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Pérez-Sastré MA, García-Peña C, Ramos-Lira L, Ortiz-Hernández L. Social capital as a moderator of the relationship between violent community environment and psychological distress. GACETA SANITARIA 2024; 38:102408. [PMID: 38941885 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2024.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the modifying effect of social capital on the relationship between living in violent communities and the presence of psychological distress in adolescents and youth in Mexico. METHOD The analysis of the Social Cohesion Survey for the Prevention of Violence and Crime (ECOPRED, by its acronym in Spanish) was conducted. The analytic sample consisted of 39,639 participants aged 12 to 29 years. Community violence and social capital were measured at the census tract level using the average answers of a household's head sample. These environmental variables were independent of the experiences of the participants. Social capital variables included structural (social ties, recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion), and cognitive (trust in neighbors) dimensions. Multilevel structural equation models were used. RESULTS Recreational participation, collaborative participation, and social cohesion modified the relationship between community environments and psychological distress. In females who lived in places with less recreational participation or less social cohesion, the higher the social disorder, the higher the psychological distress. A similar relationship between vandalism and psychological distress was identified, but only in males who lived in places with less collaborative participation, and in females with less social cohesion. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that dimensions of the structural social capital (organization and interest in the community and its members) were the ones that had the buffering effect of the exposure to disordered community environments on psychological distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Pérez-Sastré
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Luciana Ramos-Lira
- Dirección de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Psicosociales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Ortiz-Hernández
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México.
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Sharifi V, Dimitropoulos G, Williams JVA, Rao S, Pedram P, Bulloch AGM, Patten SB. Neighborhood material versus social deprivation in Canada: different patterns of associations with child and adolescent mental health problems. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02681-7. [PMID: 38704797 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02681-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a nationwide study, we aimed to study the association of neighborhood deprivation with child and adolescent mental health problems. METHODS We used data from the Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth (N = 47,871; age range: 1-17 years) and linked these to Neighborhood Material and Social Deprivation data calculated using Canada's Census of Population. Using a series of logistic regressions, we studied the association between living in deprived areas and mental health problems among children and youth. We used bootstrap replicate weights for all analyses and adjusted them for individual sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS In the adjusted model, the parent-reported developmental disorder was associated with more socially deprived neighborhoods (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.07, 1.57 for most vs. least deprived quintiles). However, mental health service need or use was associated with living in less materially deprived areas (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.63, 0.96 for most vs. least deprived quintiles). Among mental health problems reported by the youth (12-17 years old), poor/fair general mental health, alcohol drinking, and cannabis use were associated with neighborhood social deprivation in the adjusted models. In contrast, poor/fair general mental health, suicide ideas, alcohol drinking, and cannabis use were all negatively associated with higher materially deprived quintiles. CONCLUSION Our study provides further support for the existing evidence on the association between neighborhood deprivation, particularly social deprivation, and the mental health of children and adolescents. The findings can help public health policymakers and service providers better understand and address children's mental health needs in their neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandad Sharifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gina Dimitropoulos
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jeanne V A Williams
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Sandy Rao
- Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pardis Pedram
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrew G M Bulloch
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Scott B Patten
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, D10, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Lucas JA, Hsu A, Heintzman J, Bailey SR, Suglia SF, Bazemore A, Giebultowicz S, Marino M. The Association of Mobility, Social Deprivation, and Pediatric Primary Care Outcomes in Community Health Centers. J Pediatr 2023; 259:113465. [PMID: 37179014 PMCID: PMC10524636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine how social deprivation and residential mobility are associated with primary care use in children seeking care at community health centers (CHCs) overall and stratified by race and ethnicity. STUDY DESIGN We used electronic health record open cohort data from 152 896 children receiving care from 15 U S CHCs belonging to the OCHIN network. Patients were aged 3-17 years, with ≥2 primary care visits during 2012-2017 and had geocoded address data. We used negative binomial regression to calculate adjusted rates of primary care encounters and influenza vaccinations relative to neighborhood-level social deprivation. RESULTS Higher rates of clinic utilization were observed for children who always lived in highly deprived neighborhoods (RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.05-1.17) and those who moved from low-to-high deprivation neighborhoods (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01-1.09) experienced higher rates of CHC encounters compared with children who always lived in the low-deprivation neighborhoods. This trend was similar for influenza vaccinations. When analyses were stratified by race and ethnicity, we found these relationships were similar for Latino children and non-Latino White children who always lived in highly deprived neighborhoods. Residential mobility was associated with lower rates of primary care. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that children living in or moving to neighborhoods with high levels of social deprivation used more primary care CHC services than children who lived in areas with low deprivation, but moving itself was associated with less care. Clinician and delivery system awareness of patient mobility and its impacts are important to addressing equity in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lucas
