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Tremblett M, Webb H, Ziebland S, Stokoe E, Aveyard P, Albury C. The Basis of Patient Resistance to Opportunistic Discussions About Weight in Primary Care. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024; 39:2333-2345. [PMID: 37904324 PMCID: PMC11404860 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2023.2266622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinicians expect that talking to patients with obesity about potential/future weight loss will be a difficult conversation, especially if it is not the reason that a patient is seeking medical help. Despite this expectation, many governments ask clinicians to take every opportunity to talk to patients about weight to help manage increasing levels of obesity. Although this is recommended, little is known about what happens in consultations when clinicians opportunistically talk to patients about weight, and if the anticipated difficulties are reality. This paper examines displays of explicit patient resistance following opportunistic weight-loss conversations initiated by GPs. We analyzed audio recordings and transcribed them for conversation analysis. We focused on the precursors of explicit resistance displays during opportunistic weight loss discussions, the format of the resistance, and the ways it was managed by GPs. We found relatively few instances of explicit resistance displays. When it did occur, rather than be related to the opportunistic nature of the advice, or the topic of weight itself, resistance was nuanced and associated to the sensitivity of the GPs managing unknown patient levels of awareness of weight loss benefits, or prior efforts to lose weight. Clinicians tended not to challenge this resistance from patients, and we suggest this tactic may be acceptable to patients and help foster the long-term collaborative relationships needed to tackle obesity. Data are in British English.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Tremblett
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford
- School of Social Sciences, University of the West of England
| | - Helena Webb
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham
| | - Sue Ziebland
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford
| | - Elizabeth Stokoe
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, The London School of Economics and Political Science
| | - Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford
| | - Charlotte Albury
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford
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Farquharson B, Dixon D, Williams B, Torrens C, Philpott M, Laidlaw H, McDermott S. The psychological and behavioural factors associated with laypeople initiating CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:19. [PMID: 36639764 PMCID: PMC9840280 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-022-02904-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt, effective CPR greatly increases the chances of survival in out-of-hospital c ardiac arrest. However, it is often not provided, even by people who have previously undertaken training. Psychological and behavioural factors are likely to be important in relation to CPR initiation by lay-people but have not yet been systematically identified. METHODS Aim: to identify the psychological and behavioural factors associated with CPR initiation amongst lay-people. DESIGN Systematic review Data sources: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycInfo and Google Scholar. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Primary studies reporting psychological or behavioural factors and data on CPR initiation involving lay-people published (inception to 31 Dec 2021). STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS Potential studies were screened independently by two reviewers. Study characteristics, psychological and behavioural factors associated with CPR initiation were extracted from included studies, categorised by study type and synthesised narratively. RESULTS One hundred and five studies (150,820 participants) comprising various designs, populations and of mostly weak quality were identified. The strongest and most ecologically valid studies identified factors associated with CPR initiation: the overwhelming emotion of the situation, perceptions of capability, uncertainty about when CPR is appropriate, feeling unprepared and fear of doing harm. Current evidence comprises mainly atheoretical cross-sectional surveys using unvalidated measures with relatively little formal testing of relationships between proposed variables and CPR initiation. CONCLUSIONS Preparing people to manage strong emotions and increasing their perceptions of capability are likely important foci for interventions aiming to increase CPR initiation. The literature in this area would benefit from more robust study designs. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42018117438.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Farquharson
- grid.11918.300000 0001 2248 4331NMAHP Research Unit, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA UK
| | - Diane Dixon
- grid.7107.10000 0004 1936 7291University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Brian Williams
- grid.23378.3d0000 0001 2189 1357University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Claire Torrens
- grid.11918.300000 0001 2248 4331University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Melanie Philpott
- grid.11918.300000 0001 2248 4331University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Henriette Laidlaw
- grid.23378.3d0000 0001 2189 1357University of Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
