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Kapos FP, Craig KD, Anderson SR, Bernardes SF, Hirsh AT, Karos K, Keogh E, Reynolds Losin EA, McParland JL, Moore DJ, Ashton-James CE. Social Determinants and Consequences of Pain: Toward Multilevel, Intersectional, and Life Course Perspectives. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2024:104608. [PMID: 38897311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite wide endorsement of a biopsychosocial framework for pain, social aspects of pain remain rarely addressed in the context of pain prevention and management. In this review, we aim to 1) examine the broad scope of social determinants and consequences of pain and their interactions across multiple levels of organization, and 2) provide a framework synthesizing existing concepts and potential areas for future work on social aspects of pain, drawing upon socioecological, intersectional, and life course approaches. Integrating interdisciplinary theory and evidence, we outline pathways through which multilevel social factors and pain may affect each other over time. We also provide a brief summary of intrapersonal aspects of pain, which are thought to operate at the interface between individuals and the social context. Progressing from micro- to macrolevel factors, we illustrate how social determinants of pain can directly or indirectly contribute to pain experiences, expression, risk, prognosis, and impact across populations. We consider 1) at the interpersonal level, the roles of social comparison, social relatedness, social support, social exclusion, empathy, and interpersonal conflict; 2) at the group or community level, the roles of intimacy groups, task groups, social categories, and loose associations; and 3) at the societal level, the roles of political, economic, and cultural systems, as well as their policies and practices. We present examples of multilevel consequences of pain across these levels and discuss opportunities to reduce the burden and inequities of pain by expanding multilevel social approaches in pain research and practice. PERSPECTIVE: Despite wide endorsement of a biopsychosocial framework for pain, social aspects of pain are often unclearly defined, hindering their use in pain prevention, management, and research. We summarize the scope of social aspects of pain and provide a framework synthesizing existing concepts and potential areas for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia P Kapos
- Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Schoool of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Kenneth D Craig
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven R Anderson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sónia F Bernardes
- Centre for Social Research and Intervention, Iscte-Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adam T Hirsh
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kai Karos
- Experimental Health Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edmund Keogh
- Department of Psychology & Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Joanna L McParland
- Department of Psychology, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David J Moore
- School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Ashton-James
- Pain Management Research Institute, Kolling Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Blake H, Somerset S, Greaves S. The Pain at Work Toolkit for Employees with Chronic or Persistent Pain: A Collaborative-Participatory Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 10:healthcare10010056. [PMID: 35052220 PMCID: PMC8775489 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-management tools for people with chronic or persistent pain tend to focus on symptom reporting, treatment programmes or exercise and do not address barriers to work, facilitators of work ability, or workplace pain self-management strategies. We developed the Pain at Work (PAW) toolkit, an evidence-based digital toolkit to provide advice on how employees can self-manage their pain at work. In a collaborative-participatory design, 4-step Agile methodology (N = 452) was used to co-create the toolkit with healthcare professionals, employers and people with chronic or persistent pain. Step 1: stakeholder consultation event (n = 27) established content and format; Step 2: online survey with employees who have persistent pain (n = 274) showed employees fear disclosing their condition, and commonly report discrimination and lack of line manager support. Step 3: online employer survey (n = 107) showed employers rarely provide self-management materials or education around managing pain at work, occupational health recommendations for reasonable adjustments are not always actioned, and pain-related stigma is common. Step 4: Toolkit development integrated findings and recommendations from Steps 1–3, and iterative expert peer review was conducted (n = 40). The PAW toolkit provides (a) evidence-based guidelines and signposting around work-capacity advice and support; (b) self-management strategies around working with chronic or persistent pain, (c) promotion of healthy lifestyles, and quality of life at work; (d) advice on adjustments to working environments and workplace solutions to facilitate work participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK; (S.S.); (S.G.)
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah Somerset
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK; (S.S.); (S.G.)
| | - Sarah Greaves
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK; (S.S.); (S.G.)
