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Jin L, Xiao L, Manley BJ, Oh EG, Huang W, Zhang Y, Chi J, Shi W, Kerrigan JR, Sung SSJ, Kuan CY, Li X. CCR2 monocytes as therapeutic targets for acute disc herniation and radiculopathy in mouse models. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:52-65. [PMID: 37802464 PMCID: PMC10873076 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Back pain and radiculopathy caused by disc herniation are major health issues worldwide. While macrophages are key players in disc herniation induced inflammation, their roles and origins in disease progression remain unclear. We aim to study the roles of monocytes and derivatives in a mouse model of disc herniation. METHODS Using a CCR2-CreER; R26R-EGFP (Ai6) transgenic mouse strain, we fate-mapped C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) expressing monocytes and derivatives at disc herniation sites, and employed a CCR2RFP/RFP mouse strain and a CCR2-specific antagonist to study the effects of CCR2+ monocytes on local inflammatory responses, pain level, and disc degeneration by immunostaining, flow cytometry, and histology. RESULTS CCR2+ monocytes (GFP+) increased at the sites of disc hernia over postoperative day 4, 6, and 9 in CCR2-CreER; Ai6 mice. F4/80+ cells increased, and meanwhile, CD11b+ cells trended downward. Co-localization analysis revealed that both GFP+CD11b+ and GFP+F4/80+ constituted the majority of CD11b+ and F4/80+ cells at disc hernia sites. Fluorescence activated cell sorter purified GFP+ cells exhibited higher cytokine expressions than GFP- cells. Inhibition of CCR2 signaling reduced infiltration of monocytes and macrophages, alleviated pain, maintained disc height, and reduced osteoclast activity in adjacent cortical bone for up to 1 month. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that circulating CCR2+ monocytes play important roles in initiating and promoting the local inflammatory responses, pain sensitization, and degenerative changes after disc herniation, and thus may serve as therapeutic targets for disc herniation induced back and leg pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Brock J Manley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Eunha G Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wendy Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jialun Chi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Weibin Shi
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jason R Kerrigan
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Center of Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Sun-Sang J Sung
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xudong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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Li XC, Wang W, Jiang C, Chen YL, Chen JH, Zhang ZW, Luo SJ, Chen RC, Mo PF, Zhong ML, Shi JY, Huang CM, Chen Q, Wu YH. CD206 + M2-like macrophages protect against intervertebral disc degeneration partially by targeting R-spondin-2. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:66-81. [PMID: 37802465 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the specific function of M2 macrophages in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). METHODS Intervertebral disc (IVD) samples from normal (n = 4) and IDD (n = 6) patients were collected, and the expression of M2-polarized macrophage marker, CD206, was investigated using immunohistochemical staining. Nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) in a TNF-α environment were obtained, and a mouse caudal IVD puncture model was established. Mice with Rheb deletions, specifically in the myeloid lineage, were generated and subjected to surgery-induced IDD. IDD-induced damage and cell apoptosis were measured using histological scoring, X-ray imaging, immunohistochemical staining, and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Finally, mice and NPCs were treated with R-spondin-2 (Rspo2) or anti-Rspo2 to investigate the role of Rspo2 in IDD. RESULTS Accumulation of CD206 in human and mouse IDD tissues was detected. Rheb deletion in the myeloid lineage (RheBcKO) increased the number of CD206+ M2-like macrophages (mean difference 18.6% [15.7-21.6%], P < 0.001), decreased cell apoptosis (mean difference -15.6% [-8.9 to 22.2%], P = 0.001) and attenuated the IDD process in the mouse IDD model. NPCs treated with Rspo2 displayed increased extracellular matrix catabolism and apoptosis; co-culture with a conditioned medium derived from RheBcKO mice inhibited these changes. Anti-Rspo2 treatment in the mouse caudal IVD puncture model exerted protective effects against IDD. CONCLUSIONS Promoting CD206+ M2-like macrophages could reduce Rspo2 secretion, thereby alleviating experimental IDD. Rheb deletion may help M2-polarized macrophages accumulate and attenuate experimental IDD partially by inhibiting Rspo2 production. Hence, M2-polarized macrophages and Rspo2 may serve as therapeutic targets for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Chuan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, No.89 XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, Guangdong, China; Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base of Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong-Long Chen
- Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiong-Hui Chen
- Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Wu Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China; Graduate School of Guangdong Medical University, No. 2, Wenming East Road, Zhanjiang 524023, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Jian Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, No.89 XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong-Chun Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping-Fan Mo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ming-Liang Zhong
