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Bademli K, Lök N, Lök S. The Effect of a Physical Activity Intervention on Burden and Depressive Symptoms in Depressed Family Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Phys Act Health 2023; 20:1109-1115. [PMID: 37633655 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2022-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a 12-week physical activity intervention for caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. METHOD Family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia were recruited and randomized into either a physical activity group (n = 31) or a control group (n = 31). The 12-week "Physical Activity Program" consisted of 10 minutes of warm-up activities as the initial segment, 20 minutes of rhythmic exercises as the activity segment, 10 minutes of cool-down exercises as the final segment, and 40 minutes of free walking. The physical activity program was designed to accommodate the ergonomics and physiological structure of the caregiver. The program consisted of 12 sessions. The Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to the physical activity and control groups before the program's implementation. RESULTS A total of 62 caregivers were randomized to the intervention (n = 31) or control group (n = 31). Postintervention measurement was completed by 61 caregivers, and all the caregivers completed the intervention. Mean scores of Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale score and Beck Depression Inventory score in the physical activity group of caregivers at postintervention, significantly reduced at <.05 level than their mean baseline scores. CONCLUSIONS Engagement in a 12-week physical activity intervention can improve the perceived burden of caregiving and symptoms of depression. Future research should examine with larger sample groups, carry out interventions, and apply the physical activity intervention by targeting caregivers, along with different interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerime Bademli
- Psychiatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Lök
- Psychiatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sefa Lök
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sports Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
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2
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Phillips R, Durkin M, Engward H, Cable G, Iancu M. The impact of caring for family members with mental illnesses on the caregiver: a scoping review. Health Promot Int 2023; 38:daac049. [PMID: 35472137 PMCID: PMC10269136 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of multidisciplinary, qualitative and quantitative research suggests that providing care for family members with mental health illnesses can have both positive and negative effects on the carers' wellbeing. However, to date a comprehensive overview and synthesis of literature that compares and contrasts positive and negative effects of family-caregiving on the carer is missing. To address this gap, this scoping review examines the effects of family-caregiving on carers' wellbeing. A Boolean search generated a total of 92 relevant articles that were included in the analysis. The results suggest that, to understand the effects of family-caregiving on the carer's mental and physical wellbeing, it is necessary to take a combination of situational and sociodemographic characteristics into consideration. Elderly, female, spousal-carers and primary-carers may be a group that is at risk of suffering from a lack of positive mental and physical wellbeing as a result of caring. However, the negative effects of caregiving can be balanced by extraversion, social support and religious or spiritual beliefs. Therefore, future interventions that aim to promote family caregivers' wellbeing may need to take personality, particular circumstances as well as cultural and personal beliefs into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Phillips
- Robert Gordon University, Garthdee House, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7QB, UK
| | | | - Hilary Engward
- Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Graham Cable
- Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Maria Iancu
- Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge Campus, East Rd, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
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3
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Hilton C, Jones S, Akers N, Panagaki K, Sellwood W. Self-Report Measures Assessing Aspects of Personal Recovery in Relatives and Other Informal Carers of Those With Psychosis: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:926981. [PMID: 35911034 PMCID: PMC9335122 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.926981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Providing long-term care for a family member with psychosis can cause significant distress for informal carers due to the trauma of seeing their loved one in crisis, dealing with the difficult symptoms of psychosis and the burden of providing care. An important aspect of carers' adjustment can be construed as their personal recovery in relation to having a relative affected by psychosis. Self-report measures are increasingly used to assess personal recovery in service users, but less is known about the utility of such tools for carers. Aims This review aimed to identify all self-report measures assessing aspects of carers' personal recovery, and to quality appraise them. Methods Academic Search Ultimate, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and PubMed were searched for articles that reported the development of self-report measures created for carers of those with psychosis. Studies were appraised using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. A Levels of Evidence synthesis provided overall quality scores for each measure. Results The search identified 3,154 articles for initial screening. From a total of 322 full text articles, 95 self-report measures were identified with a final 10 measures included for the quality assessment showing varying levels of psychometric rigor. Conclusions The results show that no single self-report measure is currently available for use to comprehensively assess personal recovery for carers, highlighting the need for further research in this area and the development of a new measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hilton
- Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Claire Hilton
| | - Steven Jones
- Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Akers
- Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Panagaki
- Spectrum Centre for Mental Health Research, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - William Sellwood
- Clinical Psychology, Division of Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Disease-Related Risk Factors for Caregiver Burden among Family Caregivers of Persons with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031862. [PMID: 35162886 PMCID: PMC8835439 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a quantitative synthesis of the clinical correlates of caregiver burden in schizophrenia studies published in the last two decades. Derived from eight electronic databases, this meta-analytic review revisits 34 English articles published from 2000 to 2020 relevant to family caregiver burden in the schizophrenia field. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess study quality. The pooled effect sizes of the selected studies ranged from −0.390 to 0.751. The results indicated a significant association between a heavier burden and disease-related risk factors, including more severe symptoms, greater general psychopathology, greater severity of functional impairment, and longer duration of illness. The results show moderating effects of study characteristics (i.e., study quality, participants, and location) on the correlations between these disease-related risk factors and caregiver burden. This review highlights the roles of study characteristics in affecting the inconsistent results for the effects of disease-related risk factors on caregiver burden in families of patients with schizophrenia. Psychosocial interventions are essential for family caregivers of persons with schizophrenia. Future studies incorporating random samples from both high-income and low-to-middle-income countries will be crucial to understand the effects of cultural contexts on caregiver burden in families of persons with schizophrenia.
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5
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Estrada-Fernández ME, Gil-Lacruz M, Gil-Lacruz AI, Viñas-López A. The impact of community care: Burden and quality of life of the informal caregivers of patients with severe mental disorder. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 50:487-501. [PMID: 33999449 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the dimensions and consequences of the burden of caregivers of patients with SMD (Severe Mental Disorder) and the repercussions that this role has on their quality of life and health in the physical, psychic and social spheres. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study and inferential observational study which explores caregivers of patients with SMD admitted to Psychiatry Day Hospital (Huesca, Spain). The technique of consecutive cases was used as a technique for sampling and sample selection. An individualized interview was arranged, where sociodemographic data were collected and scales and instruments were administered. 52 caregivers met the inclusion criteria. The female sex predominates (67%), being the patient's mother (48%). The average age of caregivers is 60 years old. Almost 60% of the sample presents intense burden and alterations of general mental health, 77% reveal anxiety and depression, and 46% little social support. Burden is associated with hospitalization within the last year, anxiety, or total social support received. It is appreciated how the diagnosis of a chronic disease constitutes an important challenge for the patient and their family, due to the burden of the disease and the impact of the new routines imposed by the continuous treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Gil-Lacruz
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana I Gil-Lacruz
- Department of Management and Organisation, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Viñas-López
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Surgery Unit, San Jorge Hospital, Huesca, Spain
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Verma M, Grover S, Chakrabarti S. Effect of clozapine on psychological outcomes of caregivers of patients with treatment resistant schizophrenia. Nord J Psychiatry 2021; 75:118-123. [PMID: 32820680 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1804617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information on caregiver outcomes of patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). AIM This study aimed to evaluate the impact of short-term treatment with clozapine (i.e. 3 months) on caregiver burden, expressed emotions, caregiver abuse, and psychological morbidity among the caregivers in patients with TRS. 52 caregivers of patients with TRS were evaluated on the Family Burden Interview Schedule, Perceived Criticism Measure, Caregiver Abuse Screening Questionnaire, and General Health Questionnaire-12. RESULTS Maximum caregiver burden was seen in the domain of disruption of routine family activities, and this was followed by the domains of disruption of family leisure, disruption of family interaction, and the effect on mental health on others. At the baseline assessment, three-fourth of the caregivers scored ≥12 on the objective burden. With 3 months of clozapine therapy, there was a significant reduction in the caregiver burden in all the domains of objective burden, subjective burden, and the global objective burden as per the clinician rating, in the expressed emotions as per both patients and the caregivers, caregiver abuse, and psychological morbidity among the caregivers. CONCLUSION To conclude, this study suggests that caregivers of patients with TRS, experience significantly higher caregiver burden, and a large proportion of them suffer from psychological morbidity and indulge in expressed emotions and abuse of the patient. Treatment with clozapine for 3 months leads to a reduction in the caregiver burden, expressed emotions, caregiver abuse, and psychological morbidity among the caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meha Verma