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Choi B, Bahk J, Lee H, Kim S. Association between labor union presence and return to work after occupational injury or illness: A nationally representative longitudinal study in South Korea. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:1040-1044. [PMID: 34541689 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to examine the association between labor union presence and return to work after occupational injury or illness (RTW) among workers in South Korea. METHODS We analyzed the first (2018) and second (2019) wave data from the Panel Study of Workers' Compensation Insurance in South Korea. The cohort consisted of 3,294 workers who had suffered occupational injury or illness and completed their convalescence by 2017. We examined whether RTW was associated with the presence of labor unions in the workplace at the time of the occupational injury or illness occurred. RESULTS Compared to workers without labor unions, those with labor unions were more likely to report RTW (prevalence ratio: 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-1.51) after adjusting for potential confounders, including employment status, duration of convalescence, and severity of injury or illness. CONCLUSION This study found that labor union presence was associated with RTW among workers who suffered occupational injury or illness in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyoung Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Bahk
- Department of Public Health Keimyung University Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung‐Sup Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences Korea University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA
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Reddan MC. Recommendations for the Development of Socioeconomically-Situated and Clinically-Relevant Neuroimaging Models of Pain. Front Neurol 2021; 12:700833. [PMID: 34557144 PMCID: PMC8453079 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.700833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a complex, multidimensional experience that emerges from interactions among sensory, affective, and cognitive processes in the brain. Neuroimaging allows us to identify these component processes and model how they combine to instantiate the pain experience. However, the clinical impact of pain neuroimaging models has been limited by inadequate population sampling - young healthy college students are not representative of chronic pain patients. The biopsychosocial approach to pain management situates a person's pain within the diverse socioeconomic environments they live in. To increase the clinical relevance of pain neuroimaging models, a three-fold biopsychosocial approach to neuroimaging biomarker development is recommended. The first level calls for the development of diagnostic biomarkers via the standard population-based (nomothetic) approach with an emphasis on diverse sampling. The second level calls for the development of treatment-relevant models via a constrained person-based (idiographic) approach tailored to unique individuals. The third level calls for the development of prevention-relevant models via a novel society-based (social epidemiologic) approach that combines survey and neuroimaging data to predict chronic pain risk based on one's socioeconomic conditions. The recommendations in this article address how we can leverage pain's complexity in service of the patient and society by modeling not just individuals and populations, but also the socioeconomic structures that shape any individual's expectations of threat, safety, and resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne C. Reddan
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Yeung DY, Zhou X, Chong S. Perceived age discrimination in the workplace: the mediating roles of job resources and demands. JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1108/jmp-04-2020-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeWith a growing number of older workers in the labor force, cultivating an age-friendly working environment becomes increasingly important. Inspired by the job demands–resources (JD-R) model, this study aims to investigate whether the negative effects of perceived age discrimination (PAD) on work-related outcomes would be explained by job resources and demands.Design/methodology/approachA total of 333 Hong Kong Chinese employees aged 40 and above (M = 46.62, SD = 6.21; 60% female) completed an online survey that covered measures on workplace age discrimination, job resources and demands, work engagement, intention to stay and work strain.FindingsPAD at work was associated with reduced job resources and increased job demands. The results of the mediation analyses showed support from supervisor and coworkers could account for the effects of PAD on work engagement and intention to stay, whereas emotional demand or workload could explain the effects of PAD on work engagement and work strain.Practical implicationsThe findings of this research unveil the underlying mechanisms between age discrimination and work-related outcomes through job resources and job demands. Cultivating a supportive organizational climate toward older employees and offering awareness-based training programs are necessary to mitigate age biases in the workplace.Originality/valueBuilding on the JD-R model, this study revealed the possible mechanism underlying the negative effects of PAD. Perceptions of age discrimination decrease older workers' job resources and increase their job demands, subsequently lower their work engagement and intention to stay and increase their work strain.