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang-You Shi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gaozhou People's Hospital, No.89 XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, Guangdong, China; Central Laboratory of Orthopedics, Gaozhou People's Hospital, XiGuan Rd, Gaozhou 525200, China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yao-Hong Wu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, No.16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Lin P, Yan P, Zhu J, Huang S, Wang Z, Hu O, Jin H, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhao J, Chen L, Liu B, He J, Gan Y, Liu P. Spatially multicellular variability of intervertebral disc degeneration by comparative single-cell analysis. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13464. [PMID: 37025067 PMCID: PMC10542621 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed cellular heterogeneity in intervertebral discs (IVDs). However, the cellular and molecular alteration patterns of cell populations during degenerative progression remain to be fully elucidated. To illustrate the cellular and molecular alteration of cell populations in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), we perform single cell RNA sequencing on cells from four anatomic sites of healthy and degenerative goat IVDs. EGLN3+ StressCs, TGFBR3+ HomCs and GPRC5A+ RegCs exhibit the characteristics associated with resistance to stress, maintaining homeostasis and repairing, respectively. The frequencies and signatures of these cell clusters fluctuate with IDD. Notably, the chondrogenic differentiation programme of PROCR+ progenitor cells is altered by IDD, while notochord cells turn to stemness exhaustion. In addition, we characterise CAV1+ endothelial cells that communicate with chondrocytes through multiple signalling pathways in degenerative IVDs. Our comprehensive analysis identifies the variability of key cell clusters and critical regulatory networks responding to IDD, which will facilitate in-depth investigation of therapeutic strategies for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Pulin Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Sha Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Ou Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Huaijian Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Lin Chen
- Center of Bone Metabolism and Repair, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Trauma Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Laboratory for the Prevention and Rehabilitation of Military Training Related Injuries, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical SciencesAcademy of Military SciencesBeijing100071China
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of HematologyFifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing100071China
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental HematologyInstitute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesTianjin300020China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
- Laboratory of Basic MedicineThe General Hospital of Western Theater CommandChengdu610031China
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Center of Orthopedics, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping HospitalArmy Medical University (Third Military Medical University)Chongqing400042China
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Francisco V, Ait Eldjoudi D, González-Rodríguez M, Ruiz-Fernández C, Cordero-Barreal A, Marques P, Sanz MJ, Real JT, Lago F, Pino J, Farrag Y, Gualillo O. Metabolomic signature and molecular profile of normal and degenerated human intervertebral disc cells. Spine J 2023; 23:1549-1562. [PMID: 37339697 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an incurable, specific treatment-orphan disease with an increasing burden worldwide. Although great efforts have been made to develop new regenerative therapies, their clinical success is limited. PURPOSE Characterize the metabolomic and gene expression changes underpinning human disc degeneration. This study also aimed to disclose new molecular targets for developing and optimizing novel biological approaches for IVDD. STUDY DESIGN Intervertebral disc cells were obtained from IVDD patients undergoing circumferential arthrodesis surgery or from healthy subjects. Mimicking the harmful microenvironment of degenerated discs, cells isolated from the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) were exposed to the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and the adipokine leptin. The metabolomic signature and molecular profile of human disc cells were unraveled for the first time. METHODS The metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of IVDD and healthy disc cells were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). Gene expression was investigated by SYBR green-based quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Altered metabolites and gene expression were documented. RESULTS Lipidomic analysis revealed decreased levels of triacylglycerols (TG), diacylglycerol (DG), fatty acids (FA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylinositols (LPI) and sphingomyelin (SM), and increased levels of bile acids (BA) and ceramides, likely promoting disc cell metabolism changing from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation and following cell death. The gene expression profile of disc cells suggests LCN2 and LEAP2/GHRL as promising molecular therapeutic targets for disc degeneration and demonstrates the expression of genes related to inflammation (NOS2, COX2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α) or encoding adipokines (PGRN, NAMPT, NUCB2, SERPINE2, and RARRES2), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP9 and MMP13), and vascular adhesion molecules (VCAM1). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the presented results disclose the NP and AF cell biology changes from healthy to degenerated discs, allowing the identification of promising molecular therapeutic targets for intervertebral disc degeneration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results are relevant to improving current biological-based strategies aiming to repair IVD by restoring cellular lipid metabolites as well as adipokines homeostasis. Ultimately, our results will be valuable for successful, long-lasting relief of painful IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Francisco
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA and Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Calle Menéndez y Pelayo nº4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Djedjiga Ait Eldjoudi
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María González-Rodríguez
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz-Fernández
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alfonso Cordero-Barreal
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patrice Marques
- University Clinic Hospital of Valencia and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Calle Menéndez y Pelayo, nº4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Sanz
- University Clinic Hospital of Valencia and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, Institute of Health Research INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Calle Menéndez y Pelayo, nº4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José T Real