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subho Chakrabarti
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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7
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Rabha A, Padhy SK, Grover S. Parenting skills of patients with chronic schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2021; 63:58-65. [PMID: 34083821 PMCID: PMC8106422 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_107_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to evaluate the parenting skills of patients with schizophrenia as perceived by themselves and their children and compare the same with a matched healthy control group of parents and their children. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-one patients with schizophrenia and their 51 children were assessed on the Alabama Parenting Scale. A healthy control group of 51 parents and their children were also assessed for parenting. RESULTS The mean age of parents with schizophrenia was 45.23 years. Compared to the parents in the healthy control group, patients with schizophrenia reported deficits in the domains of positive involvement, positive parenting; more often report poor monitoring/supervision, and inconsistent discipline. When the children of patients with schizophrenia and children of healthy parents were compared, children of healthy control parents reported higher positive involvement, positive parenting; and lower corporal punishment and inconsistent discipline. Except for few associations, parenting was not affected by demographic and clinical profile of the patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that patients with schizophrenia have deficits in parenting and there is a need to improve the parenting skills of the patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjumoni Rabha
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Susanta Kumar Padhy
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Zhou Z, Wang Y, Feng P, Li T, Tebes JK, Luan R, Yu Y. Associations of Caregiving Knowledge and Skills With Caregiver Burden, Psychological Well-Being, and Coping Styles Among Primary Family Caregivers of People Living With Schizophrenia in China. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:631420. [PMID: 34122169 PMCID: PMC8187614 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.631420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a lack of clarity regarding the correlation of caregiving knowledge and skills with caregiving experiences of people living with schizophrenia (PLSs). To address this gap, this comprehensive study examines the relationships of caregiving knowledge and skills to the primary family caregiver's experiences of burden, psychological well-being (stress, anxiety, depression, caregiving rewarding feelings), and coping styles in China. Methods: A total of 395 primary family caregivers of PLSs were enrolled in a cross-sectional study between May 2019 and September 2019. Each family caregiver was independently assessed on caregiving knowledge and skills, caregiver burden, and psychological well-being, as well as coping styles. Results: A higher level of caregiving knowledge and skills was positively correlated with less stress (b = -0.48, P < 0.001), anxiety (b = -0.23, P = 0.029), depression (b = -0.29, P = 0.013), and more caregiving rewarding feelings (b = 0.54, P < 0.001). Also, caregivers with more knowledge and skills were more inclined to adopt positive coping strategies (b = 0.44, P < 0.001). Despite these differences, caregivers with different levels of caregiving knowledge and skills reported comparable caregiver burden (b = 0.11, P = 0.705) and the use of a passive coping style (b = 0.10, P = 0.169). Conclusion: Caregiving knowledge and skills are a reliable predictor of psychological well-being and active coping among the primary family caregivers of PLSs. These findings inform the development of psychoeducational interventions to support family caregivers of PLSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglei Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Feng
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Tongxin Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jacob Kraemer Tebes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rongsheng Luan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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9
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Coping with caregiving stress among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54:102219. [PMID: 32688276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the coping strategies, including religious coping, used by the caregivers of patients with schizophrenia to deal with caregiving stress. Caregivers of 100 patients with schizophrenia, currently in clinical remission, were evaluated on Ways of the coping questionnaire, Brief religious coping scale, and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). More often use of adaptive coping mechanisms (such as seeking social support, accepting responsibility, planful problem solving, and positive reappraisa) was associated with a lower level of residual symptoms and better functioning of the patient, and lower level of psychological morbidity as per the GHQ-12 among the caregivers. A higher grade of negative symptoms, general psychopathology, and PANSS total score was associated with lower use of positive religious coping and higher use of negative religious coping in the caregivers. More severe psychological morbidity among the caregivers was associated with lower use of positive religious coping and higher use of negative religious coping. To conclude, this study depicts that caregivers of patients with schizophrenia use a mixture of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies, including religious coping. The use of adaptive coping is associated with better patient-related outcomes and lower levels of psychological morbidity/distress among caregivers. Whereas, more frequent use of maladaptive coping is associated with both patients' and caregivers' outcomes.