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Le AB, Wong SW, Lin HC, Smith TD. The association between union membership and perceptions of safety climate among US adult workers. SAFETY SCIENCE 2021; 133:105024. [PMID: 33052171 PMCID: PMC7544701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An individual's perceptions of their workplace safety climate can influence their health and safety outcomes in the workplace. Even though union membership has been declining in the US, union members still comprise 10% of the working population and have higher-than-industry average non-fatal illness and injury rates. Due to limited research focused in this area, this study examined whether union membership was associated with worker perceptions of safety climate. METHODS This was a secondary data analysis study utilizing data from the Quality Work Life module from the General Social Survey centered on US workers aged 18 and above. Propensity-score matching was implemented to reduce potential selection bias between unionized and non-unionized workers. Linear regression explored the association between union membership and perceptions of safety climate, controlling for age, sex, education, industry, resource adequacy, supervisor support, co-worker support, and workload. RESULTS For perceived safety climate (on a 0-16 scale, the higher the more positive), those in union had a lower mean of perceived safety climate (12.44) compared to those not in a union (13.20). Based on the regression results, those who were in a union reported more negative perceptions of their workplace safety climate in a 12-month period (β = -0.61, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS By demonstrating a commitment to proactive injury prevention and bolstering the business's overall safety performance indicators, businesses who are open to collaborations with unions may see some long-term benefits (e.g. return on investment, increased job satisfaction) and enhance union workers' perceptions of safety climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora B Le
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Su-Wei Wong
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Todd D Smith
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, USA
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Huerta PA, Cifuentes M, Levenstein C, Kriebel D. The Association of Occupational Psychosocial Factors with the Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the Chilean Working Population. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:426-436. [PMID: 30877302 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a stress-related disease linked to psychosocial factors, though knowledge about its occupational psychosocial aspects is scarce. OBJECTIVE A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of IBS and its association with occupational psychosocial factors in Chilean workers was conducted. METHODS IBS prevalence, using the IBS-Rome IV criteria, in the working population was estimated using data from the National Health Survey of 2009. Data on occupational psychosocial aspects were drawn from the Chilean Survey of Employment, Health, and Work of 2009, and allocated to individual survey participants at the occupation-region level. Data on family and community stressors were available at the individual level. Prevalence ratios (PR) for IBS were computed using generalized linear mixed models to account for variability at the group level. RESULTS The IBS prevalence in the overall working population (weighted n = 5 435 253) was 18.4%, but varied substantially by industry sector. Compared with 'professionals' (IBS prevalence = 7.3%), jobs with high prevalence of IBS included 'health and social work activities' [PR = 4.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4-16.7], 'household employment' (PR = 4.8; 95% CI = 1.5-15.9), and 'manufacturing' (PR = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.0-11.8). With Karasek Job Demand Control scores assigned to occupations within regions, high job demand doubled the prevalence of IBS (PR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4-2.9), whereas high-skill discretion was associated with lower prevalence of IBS (PR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4-0.8). There was also evidence that these two factors were not independent; high-skill discretion appeared to buffer the effect of high job demand on IBS prevalence (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Occupational factors were associated with IBS prevalence, showing effects as important as those for non-occupational stresses such as civic insecurity or having health problems. High job skill discretion appeared to reduce the prevalence of IBS in the presence of high job demands. Given its high overall prevalence and poorly understood risk factors, further research on occupational psychosocial factors of IBS is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Huerta
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Charles Levenstein
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell MA, USA
| | - David Kriebel
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell MA, USA