- Institute of Health Research INCLIVA and Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Calle Menéndez y Pelayo nº4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, ISCIII, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, Av. de Blasco Ibáñez nº15, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisca Lago
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), Molecular and Cellular Cardiology Lab, Research Laboratory 7, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesus Pino
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Yousof Farrag
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Oreste Gualillo
- SERGAS (Servizo Galego de Saude) and IDIS (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago), NEIRID Lab (Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Diseases), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago University Clinical Hospital, Tr.ª da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Guo S, Yan M, Li X, Zhang S, Liu Z, Li K, Liu P, Liu Y, Sun G, Fu Q. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that immune cells induce human nucleus pulposus ossification and degeneration. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1224627. [PMID: 37638033 PMCID: PMC10449260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1224627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Determining the transcriptomes and molecular mechanism underlying human degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) is of critical importance for treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here, we aimed to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism of NP ossification and IDD using single-cell RNA sequencing. Methods Single-cell RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis were performed to identify NP cell populations with gene signatures, biological processes and pathways, and subpopulation analysis, RNA velocity analysis, and cell-to-cell communication analysis were performed in four IDD patients. We also verified the effects of immune cells on NP ossification using cultured NP cells and a well-established rat IDD model. Results We identified five cell populations with gene expression profiles in degenerative NP at single-cell resolution. GO database analysis showed that degenerative NP-associated genes were mainly enriched in extracellular matrix organization, immune response, and ossification. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that rheumatoid arthritis signaling, antigen processing and presentation signaling were activated in the blood cell cluster. We revealed that stromal cells, which are progenitor cells, differentiated toward an ossification phenotype and delineated interactions between immune cells (macrophages and T cells) and stromal cells. Immune factors such as TNF-α, CD74 and CCL-3 promoted the differentiation of stromal cells toward an ossification phenotype in vitro. Blocking TNF-α with a specific inhibitor successfully reversed NP ossification and modified NP morphology in vivo. Conclusion Our study revealed an increase in macrophages and T cells in degenerative NP, which induced stromal cell differentiation toward an ossification phenotype, and contributed to the identification of a novel therapeutic target to delay IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Guo
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijun Yan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinhua Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Zhong Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guixin Sun
- Department of Traumatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University First People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Gao XW, Hu HL, Xie MH, Tang CX, Ou J, Lu ZH. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in human nucleus pulpous cells via M2 macrophage polarization. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:359. [PMID: 37324510 PMCID: PMC10265713 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CX3C chemokine ligand 1 (CX3CL1) belongs to the CX3C chemokine family and is involved in various disease processes. However, its role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) remains to be elucidated. In the present study, western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and ELISA assays were used to assess target gene expression. In addition, immunofluorescence and TUNEL staining were used to assess macrophage infiltration, monocyte migration and apoptosis. The present study aimed to reveal if and how CX3CL1 regulates IDD progression by exploring its effect on macrophage polarization and apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs). The data showed that CX3CL1 bound to CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) promoted the M2 phenotype polarization via JAK2/STAT3 signaling, followed by increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines from HNPCs. In addition, HNPC-derived CX3CL1 promoted M2 macrophage-derived C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 release thereby reducing the apoptosis of HNPCs. In clinic, the reduction of mRNA and protein levels CX3CL1 in degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues (NPs) was measured. Increased M1 macrophages and pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in NPs of IDD patients with low CX3CL1 expression. Collectively, these findings suggested that the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis alleviates IDD by reducing inflammation and apoptosis of HNPCs via macrophages. Therefore, targeting CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis is expected to produce a new therapeutic approach for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Gao
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Han-Lin Hu
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Xie
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Cai-Xia Tang
- The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Jun Ou
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hao Lu
- The Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, P.R. China
