva
- Laboratory of DNA-Nanosensor Diagnostics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Rubel
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena I Koshel
- Laboratory of DNA-Nanosensor Diagnostics, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry M Kolpashchikov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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4
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Xia X, Yang H, Cao J, Zhang J, He Q, Deng R. Isothermal nucleic acid amplification for food safety analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Xue T, Lu Y, Yang H, Hu X, Zhang K, Ren Y, Wu C, Xia X, Deng R, Wang Y. Isothermal RNA Amplification for the Detection of Viable Pathogenic Bacteria to Estimate the Salmonella Virulence for Causing Enteritis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1670-1678. [PMID: 35099949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viable foodborne pathogens can cause intestinal infection and food poisoning. Herein, we reported an RNA assay allowing for sensitive (close to 1 CFU and 1% viable bacteria detectable) and rapid (within 2.5 h) detection of viable pathogenic bacteria by coupling isothermal RNA amplification (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, NASBA) with a CRISPR/Cas13a system. NASBA allowed direct amplification of 16S rRNA extracted from viable S. enterica (RNAs degrade rapidly in dead bacteria), and the specificity of amplification was ensured using Cas13a/crRNA to recognize the amplicons. We used the CRISPR/Cas13-based NASBA assay (termed cNASBA assay) to investigate the in vivo colonization and intestinal infection of S. enterica in mice. We found that S. enterica was mainly colonized at the cecum, colon, and rectum, and the severity of enteritis caused by S. enterica was determined by the number of viable S. enterica rather than the total count of S. enterica. The cNASBA assay can quantify viable S. enterica and thus can improve the accuracy of virulence estimation compared to qPCR. It shows promise as a reliable tool for monitoring pathogen contamination and biosafety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yao Ren
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuhan Xia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruijie Deng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Pumford EA, Lu J, Spaczai I, Prasetyo ME, Zheng EM, Zhang H, Kamei DT. Developments in integrating nucleic acid isothermal amplification and detection systems for point-of-care diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 170:112674. [PMID: 33035900 PMCID: PMC7529604 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Early disease detection through point-of-care (POC) testing is vital for quickly treating patients and preventing the spread of harmful pathogens. Disease diagnosis is generally accomplished using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to amplify nucleic acids in patient samples, permitting detection even at low target concentrations. However, qPCR requires expensive equipment, trained personnel, and significant time. These resources are not available in POC settings, driving researchers to instead utilize isothermal amplification, conducted at a single temperature, as an alternative. Common isothermal amplification methods include loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, rolling circle amplification, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and helicase-dependent amplification. There has been a growing interest in combining such amplification methods with POC detection methods to enable the development of diagnostic tests that are well suited for resource-limited settings as well as developed countries performing mass screenings. Exciting developments have been made in the integration of these two research areas due to the significant impact that such approaches can have on healthcare. This review will primarily focus on advances made by North American research groups between 2015 and June 2020, and will emphasize integrated approaches that reduce user steps, reliance on expensive equipment, and the system's time-to-result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Pumford
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jiakun Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Iza Spaczai
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Matthew E Prasetyo
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Elaine M Zheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel T Kamei
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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Khan P, Aufdembrink LM, Engelhart AE. Isothermal SARS-CoV-2 Diagnostics: Tools for Enabling Distributed Pandemic Testing as a Means of Supporting Safe Reopenings. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2861-2880. [PMID: 32966744 PMCID: PMC7552996 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, poses grave threats to both the global economy and health. The predominant diagnostic screens in use for SARS-CoV-2 detection are molecular techniques such as nucleic acid amplification tests. In this Review, we compare current and emerging isothermal diagnostic methods for COVID-19. We outline the molecular and serological techniques currently being used to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, past or present, in patients. We also discuss ongoing research on isothermal techniques, CRISPR-mediated detection assays, and point-of-care diagnostics that have potential for use in SARS-CoV-2 detection. Large-scale viral testing during a global pandemic presents unique challenges, chief among them the simultaneous need for testing supplies, durable equipment, and personnel in many regions worldwide, with each of these regions possessing testing needs that vary as the pandemic progresses. The low-cost isothermal technologies described in this Review provide a promising means by which to address these needs and meet the global need for testing of symptomatic individuals as well as provide a possible means for routine testing of asymptomatic individuals, providing a potential means of safely enabling reopenings and early monitoring of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavana Khan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development,
University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lauren M. Aufdembrink
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development,
University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aaron E. Engelhart
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development,
University of Minnesota, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church
Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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8