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10
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Yu Y, Liu ZW, Li TX, Li YL, Xiao SY, Tebes JK. Test of the stress process model of family caregivers of people living with schizophrenia in China. Soc Sci Med 2020; 259:113113. [PMID: 32646627 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Across the world, people living with schizophrenia (PLS) are often cared for by family caregivers. This is especially true in China where community-based systems of care for PLS are underdeveloped. Thus, family caregivers of PLS may experience emotional distress and burden in the absence of community-based services. Pearlin (1990) proposed a highly influential model for understanding the stress process and its relationship to health and wellbeing. Although the model has been examined worldwide, it has yet to be studied in China for caregivers of PLS. In the present study, we use Pearlin's stress process model to examine the mediating effect of perceived caregiver burden, family functioning, and caregivers' positive feelings about caregiving on PLS global functioning and caregiver depressive symptoms. We also examine whether the model differs for parent and spouse caregivers. A total of 327 primary family caregivers of PLS in Hunan province, China, were assessed cross-sectionally using culturally-validated measures. Bootstrap methods with Hayes's PROCESS Macro were used to test multiple mediation models of global functioning scores of PLS and caregiver depressive symptoms. In this first study of the stress process model of family caregivers of PLS in China, the results generally support the model. Caregiver perceived burden, family functioning, and positive caregiver feelings about caregiving all mediate the relationship between PLS global functioning and caregiver depression, with perceived caregiver burden having the strongest indirect effect. Analyses also show that the stress process differs between parent and spouse caregivers, with perceived caregiver burden a mediator for both groups but family functioning only a mediator for parent depressive symptoms. We discuss implications of these findings for extending the stress process model cross-culturally; suggest hypotheses for future research to examine parent and spouse differences; and discuss fruitful directions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China; Division of Prevention & Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Zi-Wei Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Tongzipo Road 172, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Tong-Xin Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yi-Lu Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Shui-Yuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Jacob Kraemer Tebes
- Division of Prevention & Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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11
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Ghasemi M, Arab M, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P. Relationship Between Caregiver Burden and Family Functioning in Family Caregivers of Older Adults With Heart Failure. J Gerontol Nurs 2020; 46:25-33. [PMID: 32453437 DOI: 10.3928/00989134-20200511-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Caregivers of individuals with heart failure are at high risk for diminished quality of life because of the energy involved in providing necessary care. Caring for someone with chronic heart failure can affect caregivers' physical, psychological, and social health, collectively referred to as the burden of care, and may also affect family functioning. The current cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between caregiver burden and family functioning in caregivers of older adults with heart failure in southeastern Iran using the Zarit Burden Inventory and the Family Assessment Device based on the McMaster Model of Family Functioning. The Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t test, and analysis of variance were used to determine relationships among variables. Results showed a significant correlation between burden of care and total score of family functioning. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to reduce burden of care for caregivers through education and support programs and to improve their family functioning and quality of life. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 46(6), 25-33.].