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Fine N, Lively S, Séguin CA, Perruccio AV, Kapoor M, Rampersaud R. Intervertebral disc degeneration and osteoarthritis: a common molecular disease spectrum. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:136-152. [PMID: 36702892 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-022-00888-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the facet joint of the spine are biomechanically interdependent, typically occur in tandem, and have considerable epidemiological and pathophysiological overlap. Historically, the distinctions between these degenerative diseases have been emphasized. Therefore, research in the two fields often occurs independently without adequate consideration of the co-dependence of the two sites, which reside within the same functional spinal unit. Emerging evidence from animal models of spine degeneration highlight the interdependence of IDD and facet joint OA, warranting a review of the parallels between these two degenerative phenomena for the benefit of both clinicians and research scientists. This Review discusses the pathophysiological aspects of IDD and OA, with an emphasis on tissue, cellular and molecular pathways of degeneration. Although the intervertebral disc and synovial facet joint are biologically distinct structures that are amenable to reductive scientific consideration, substantial overlap exists between the molecular pathways and processes of degeneration (including cartilage destruction, extracellular matrix degeneration and osteophyte formation) that occur at these sites. Thus, researchers, clinicians, advocates and policy-makers should consider viewing the burden and management of spinal degeneration holistically as part of the OA disease continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Fine
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Starlee Lively
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryle Ann Séguin
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Bone and Joint Institute, University of Western Ontario London, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony V Perruccio
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohit Kapoor
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raja Rampersaud
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopaedics, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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8
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Nimbolide targeting SIRT1 mitigates intervertebral disc degeneration by reprogramming cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting inflammatory signaling. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:2269-2280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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9
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Feng P, Che Y, Gao C, Zhu L, Gao J, Vo NV. Immune exposure: how macrophages interact with the nucleus pulposus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155746. [PMID: 37122738 PMCID: PMC10140429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a primary contributor to low back pain. Immune cells play an extremely important role in modulating the progression of IDD by interacting with disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). Encased within the annulus fibrosus, healthy NP is an avascular and immune-privileged tissue that does not normally interact with macrophages. However, under pathological conditions in which neovascularization is established in the damaged disc, NP establishes extensive crosstalk with macrophages, leading to different outcomes depending on the different microenvironmental stimuli. M1 macrophages are a class of immune cells that are predominantly pro-inflammatory and promote inflammation and ECM degradation in the NP, creating a vicious cycle of matrix catabolism that drives IDD. In contrast, NP cells interacting with M2 macrophages promote disc tissue ECM remodeling and repair as M2 macrophages are primarily involved in anti-inflammatory cellular responses. Hence, depending on the crosstalk between NP and the type of immune cells (M1 vs. M2), the overall effects on IDD could be detrimental or regenerative. Drug or surgical treatment of IDD can modulate this crosstalk and hence the different treatment outcomes. This review comprehensively summarizes the interaction between macrophages and NP, aiming to highlight the important role of immunology in disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Feng
- School of Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Spine, Wangjing Hospital Affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Che
- School of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunyu Gao
- Department of Spine, Wangjing Hospital Affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Department of Spine, Wangjing Hospital Affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bone Setting Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wangjing Hospital Affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Gao
- Department of Spine, Wangjing Hospital Affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jinghua Gao, ; Nam V. Vo,
| | - Nam V. Vo
- Ferguson Laboratory for Orthopedic and Spine Research, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jinghua Gao, ; Nam V. Vo,
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10
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Wu XT, Wang YX, Feng XM, Feng M, Sun HH. Update on the roles of macrophages in the degeneration and repair process of intervertebral discs. Joint Bone Spine 2022; 90:105514. [PMID: 36529418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the common cause of lumbar degenerative diseases, causing severe social and economic burden. The process of IVD degeneration involves a complex of pathologic changes on both extracellular matrix degradation and resident cell apoptosis. In recent years, there is increasing evidence that macrophages play vital roles during the damage and repair process of IVD degeneration. Nevertheless, the interactions between macrophages and IVD are not well understood, even if the IVD has long been regarded as the immune privileged site. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on the progress and obstacles of studies investigating the blood supply, immune response and especially macrophages during the IVD degeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Wu
- Spine department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City 225001, China; Spine Department, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing City 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- Spine department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City 225001, China
| | - Xin-Min Feng
- Spine department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City 225001, China
| | - Min Feng
- Day treatment ward, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City 225001, China.
| | - Hui-Hui Sun
- Spine department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou City 225001, China.
