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Goliusova DV, Klementieva NV, Mokrysheva NG, Kiselev SL. Molecular Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Associated with MEN1 Gene Mutation. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419080052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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2
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Nedyalkova M, Dimitrov D, Donkova B, Simeonov V. Chemometric Expertise Of Clinical Monitoring Data Of Prolactinoma Patients. OPEN CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2019-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe present investigation indicates hidden relationships between the several clinical parameters usually monitored on prolactinoma patients using non-hierarchical cluster analysis. The major goal of the chemometric data mining is to offer a possible mode of optimization of the monitoring procedure by selecting a reduced number of health status indicators. The intelligent data analysis reveals the formation of three patterns of prolactinoma patients each one of them described by a set of clinical parameters. Thus, better strategies for considering patients with this diagnosis could be developed and clinically applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Nedyalkova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Okhridski”, 1164 Sofia, J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Dimitrov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Okhridski”, 1164 Sofia, J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, Bulgaria
| | - Borjana Donkova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Okhridski”, 1164 Sofia, J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, Bulgaria
| | - Vasil Simeonov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia “St. Kl. Okhridski”, 1164 Sofia, J. Bourchier Blvd. 1, Bulgaria
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Romanet P, Mohamed A, Giraud S, Odou MF, North MO, Pertuit M, Pasmant E, Coppin L, Guien C, Calender A, Borson-Chazot F, Béroud C, Goudet P, Barlier A. UMD-MEN1 Database: An Overview of the 370 MEN1 Variants Present in 1676 Patients From the French Population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:753-764. [PMID: 30339208 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by mutations in the MEN1 gene characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, of which the most frequent are primary hyperparathyroidism, pituitary adenomas, and neuroendocrine tumors. OBJECTIVE The aim of this work was to facilitate interpretation of variants and improve the genetic counseling and medical care of families of patients with MEN1. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS The TENGEN network (Oncogenetics Network of Neuroendocrine Tumors) has interpreted and collected all allelic variants and clinical characteristics of the MEN1-positive patients identified through genetic testing performed in the French population from 1997 to 2015. Patients and their variants were registered in the locus-specific UMD-MEN1 database (www.umd.be/MEN1/). MAIN OUTCOMES Variant classification, age-related penetrance, and odds ratios. RESULTS A total of 370 distinct variants reported in 1676 patients, including 181 unpublished variants, have been registered. This database analysis revealed a low frequency (6.6%) of benign or likely benign missense variants in MEN1. Eight families (1.9%) had members with familial isolated hyperparathyroidism and harbored the same mutations as that found in families with authentic MEN1. An association existed between large rearrangements and an earlier onset of the disease, whereas no difference was observed between truncating and nontruncating variants. CONCLUSION The UMD-MEN1 database provides an exhaustive overview of the MEN1 variants present in the French population. For each variant, a classification is publicly available. Clinical data collections allow the determination of genotype-phenotype correlation and age-related penetrance of lesions in the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Romanet
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Amira Mohamed
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital (HCL), East Pathology Center, Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Odou
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire "Hormonologie, Métabolisme-Nutrition, Oncologie", Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile North
- Service de Génétique et Biochimie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Pertuit
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- Service de Génétique et Biochimie Moléculaires, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Coppin
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, - JPARC - Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France
| | - Céline Guien
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, U 1251 Bioinformatic Team, Marseille, France
| | - Alain Calender
- Genetics Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Hospital (HCL), East Pathology Center, Lyon, Bron Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Borson-Chazot
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Fédération d'Endocrinologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, HESPER EA 7425, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Béroud
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Department of Genetics, Hospital La Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Goudet
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Dijon, and INSERM, U866, Dijon, France
- Epidemiology and Clinical Research in Digestive Oncology Team, and INSERM, CIC1432, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, University Hospital of Dijon, Clinical Investigation Center, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Dijon, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- Aix Marseille Univ, APHM, INSERM, MMG, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hospital La Conception, Marseille, France