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12
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Yu Y, Li TX, Li YL, Qiu D, Xi SJ, Xiao SY, Tebes JK. A cross-sectional study on spouse and parent differences in caregiving experiences of people living with schizophrenia in rural China. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:226. [PMID: 32398050 PMCID: PMC7216408 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conflicting evidence exists on whether parent or spouse caregivers experience better outcomes when caring for family members with schizophrenia. The current study aims to examine relative caregiving experiences and impacts of spouse and parent caregivers for people living with schizophrenia (PLS) in China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 264 community-dwelling primary family caregivers of PLS. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information on family caregiving activities; negative caregiving impacts including objective and subjective burden, and caregiver psychological distress such as depression and anxiety; positive caregiving impacts including caregiving rewarding feelings, and family functioning for spouse and parent caregivers. RESULTS Both types of caregivers report engaging in similar caregiving activities and report comparable levels of objective burden. However, parent caregivers report significantly higher subjective burden than spouse caregivers (b = 7.94, 95%CI:2.08, 13.80, P < 0.01), which is also reflected in significantly higher depression (b = 3.88, 95%CI:1.35, 6.41, P < 0.01) and anxiety (b = 2.53, 95%CI: 0.22, 4.84, P < 0.05), and lower family functioning (b = - 1.71, 95%CI: - 2.73, - 0.49, P < 0.01). Despite these differences, both groups of caregivers report comparable rewarding feelings about caregiving. CONCLUSIONS Our findings have implications for family caregivers globally, but especially for countries that adhere to Confucian cultural values and provide guidance for future family intervention programs. Such programs may do well to incorporate cultural values and beliefs in understanding caregiving and kinship family dynamics so as to support family caregivers, and in particular, the specific vulnerabilities of parent caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yu
- grid.452223.00000 0004 1757 7615Hospital Evaluation Office, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China ,grid.47100.320000000419368710Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Tong-xin Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Yi-lu Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Dan Qiu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Shi-jun Xi
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Upper Mayuanlin Road 238, Changsha, Hunan 410008 China
| | - Shui-yuan Xiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Mental Health Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Jacob Kraemer Tebes
- grid.47100.320000000419368710Division of Prevention and Community Research, Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
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13
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Wan KF, Wong MM. Stress and burden faced by family caregivers of people with schizophrenia and early psychosis in Hong Kong. Intern Med J 2019; 49 Suppl 1:9-15. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Fai Wan
- The Data Analytics and Survey Research Centre; Hong Kong Shue Yan University; North Point Hong Kong
| | - Michael M.C. Wong
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen Mary Hospital; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong
- The Hong Kong Association of Psychosocial Rehabilitation; Hong Kong
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14
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Young L, Murata L, McPherson C, Jacob JD, Vandyk AD. Exploring the Experiences of Parent Caregivers of Adult Children With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2019; 33:93-103. [PMID: 30663631 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is a qualitative evidence synthesis on the experiences of parents caring for their adult child with schizophrenia. The Joanna Briggs Methodology for systematic reviews guided the study and standard systematic review procedures were followed. Content analysis was used to synthesize findings from the five studies included into the following categories: 'Resources,' 'Loss,' 'Psychological Distress,' 'Effects on Family,' and 'Framing the Experience.' Findings suggest that parent caregivers struggle to navigate services and need greater support to protect their mental and physical health. From a research perspective, factors influencing parents' abilities to stay engaged in caregiving warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Young
- Schizophrenia and Recovery Program, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lisa Murata
- Schizophrenia and Recovery Program, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Christine McPherson
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jean Daniel Jacob
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amanda Digel Vandyk
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Mathias K, Kermode M, San Sebastian M, Davar B, Goicolea I. An asymmetric burden: Experiences of men and women as caregivers of people with psycho-social disabilities in rural North India. Transcult Psychiatry 2019; 56:76-102. [PMID: 30141376 DOI: 10.1177/1363461518792728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Caring for a family member with a psycho-social disability can be both rewarding and burdensome. This study analyses the experiences of caregivers of people with psychosocial disabilities (PPSDs) in rural communities in North India using relational gender theory. In-depth interviews with 18 female and male caregivers of PPSDs probed the social, emotional and health impacts of their caregiving role. Nine themes were identified that were grouped under three meta-themes: intra-personal, inter-personal and institutional impacts. Under the intra-personal meta-theme, all caregivers experienced high tension, with women describing almost overwhelming stress. Women minimised their role as caregivers, and felt negative and hopeless about their futures, while men had a more positive view of the future and themselves. Embodied experiences of psychological and social distress were consistently described by women, but not by men. Within the interpersonal meta-theme, men experienced opportunity for social connection and social support that was seldom available to women. Interpersonal violence with other household members was described by both men and women. Within the institutional meta-theme, both men and women described strength in unity, and gestures leading to the reordering of gender relations. These findings underline the significant and diffuse impacts of a gender order that values males and disadvantages females as caregivers of PPSDs, with the asymmetry of a greater burden for women. The findings point to the urgent need for global mental health policies that support and empower caregivers and that strengthen gender equality.