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Dhar BC, Reed AJ, Mitra S, Rodriguez Sanchez P, Nedorezova DD, Connelly RP, Rohde KH, Gerasimova YV. Cascade of deoxyribozymes for the colorimetric analysis of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112385. [PMID: 32729510 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A visual cascade detection system has been applied to the detection and analysis of drug-resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), a causative agent of tuberculosis. The cascade system utilizes highly selective split RNA-cleaving deoxyribozyme (sDz) sensors. When activated by a complementary nucleic acid, sDz releases the peroxidase-like deoxyribozyme apoenzyme, which, in complex with a hemin cofactor, catalyzes the color change of the sample's solution. The excellent selectivity of the cascade has allowed for the detection of point mutations in the sequences of the MTC rpoB, katG, and gyrA genes, which are responsible for resistance to rifampin, isoniazid, and fluoroquinolone, respectively. When combined with isothermal nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), the assay was able to detect amplicons of 16S rRNA and katG mRNA generated from 0.1 pg and 10 pg total RNA taken for NASBA, respectively, in less than 2 h, producing a signal detectable with the naked eye. The proposed assay may become a prototype for point-of-care diagnosis of drug resistant bacteria with visual signal output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C Dhar
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Adam J Reed
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Suvra Mitra
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | | | - Daria D Nedorezova
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Ryan P Connelly
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Kyle H Rohde
- Division of Immunity and Pathogenesis, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Yulia V Gerasimova
- Chemistry Department, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Dr., Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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9
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Wang JR, Xia C, Yang L, Li YF, Li CM, Huang CZ. DNA Nanofirecrackers Assembled through Hybridization Chain Reaction for Ultrasensitive SERS Immunoassay of Prostate Specific Antigen. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4046-4052. [PMID: 32048509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology has been widely adopted for analytical chemistry with the purpose of sensitivity improvement. Herein we present an ultrasensitive concatenated hybridization chain reaction (C-HCR) based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassay by forming antibody-antigen-aptamer heterosandwich structures with the model analyte of total prostate specific antigens (tPSA). In the C-HCR, two HCRs, one proceeds with two hairpins and the other with four biotin-modified hairpins, are coupled, making the formation of DNA nanofirecrackers with the lengths longer than 200 nm and more than four hundred million binding sites of streptavidin modified enzymes. These types of DNA nanofirecrackers through the aptamer encoded linker strand to form heterosandwich structures could provide a general signal application platform such as enzyme catalysis with high amplification efficiency. As a proof of concept, the Au@Ag core-shell nanostructure based SERS immunoassay with excellent signal amplification has been developed by employing the streptavidin modified alkaline phosphatase (SA-ALP) through its catalysis of 2-phospho-l-ascorbic acid trisodium salt (AAP) to form Au@Ag core-shell nanostructures via the formation of ascorbic acid (AA) to reduce AgNO3 and deposition of silver element on gold nanorods (AuNRs). The newly developed method has a detection limit as low as 0.94 fg/mL and has successfully achieved the detection of serum samples from clinical patients, which was consistent with the clinical test results, showing that this C-HCR strategy to form DNA nanofirecrackers has great potential in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Chun Mei Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical System (Southwest University), Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Baldi P, La Porta N. Molecular Approaches for Low-Cost Point-of-Care Pathogen Detection in Agriculture and Forestry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:570862. [PMID: 33193502 PMCID: PMC7655913 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.570862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of plant diseases is a crucial factor to prevent or limit the spread of a rising infection that could cause significant economic loss. Detection test on plant diseases in the laboratory can be laborious, time consuming, expensive, and normally requires specific technical expertise. Moreover, in the developing countries, it is often difficult to find laboratories equipped for this kind of analysis. Therefore, in the past years, a high effort has been made for the development of fast, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective tests that can be successfully used in plant pathology directly in the field by low-specialized personnel using minimal equipment. Nucleic acid-based methods have proven to be a good choice for the development of detection tools in several fields, such as human/animal health, food safety, and water analysis, and their application in plant pathogen detection is becoming more and more common. In the present review, the more recent nucleic acid-based protocols for point-of-care (POC) plant pathogen detection and identification are described and analyzed. All these methods have a high potential for early detection of destructive diseases in agriculture and forestry, they should help make molecular detection for plant pathogens accessible to anyone, anywhere, and at any time. We do not suggest that on-site methods should replace lab testing completely, which remains crucial for more complex researches, such as identification and classification of new pathogens or the study of plant defense mechanisms. Instead, POC analysis can provide a useful, fast, and efficient preliminary on-site screening that is crucial in the struggle against plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Baldi
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Paolo Baldi,
| | - Nicola La Porta
- IASMA Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
- The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), San Michele a/Adige, Trento, Italy
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Lynch CA, Foguel MV, Reed AJ, Balcarcel AM, Calvo-Marzal P, Gerasimova YV, Chumbimuni-Torres KY. Selective Determination of Isothermally Amplified Zika Virus RNA Using a Universal DNA-Hairpin Probe in Less than 1 Hour. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13458-13464. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
- Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, Indiana 47803, United States
| | - Marcos V. Foguel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Adam J. Reed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Angelica M. Balcarcel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Percy Calvo-Marzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Yulia V. Gerasimova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Karin Y. Chumbimuni-Torres
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Boulevard, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
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