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Dowker SR, Smith G, O'Leary M, Missel AL, Trumpower B, Hunt N, Herbert L, Sams W, Kamdar N, Coulter-Thompson EI, Shields T, Swor R, Domeier R, Abir M, Friedman CP, Neumar RW, Nallamothu BK. Assessment of telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using a standardized tool for audio review. Resuscitation 2022; 178:102-108. [PMID: 35483496 PMCID: PMC11249783 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telecommunicator cardiopulmonary resuscitation (T-CPR) is a critical component of optimized out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) care. We assessed a pilot tool to capture American Heart Association (AHA) T-CPR measures and T-CPR coaching by telecommunicators using audio review. METHODS Using a pilot tool, we conducted a retrospective review of 911 call audio from 65 emergency medical services-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Data collection included events (e.g., OHCA recognition), time intervals, and coaching quality measures. We calculated summary statistics for all performance and quality measures. RESULTS Among 65 cases, the patients' mean age was 64.7 years (SD: 14.6) and 17 (26.2%) were women. Telecommunicator recognition occurred in 72% of cases (47/65). Among 18 non-recognized cases, reviewers determined 12 (66%) were not recognizable based on characteristics of the call. Median time-to-recognition was 76 seconds (n = 40; IQR:39-138), while median time-to-first-instructed-compression was 198 seconds (n = 26; IQR:149-233). In 36 cases where coaching was needed, coaching on compression-depth occurred in 27 (75%); -rate in 28 (78%); and chest recoil in 10 (28%) instances. In 30 cases where repositioning was needed, instruction to position the patient's body flat occurred in 18 (60%) instances, on-back in 22 (73%) instances, and on-ground in 22 (73%) instances. CONCLUSIONS Successful collection of data to calculate AHA T-CPR measures using a pilot tool for audio review revealed performance near AHA benchmarks, although coaching instructions did not occur in many instances. Application of this standardized tool may aid in T-CPR quality review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Dowker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 2139 Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 209 Victor Vaughan Building, 2054, 1111 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Graham Smith
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Building 10-A103, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Michael O'Leary
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Amanda L Missel
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 209 Victor Vaughan Building, 2054, 1111 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brad Trumpower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 2139 Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Nathaniel Hunt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Building 10-A103, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Logan Herbert
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Woodrow Sams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Neil Kamdar
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, L4001 Women's Hospital, 1500, East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, 2101 Taubman Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Emilee I Coulter-Thompson
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 209 Victor Vaughan Building, 2054, 1111 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Theresa Shields
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert Swor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 West 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, United States
| | - Robert Domeier
- Saint Joseph Mercy Emergency Center - Ann Arbor, 5301 McAuley Drive, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, United States
| | - Mahshid Abir
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Building 10-A103, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401, United States
| | - Charles P Friedman
- Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 209 Victor Vaughan Building, 2054, 1111 East Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert W Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Building 10-A103, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Brahmajee K Nallamothu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 2139 Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Max Harry Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, University of Michigan, Building 10-A103, North Campus Research Complex (NCRC), 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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Aldridge ES, Perera N, Ball S, Finn J, Bray J. A scoping review to determine the barriers and facilitators to initiation and performance of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation during emergency calls. Resusc Plus 2022; 11:100290. [PMID: 36034637 PMCID: PMC9403560 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emogene S. Aldridge
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Nirukshi Perera
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen Ball
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- St John Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Judith Finn
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- St John Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janet Bray
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit, School of Nursing, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Perera N. Can emergency dispatch communication research go deeper? Resusc Plus 2022; 9:100192. [PMID: 35059678 PMCID: PMC8760425 DOI: 10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nirukshi Perera
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Claret PG, Desbrest P, Lavielle S, Ogier P, Fissore E, Mercier M. Actualités en médecine d’urgence. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2021-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Riou M, Ball S, Morgan A, Gallant S, Perera N, Whiteside A, Bray J, Bailey P, Finn J. 'I think he's dead': A cohort study of the impact of caller declarations of death during the emergency call on bystander CPR. Resuscitation 2021; 160:1-6. [PMID: 33444705 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In emergency calls for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), dispatchers are instrumental in the provision of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) through the recruitment of the caller. We explored the impact of caller perception of patient viability on initial recognition of OHCA by the dispatcher, rates of bystander CPR and early patient survival outcomes. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 422 emergency calls where OHCA was recognised by the dispatcher and resuscitation was attempted by paramedics. We used the call recordings, dispatch data, and electronic patient care records to identify caller statements that the patient was dead, initial versus delayed recognition of OHCA by the dispatcher, caller acceptance to perform CPR, provision of bystander-CPR, prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and ROSC on arrival at the Emergency Department. RESULTS Initial recognition of OHCA by the dispatcher was more frequent in cases with a declaration of death by the caller than in cases without (92%, 73/79 vs. 66%, 227/343, p < 0.001). Callers who expressed such a view (19% of cases) were more likely to decline CPR (38% vs. 10%, adjusted odds ratio 4.59, 95% confidence interval 2.49-8.52, p < 0.001). Yet, 15% (12/79) of patients described as non-viable by callers achieved ROSC. CONCLUSION Caller statements that the patient is dead are helpful for dispatchers to recognise OHCA early, but potentially detrimental when recruiting the caller to perform CPR. There is an opportunity to improve the rate of bystander-CPR and patient outcomes if dispatchers are attentive to caller statements about viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Riou
- Centre de Recherche en Linguistique Appliquée (CeRLA), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, 69007, France; Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Stephen Ball
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John Ambulance WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Alani Morgan
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Sheryl Gallant
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Nirukshi Perera
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Janet Bray
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Paul Bailey
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John Ambulance WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Judith Finn
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John Ambulance WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia; Emergency Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
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Ferguson C, Inglis SC, Gallagher R, Davidson PM. Reflecting on the Impact of Cardiovascular Nurses in Australia and New Zealand in the International Year of the Nurse and Midwife. Heart Lung Circ 2020; 29:1744-1748. [PMID: 33067125 PMCID: PMC7553902 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2020.09.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Ferguson
- Western Sydney Nursing & Midwifery Research Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District & Western Sydney University, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Sally C Inglis
- IMPACCT and School of Nursing & Midwifery, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robyn Gallagher
- Charles Perkins Centre & Sydney Nursing School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Perera N, Ball S, Birnie T, Morgan A, Riou M, Whiteside A, Perkins GD, Bray J, Fatovich DM, Cameron P, Brink D, Bailey P, Finn J. "Sorry, what did you say?" Communicating defibrillator retrieval and use in OHCA emergency calls. Resuscitation 2020; 156:182-189. [PMID: 32949675 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The defibrillator prompt, which directs callers to retrieve a defibrillator during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, is crucial to the emergency call because it can save lives. We evaluated communicative effectiveness of the prompt instated by the Medical Priority Dispatch System™ Version 13, namely: if there is a defibrillator (AED) available, send someone to get it now, and tell me when you have it. METHODS Using Conversation Analysis and descriptive statistics, we examined linguistic features of the defibrillator sequences (call-taker prompt and caller response) in 208 emergency calls where non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was confirmed by the emergency medical services, and they attempted resuscitation, in the first six months of 2019. Defibrillator sequence durations were measured to determine impact on time to CPR prompt. The proportion of cases where bystanders retrieved defibrillators was also assessed. RESULTS There was low call-taker adoption of the Medical Priority Dispatch System™ Version 13 prompt (99/208) compared to alternative prompts (86/208) or no prompt (23/208). Caller responses to the Version 13 prompt tended to be longer, more ambiguous or unrelated, and have more instances of repair (utterances to address comprehension trouble). Defibrillators were rarely brought to the scene irrespective of defibrillator prompt utilised. CONCLUSION While the Version 13 prompt aims to ensure the use of an available automatic external defibrillator, its effectiveness is undermined by the three-clause composition of the prompt and exclusion of a question structure. We recommend testing of a re-phrased defibrillator prompt in order to maximise comprehension and caller action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirukshi Perera
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Stephen Ball
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Tanya Birnie
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Alani Morgan
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Marine Riou
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Centre de Recherche en Terminologie et Traduction (CRTT), Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Austin Whiteside
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Gavin D Perkins
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit and Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Bray
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Daniel M Fatovich
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; Emergency Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; Emergency Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; Centre for Clinical Research in Emergency Medicine, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Royal Perth Hospital, WA 6847, Australia
| | - Peter Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Deon Brink
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Paul Bailey
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia
| | - Judith Finn
- Prehospital, Resuscitation and Emergency Care Research Unit (PRECRU), School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; St John WA, Belmont, WA 6104, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria 3004, Australia; Emergency Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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