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16
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Hielscher E, Diminic S, Kealton J, Harris M, Lee YY, Whiteford H. Hours of Care and Caring Tasks Performed by Australian Carers of Adults with Mental Illness: Results from an Online Survey. Community Ment Health J 2019; 55:279-295. [PMID: 29476284 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-018-0244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide a detailed profile of the hours of care Australian mental health carers provide for different types of caring tasks. The UQ Carer Survey 2016 was administered online to 105 adults caring for someone aged 16 years or older whose main condition is mental illness. Mental health carers reported providing on average 37.2 h of care per week to their main care recipient. Carers spent most of their active caring time providing emotional support, and the least of their time assisting with activities of daily living. Carers highlighted that this care time fluctuates with the undulating nature of mental illness, and many noted additional hours devoted to being 'on call' in case of emergency. Carers provide large amounts of support on a long-term and often unpredictable basis. Government services need to match the undulating nature of the illness by providing more flexible support options for mental health carers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hielscher
- Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sandra Diminic
- Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jan Kealton
- Carer consultant, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Meredith Harris
- Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yong Yi Lee
- Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Harvey Whiteford
- Policy and Epidemiology Group, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (QCMHR), The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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17
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Rexhaj S, Jose AE, Golay P, Favrod J. Perceptions of schizophrenia and coping styles in caregivers: comparison between India and Switzerland. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2016; 23:585-594. [PMID: 27860079 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Negative perceptions of illnesses can increase caregivers' use of ineffective coping strategies, which may increase their burdens and distress. Scientific and theoretical framework showed that culture and health organization system influence perception of illnesses and thus also has an impact on the coping strategies used. There is a lack of data on comparative perceptions of illnesses and coping styles between India and Switzerland and that is why this hypothesis needs to be confirmed. The comparison between two countries with large cultural and socioeconomics differences will provide a more significant impact. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This cultural comparative study explores the associations between representations of illness and three forms of coping styles (i.e. problem-focused, emotion-focused and social support-focused coping) among caregivers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Mangalore, India, and in French-speaking Switzerland. Results showed significant differences between Swiss and Indian caregivers practically in all illness' perceptions and coping styles, which is in accord with the theoretical framework. However, two results showed also similarities: the perception that schizophrenia can have cyclical episodes and that it can have negative consequences for caregivers. These differences and similarities allow to confirm the hypothesis that culture and health organization system influence illness' perception which impact the used coping styles. However, to develop specific nursing interventions for each culture, more research is needed to specify qualitatively the content of these differences and similarities. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Knowledge of how culture influences perceptions and coping styles is essential to develop quality interventions. Nurses should evaluate caregivers' perceptions and the causes they attribute to illnesses to help them maintain or develop efficient coping strategies. Knowledge of specific cultural differences and similarities can help nurses to provide individualized care that takes into account personal values to ensure recovery processes. ABSTRACT Introduction Scientific and theoretical framework showed that culture and health organization system influence perception of illnesses and thus also has an impact on the coping strategies used. Aim/question This cultural comparative study explores illness' perception and coping styles among the caregivers of people diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Mangalore, India, and Lausanne, Switzerland. Method The answers of 92 Swiss caregivers, using paper or electronic surveys depending on the participants' preference, and 100 Indian caregivers via an interview with a nurse were examined. Results The results confirm the hypothesis that culture and health organization system influence illness' perception which impact the used coping styles. Significant differences between Swiss and Indian caregivers practically in all illness' perceptions and coping styles were present, which is in accord with the theoretical framework. However, two results showed also similarities: the perception that schizophrenia can have cyclical episodes and that it can have negative consequences for caregivers. Discussion These differences will affect the development of interventions for caregivers in both countries. Implications for Practice The cultural differences observed in this study not only will allow interventions to be adapted to the specific needs of the two populations but also to identify their shared needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rexhaj