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Kao ST, Capua CJ, Abdelsayed RA. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b (MEN2B) in a 9-Year-Old Female. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:1925-1928. [PMID: 29709408 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is an uncommon genetic syndrome transmitted as an autosomal dominant condition characterized by multiple tumors or hyperplasia of neuroendocrine tissues. MEN type 2b (MEN2B) often has clinical signs of marfanoid facial appearance and mucosal neuromas of the head. This report describes the diagnosis of MEN2B in a previously undiagnosed 9 year old who presented for biopsy of an oral lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solon T Kao
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Christopher J Capua
- Chief Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
| | - Rafik A Abdelsayed
- Professor and Director of Diagnostic Laboratory, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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Qiu W, Christakis I, Silva A, Bassett RL, Cao L, Meng QH, Gardner Grubbs E, Zhao H, Yao JC, Lee JE, Perrier ND. Utility of chromogranin A, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and gastrin in the diagnosis and follow-up of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:400-7. [PMID: 27256431 PMCID: PMC4988913 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs) are the major source of disease-specific mortality in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) patients. Chromogranin A (CgA), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), glucagon and gastrin have some diagnostic value in sporadic PNETs, but there is very little evidence for their efficacy in diagnosing PNETs in MEN1 patients. DESIGN We performed a retrospective chart review of the existing MEN1 database in our institution. PATIENTS One hundred and thirteen patients were eligible for diagnostic value analysis of tumour markers. Patients were excluded if measurement of tumour markers was missing, either 3 months prior to PNET diagnosis (PNET patients) or prior to abdominal imaging (non-PNET patients). MEASUREMENTS Clinicopathologic characteristics and of tumour marker measurements were analysed. RESULTS Of 293 confirmed MEN1 cases, 55 PNETs and 58 non-PNETs met inclusion criteria. The area under the curve (AUC) for CgA, PP, glucagon and gastrin in MEN1 cases was 59·5%, 64·1%, 77·0% and 75·9%, respectively. The AUC for the combination of CgA, PP and gastrin was 59·6%. PP, but not CgA, glucagon or gastrin was significantly associated with both age and PNET functional status (P = 0·0485 and 0·0188, respectively). No markers were significantly associated with sex, PNET size, tumour number, tumour location, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, presence of lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion or overall survival. CgA values were not significantly lower following PNET resection than pre-operatively (P = 0·554). CONCLUSIONS The value of blood markers for diagnosing PNETs in MEN1 patients is relatively low, even when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ioannis Christakis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angelica Silva
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roland L Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liyun Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing H Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gardner Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James C Yao
- Departments of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nancy D Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Abi-Raad R, Virk RK, Dinauer CA, Prasad A, Morotti RA, Breuer CK, Sosa JA, Udelsman R, Rivkees SA, Prasad ML. C-Cell Neoplasia in Asymptomatic Carriers of RET Mutation in Extracellular Cysteine-Rich and Intracellular Tyrosine Kinase Domain. Hum Pathol 2015; 46:1121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nugent BD, Weimer J, Choi CJ, Bradley CJ, Bender CM, Ryan CM, Gardner P, Sherwood PR. Work productivity and neuropsychological function in persons with skull base tumors. Neurooncol Pract 2014; 1:106-113. [PMID: 25789168 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skull base tumors comprise many common benign brain tumors. Treatment has advanced, allowing many survivors to return to work. However, literature is limited about the neuropsychological status of these patients prior to treatment. Literature pertaining to the relationship between neuropsychological functioning and occupational ability prior to surgical intervention is even more limited. The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of neuropsychological function on work productivity in persons with skull base tumors prior to resection. METHODS Neuropsychological function and work productivity were assessed in adults newly diagnosed with skull base tumors (n = 45) prior to surgical intervention. Univariate analyses identified potential predictors of work limitations; variables with P < .10 were analyzed using multivariate regression analyses controlled for age, sex, tumor type, and education. RESULTS Poorer mental attention and flexibility (MF) and higher depressive symptoms (DS) were significantly associated with poor time management at work (MF: β = -0.59, P = .01; DS: β = 3.42, P < .01; R2 = 0.54). Difficulty meeting physical work demands was significantly associated with poorer visuospatial ability (VA) and higher depressive symptoms (VA: β = -3.30, P = .05; DS: β = 2.29, P < .01; R2 = 0.29). Lower learning and memory scores (LM) and higher depressive symptoms were significantly associated with difficulty meeting mental-interpersonal work demands (LM: β = -3.39, P = .04; DS: β = 3.25, P < .01; R2 = 0.47) and overall health-related loss of work productivity (LM: β = -0.72, P = .05; DS: β = 0.659, P < .001; R2 = 0.43). CONCLUSION Domains of neuropsychological function that predicted work productivity were identified. Future research should examine neuropsychological function, depressive symptoms, and work productivity across the care trajectory from diagnosis through long-term survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany D Nugent