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Jung SW, Lee JH, Lee KJ. Assessing the Association Between Emotional Labor and Presenteeism Among Nurses in Korea: Cross-sectional Study Using the 4th Korean Working Conditions Survey. Saf Health Work 2019; 11:103-108. [PMID: 32206380 PMCID: PMC7078561 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Presenteeism has emerged as an important health-related issue and has been studied in a variety of occupation groups. This study examines the relationship between emotional labor and presenteeism in nurses in Republic of Korea. Methods As a cross-sectional study, our study was conducted on 328 female nurses participating in the fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (2015). Nurses were identified by the Korean Industry Classification Code. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between emotional labor and presenteeism. Results Female nurses who always or sometimes hide their emotions in the workplace were found to have a high risk for presenteeism compared with female nurses who rarely hide their emotions in the workplace {odds ratio [OR] = 2.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–5.54]; OR = 4.12 [95% CI 1.72–9.84], respectively}. Furthermore, the risk of presenteeism was higher in nurses who sometimes engaged with complaining customers compared with nurses who rarely did so, but it lacked statistical significance. Conclusion Presenteeism in nurses can cause various negative secondary effects; therefore, an alternative should be sought to mediate nurses' emotional labor to prevent presenteeism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Won Jung
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Hee Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Jae Lee
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee N, Kim JH, Kim JY, Kim SS. Association between workplace discrimination and depressive symptoms among firefighters in South Korea. Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:741-750. [PMID: 29998517 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace discrimination is associated with poor mental health. However, there is a lack of studies examining the effects of discrimination on depressive symptoms among firefighters. METHODS We analyzed a national cross-sectional survey of 6369 firefighters in South Korea. Workplace discrimination during the past year was measured and main reasons for the discriminatory experience (gender, birth region, age, education, field/office work, job division) were identified separately by gender and job division. Depressive symptoms during the previous week were measured by the CES-D11. RESULTS Overall, 30.3% of firefighters experienced workplace discrimination and the main reasons for discrimination differed by gender and job division. Firefighters who experienced workplace discrimination had a higher likelihood of depressive symptoms than those who did not after adjusting for potential confounders (PR: 1.73; 95%CI: 1.55, 1.92). CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests that experience of workplace discrimination could aggravate the mental health of firefighters who provide an important public service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagyeong Lee
- Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Kim
- Gyeonggi public health policy institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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Discrimination hurts: The effect of discrimination on the development of chronic pain. Soc Sci Med 2018; 204:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Lee H, Son I, Yoon J, Kim SS. Lookism hurts: appearance discrimination and self-rated health in South Korea. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:204. [PMID: 29178889 PMCID: PMC5702199 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0678-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a growing body of evidence suggesting that discrimination harms health, the association between appearance discrimination and health has been understudied. Our study investigated the association between perceived appearance discrimination and self-rated health among emerging adults using a nationally representative cohort study in South Korea. METHODS We analyzed the 2nd-10th (2005-2013) waves of cohort data from the Korean Education Employment Panel (KEEP). KEEP consists of two groups of individuals who were 15 (group I) and 18 (group II) years old at the 1st wave of the survey (2004) and were followed annually. Appearance discrimination was assessed at baseline (19 years old: 5th wave for group I, 2nd wave for group II) and at follow-up (24 years old: 10th wave for group I, 7th wave for group II). Responses of appearance discrimination at the two-time points were classified into four groups: 1) never (no discrimination at both baseline and follow-up); 2) repeated (discrimination at both baseline and follow-up); 3) incident (discrimination only at follow-up); and 4) in error (discrimination only at baseline). Multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine the association between reporting patterns of appearance discrimination and poor self-rated health, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Compared to those who did not experience appearance discrimination, 'repeated' (OR: 3.70; 95% CI: 2.19-6.27) and 'incident' (OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.99-4.83) groups had a higher odds ratio of poor self-rated health after adjusting for potential confounders including respondents' body mass index change and baseline self-rated health. However, no significant association was observed among those who reported appearance discrimination 'in error'. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that perceived appearance discrimination is associated with the health of Korean emerging adults considering participants' reporting patterns of appearance discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Inseo Son
- Asiatic Research Institute, Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaehong Yoon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Sup Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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