- School of Nursing Sciences, La Source, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Higher Education and Research in Health Care, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A E Jose
- Father Muller College of Nursing, Mangalore, India
| | - P Golay
- Community Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Favrod
- School of Nursing Sciences, La Source, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Community Psychiatry Service, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Lippi G. Schizophrenia in a member of the family: Burden, expressed emotion and addressing the needs of the whole family. S Afr J Psychiatr 2016; 22:922. [PMID: 30263163 PMCID: PMC6138106 DOI: 10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
How often do we find ourselves concentrating so much on treating a patient with schizophrenia that we forget about the needs and difficulties of the family members who take care of that patient? This article highlights the global and specific difficulties that families and caregivers experience in having to care for chronically ill family members with schizophrenia with a backdrop of continuing global deinstitutionalisation of such patients. Matters such as burden and expressed emotion are explored, family-specific interventions are discussed and areas of service delivery and resource inadequacies are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Lippi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Mantovani LM, Ferretjans R, Marçal IM, Oliveira AM, Guimarães FC, Salgado JV. Family burden in schizophrenia: the influence of age of onset and negative symptoms. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2016; 38:96-9. [DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: To investigate the determinants of family burden in a sample of patients with schizophrenia and their caregivers. Methods: Thirty-one stable patients with schizophrenia and their main caregivers were recruited. Sociodemographic variables were assessed in a semi-structured interview, and positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognitive performance was assessed with the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (SCoRS). Levels of burden on caregivers were assessed with the Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS). Interactions among variables were analyzed using Pearson correlations and linear regression analysis. Results: Objective and subjective FBIS scores were 1.9 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.5) and 2.4 (SD = 0.6) respectively. Objective burden correlated positively with positive and negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. Subjective burden correlated positively with positive symptoms and negatively with mean age of disease onset. Positive, negative and cognitive symptoms accounted for 47.6% of the variance of objective burden, with negative symptoms accounting independently for 30.3%. Age of onset, parents as caregivers and positive symptoms accounted for 28% of the variance of subjective burden, with age of onset independently explaining 20.3%. Conclusion: Patients' clinical and sociodemographic variables are important determinants of family burden in schizophrenia. Objective burden is predicted by symptoms, particularly negative ones. Subjective burden is predicted by symptoms and sociodemographic variables, particularly age of disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M. Mantovani
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Iara M. Marçal
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Oliveira
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Guimarães
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Vinícius Salgado
- Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil; UFMG, Brazil
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20
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Burden of caregivers of adult patients with schizophrenia in a predominantly African ancestry population. Qual Life Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11136-015-1077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Zendjidjian XY, Boyer L. Challenges in measuring outcomes for caregivers of people with mental health problems. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [PMID: 25152655 PMCID: PMC4140510 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2014.16.2/xzendjidjian] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are increasingly important in health care and mental health research. Furthermore, caregivers become partners in care for patients with mental disorders, and health workers are more attentive to the expectations and needs of caregivers. A number of outcomes for caregivers are measured and used in daily practice in order to promote actions to improve health care systems and progress in research on the impact of mental disorders on their caregivers. This paper proposes an inventory of the different outcomes and different measurement tools used to assess the impact of disorders, raising a number of methodological and conceptual issues that limit the relevance of measurement tools and complicate their use. Finally, we propose some recommendations promoting the development of relevant outcome measures for caregivers and their integration into current systems of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Y Zendjidjian