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Jason Weimer
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Chienwen J Choi
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Cathy J Bradley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Catherine M Bender
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Christopher M Ryan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Paul Gardner
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
| | - Paula R Sherwood
- University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (B.D.N., J.W., C.J.C., C.M.B., P.R.S.); Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Richmond, Virginia (C.J.B.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (C.M.R.); University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurological Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (P.G)
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Benej M, Bendlova B, Vaclavikova E, Poturnajova M. Establishing high resolution melting analysis: method validation and evaluation for c-RET proto-oncogene mutation screening. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:51-60. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jatoi I, Benson JR, Liau SS, Chen Y, Cisco RM, Norton JA, Moley JF, Khalifeh KW, Choti MA. The role of surgery in cancer prevention. Curr Probl Surg 2010; 47:750-830. [PMID: 20816140 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Jatoi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Traugott AL, Moley JF. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2: clinical manifestations and management. Cancer Treat Res 2010; 153:321-37. [PMID: 19957233 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0857-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Spinelli C, Di Giacomo M, Costanzo S, Elisei R, Miccoli P. Role of RET codonic mutations in the surgical management of medullary thyroid carcinoma in pediatric age multiple endocrine neoplasm type 2 syndromes. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:1610-6. [PMID: 20713208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) therapy is surgical resection. Because the genetic screening was available, the early diagnosis of the disease has been possible. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of the genetic test in the management of these children and to draw some information about the surgical timing. METHODS Thirteen patients underwent total thyroidectomy at our institute between 1995 and 2007. Seven patients underwent a curative thyroidectomy, and 6 patients underwent a prophylactic thyroidectomy. Two patients were operated with a minimally invasive video-assisted technique. We studied the following parameters: age, risk level associated to the RET gene mutations, aim of surgery (curative or prophylactic), tumor histopathologic features, lymph node involvement, and distal metastases. RESULTS We found a statistical association between cancer maximum diameter and some parameters analyzed: age of patients, aim of surgery, single or multifocal MTC, and number of organs involved by distal metastases. Cancer diameter at the moment of diagnosis seems to increase according to the aggressiveness of RET gene mutation found. CONCLUSIONS The best strategy to cure MTC is to prevent it. Genetic screening could be a fundamental tool in the management of multiple endocrine neoplasm type 2 children. An improvement of scientific knowledge regarding RET gene alterations and an early and appropriate use of genetic tests could allow a better understanding of the correct surgical timing and a wider use of less aggressive surgical procedures.
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Using genetics and genomics strategies to personalize therapy for cancer: focus on melanoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:755-61. [PMID: 20412787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individualizing therapeutic selection for patients is a major goal in cancer treatment today. This goal is best facilitated by understanding both an individual's inherited genetic variation and the somatic genetic changes arising during cancer development. Clinical decision making based on inherited genetic variation is done for those patients with cancer susceptibility syndromes and more generally to personalize drug dosing. Personalized medicine based on genetic and genomic changes within tumors is being applied more widely, with increased use of therapies targeted to somatic mutations and amplifications. Somatic mutations associated with resistance also are being used to select against therapies. Somatic point mutation testing being used clinically includes direct sequencing, short sequencing and single nucleotide interrogation. Single amplifications are commonly assessed using FISH or CISH; high throughput assessment of amplifications and deletions is done mainly on a research basis. Melanomas contain complex mutational profiles that allow them to be sub-grouped by their genetic and genomic profile, each of which then can be evaluated pre-clinically to determine their response to targeted therapies. BRAF V600E mutations are the most common found in melanoma; specific inhibitors of mutant BRAF have been developed and are currently in clinical trials. In addition, other melanoma sub-groups have been identified genetically, which respond to other inhibitors. These studies focus on somatic genetic changes in cancer, which can be targeted directly by therapies. However in the future, personalized medicine will use a combination of inherited and somatic genetics to select the optimal tailored therapy for each patient.
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Allen SM, Bodenner D, Suen JY, Richter GT. Diagnostic and surgical dilemmas in hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2009; 119:1303-11. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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