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11
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Li F, Xie W, Chen Z, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Xiao J, Li Z. Neuropeptide Y and receptors are associated with the pyroptosis of nucleus pulposus in aging and degenerative intervertebral discs of rats. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102284. [PMID: 36027700 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide Y(NPY) mediates bone metabolism and the degradation of cartilage in the peripheral nervous system. However, its role in the intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is less clear and warrant further study. The process of IDD has always been accompanied by inflammatory response and pyroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between NPY, Y1R, Y2R and pyroptosis in aging and degenerative discs and the direct effect of NPY on NPCs. First, we have assessed NPY, Y1R, Y2R and the expression of pyroptosis related protein in the immature (6 weeks), mature (16 weeks), aged (54 weeks), and degenerated discs. As part of our studies, we also have evaluated pyroptotic changes in the NPCs, induced by exposure to NPY. Our results suggested that compared with natural aging discs, the degenerative discs showed the high expression of NPY, Y1R and Y2R. Correlation analysis showed that the level of NPY and Y1R in degenerative discs were positively correlated with GSDMD, whereas there was no significant correlation between Y2R and GSDMD. In vitro, NPY treatment stimulated the activation of caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis of NPCs. However, Y1R antagonist inhibited NPY-induced pyroptosis of NPCs. Western blot confirmed that Y1R antagonist decreased the level of cleaved.GSDMD and caspase-1 in NPCs. In conclusion, our results indicated that compared with natural aging discs, the degenerated discs showed the high expression of NPY, Y1R and Y2R. NPY-Y1R involve the IDD development by the regulation of pyroptosis in the NPCs. Regulating the function of NPY may be a promising strategy for IDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weixin Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhenwei Wang
- Department of clinical laboratory, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Zhanchun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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12
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Hou X, Shen Y, Sun M, Zhang B, Dai J, Chen D, Liu Z. Effect of regulating macrophage polarization phenotype on intervertebral disc degeneration. Immun Inflamm Dis 2022; 10:e714. [PMID: 36301028 PMCID: PMC9609449 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages are the only inflammatory cells that can penetrate the closed nucleus pulposus and their polarization plays an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). This paper attempted to investigate the pathogenesis of IVDD by altering the polarization state of macrophages. Methods Macrophage RAW264.7 cells were induced by interferonγ (IFN‐γ) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The polarization of RAW264.7 cells was estimated by western blot and immunofluorescence. The expressions of inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA. Subsequently, RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of minocycline (Mino) and sinomenine (Sino), followed by the assessment of cell viability with cell counting kit‐8 kit. Then, RAW264.7 cell culture medium was collected for the culture of human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs). Toluidine blue staining and type II collagen staining were applied to assay the level of type II collagen. The cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide (NO) level were appraised by TUNEL, oxidative stress kits and NO kit, respectively. Western blot was employed to test the levels of apoptosis‐ and oxidative stress‐related proteins. Results IFN‐γ and LPS could induce M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells. Mino and Sino could reduce the polarization of RAW264.7 cells toward M1. M1‐polarized medium inhibited LPS‐induced activity, inflammation, and damage of NPCs, which were enhanced by Mino and Sino in medium. Conclusion M1 polarization of macrophages promoted LPS‐induced inflammation and damage of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Hou
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yucheng Shen
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Minli Sun
- Department of GeriatricsBinhai County People's HospitalBinhaiJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jiuming Dai
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsBinhai County People's HospitalJiangsu ProvinceChina
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13
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Hou Y, Shi J, Guo Y, Shi G. Inhibition of angiogenetic macrophages reduces disc degeneration-associated pain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:962155. [PMID: 36304897 PMCID: PMC9592909 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.962155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal angiogenesis and innervation in avascular discs during lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) cause severe back pain. These pathological alterations in the degenerating discs are induced by cytokines partially produced and secreted by inflammatory cells, among which macrophages are the most frequently ones detected at the legion site. However, the role of macrophages as well as their polarization in regulation of innervation and angiogenesis in the degenerating discs is unclear. In this study, we analyzed macrophages in the degenerating discs from patients and detected a specific macrophage subtype that expresses high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Co-expression of M2 macrophage markers in this macrophage subtype suggested that they were a M2d-like subtype. High levels of VEGF-A and genes associated with angiogenesis were also detected in LDD specimens compared to control heathy discs from a public database, consistent with our finding. Moreover, the levels of VEGF-A in disc macrophages were strongly correlated to the pain score of the examined patients, but not to the Thompson classification of the degeneration level of the patients. In vitro, overexpressing VEGF-A in macrophages increased the tube formation, proliferation and migration of co-cultured endothelial cells, and increased the innervation of embryonic spinal cord explant into the co-cultured area for macrophages and skeletal myocytes. In vivo, an orthotopic injection of adeno-associated virus carrying siRNA for VEGF-A under a macrophage-specific CD68 promoter significantly reduced the number of VEGF-A-positive disc macrophages and alleviated the pain in LDD-mice. Together, these data suggest that inhibition of angiogenetic potential of macrophages may reduce disc degeneration-associated pain through suppression of angiogenesis and innervation, as a promising therapy for LDD-associated pain.
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