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life-Research Unit, Marseille, France; Department of Psychiatry, La Conception University Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Aix-Marseille University, EA 3279-Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life -Research Unit, Marseille, France
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22
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Geriani D, Savithry KSB, Shivakumar S, Kanchan T. Burden of care on caregivers of schizophrenia patients: a correlation to personality and coping. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:VC01-VC04. [PMID: 25954685 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11342.5654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a mental disorder where the caregivers are likely to face increasing levels of burden and stress. The present study aims to explore the relation between burden of care on the caregivers of schizophrenic patients with various psychological parameters including their coping strategies, personality type, overall quality of life and socio-demographic details. MATERIALS AND METHODS The participants included in the study (n=110) were administered a socio-demographic data sheet and questionnaires to assess their personality type, burden, quality of life, and coping mechanisms of having a schizophrenic in the family. These questionnaires were administered in individual setting. Their informed consent was taken prior to the administration of tools and their privacy was taken care of. The data obtained was analysed statistically. RESULTS Most of the caregivers were females. The caregivers were observed to have moderate and high levels of burden. Burden on the caregivers showed a significant correlation with psychoticism and their overall quality of life. A significant correlation was seen between the levels of coping and extrovert type of personality, and also with the environmental health of the caregivers. Caregivers belonging to nuclear families coped better than those of joint families. CONCLUSION The study concludes that certain personality traits like psychoticism and certain social traits such as living in joint families can increase the risk of caregiver burden in looking after family members suffering from schizophrenia. A need for psychological assistance for the vulnerable caregivers to help them reduce the burden levels and employ positive coping strategies has, therefore, been emphasized in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Geriani
- Intern, Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College (A Constituent College of Manipal University) , Mangalore, India
| | | | - Seemanthini Shivakumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College (A Constituent College of Manipal University) , Mangalore, India
| | - Tanuj Kanchan
- Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kasturba Medical College (A Constituent College of Manipal University) , Mangalore, India
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23
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Kumar CN, Suresha KK, Thirthalli J, Arunachala U, Gangadhar BN. Caregiver burden is associated with disability in schizophrenia: results of a study from a rural setting of south India. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2015; 61:157-63. [PMID: 24948613 DOI: 10.1177/0020764014537637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking care of patients with schizophrenia is a major source of burden to the family. Research on burden experienced by family members of patients living in rural communities is sparse. METHODS Data were obtained from a community intervention program for psychoses in a rural community of south India, where persons with severe mental disorders were identified, treated and followed up. As part of the program, caregivers of 245 schizophrenia patients were interviewed using the Burden Assessment Schedule. Psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PANSS), treatment status and disability (Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale; IDEAS) experienced by the patients were also assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the influence of different factors on the caregiver burden. RESULTS Level of burden had a significant direct correlation with disability (Pearson's r = .35; p < .01) and severity of psychopathology (r = .21; p < .01). Duration of treatment had an inverse correlation with burden (Pearson's r = -.16; p < .01). Multivariate analysis revealed that total IDEAS score (Beta = .28; t = 4.37; p ≤ .01), duration of treatment (Beta = -.17; t = -2.58; p = .01), age of the family caregiver (Beta = .15; t = 2.4; p = .02) and gender of the patient (Beta = -.13; t = -2.1; p = .04) were significant predictors of burden. The model including total IDEAS score explained 14% of variance (adjusted R (2) = .139; p < .01). CONCLUSION Burden experienced by family caregivers of schizophrenia patients depends on the level of disability experienced by the patient, age of the family caregivers and gender of the patient. Interventions to reduce disability of the patients may reduce the caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Channaveerachari N Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kudumallige K Suresha
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Jagadisha Thirthalli
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Bangalore N Gangadhar
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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