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
| | - Audree Hsu
- California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA
| | - John Heintzman
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Steffani R Bailey
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Miguel Marino
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Martin G, Cosma A, Roswell T, Anderson M, Leslie K, Card KG, Closson K, Kennedy AM, Gislason MK. Measuring negative emotional responses to climate change among young people in survey research: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e062449. [PMID: 36192097 PMCID: PMC9535206 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many young people report experiencing negative emotional responses to their awareness of climate change and the threats it poses to their future. With that, an increasing number of survey instruments have been developed to examine young people's negative emotional responses to their awareness of climate change. This report describes a protocol for a systematic review that aims to identify, synthesise and critically appraise how negative emotional responses to climate change among young people have been measured in survey research. The research questions addressed in this review are: (1) How has negative emotional responses to climate change been defined and measured among young people? (2) How do survey instruments measuring young people's negative emotional responses to climate change vary in terms of reliability and validity? (3) What factors are associated with negative emotional responses to climate change among young people? METHODS AND ANALYSIS Seven academic databases (CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, and Environment Complete) will be searched to retrieve studies published between 1 January 2006 and 31 March 2022 and published in English. Studies including survey instruments that measure negative emotional responses among young people (aged 10-24 years) will be eligible for inclusion. Targeted journals will be hand-searched. This review will follow Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines for systematic reviews. The methodological quality, in terms of reliability and validity, of the included studies will be assessed using the Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist for risk of bias of patient-reported outcome measures. To rate the quality of the instruments, we will use a modified Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations technique defined by the COSMIN guidelines. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval is not applicable for this study. We will disseminate the findings through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022295733.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Martin
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alina Cosma
- Department of Sociology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sts Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology, Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tasha Roswell
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martin Anderson
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kathleen Leslie
- Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kiffer G Card
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kalysha Closson
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angel M Kennedy
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maya K Gislason
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Lin Y, McGaughey T, Wilson JP. Effects of programs and interventions related to the social environment on childhood and adolescent obesity: A systematic search for and scoping review of natural experiments. Health Place 2021; 72:102689. [PMID: 34637996 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential importance of social environment on obesity and to better understand their causal relationship amongst children and adolescents, this scoping review systematically searches for and evaluates programs and interventions using natural experiment designs. A majority of the studies assessing peer and social norm effects reported significant findings. Peer effects with nontrivial effect sizes likely have practical implications for interventions, while a strong conclusion cannot be drawn for social norm and neighborhood safety effects. Leveraging naturally occurring data might provide future research with a promising way of establishing a more robust causal inference for the topic of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Lin
- Spatial Sciences Institute, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF B57A, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tomoko McGaughey
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, 938 W 28(th) Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 4H4, Canada; School of Population & Public Health, The University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - John P Wilson
- Spatial Sciences Institute, Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF B55F, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Lee JH. Relationships between neighborhood collective efficacy and adolescent suicidal ideation. J Adolesc 2021; 93:10-19. [PMID: 34626886 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Until now, South Korean adolescent suicidal ideation literature has focused mainly on individual-level characteristics. Little is known about the contextual effects of social integration and social regulation on an individual's suicide behavior in South Korea as identified through the use of Durkheim's sociological insights. This study drew on Durkheim's suicide and collective efficacy theories and analyzed the effects of the structural characteristics and collective efficacy of neighborhoods on adolescents' suicidal ideation. METHODS The data analyzed was from three sources: the 2013 Korean National Survey of the Present Status of Children (n = 1,915; 50.41% girls; mean age = 13.04 years), government census data from the Korea Statistical Information System, and administrative data from the Korea Ministry of Health and Welfare. The Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model was used to investigate the effects of neighborhood structural characteristics and collective efficacy on adolescent suicidal ideation. RESULTS There were no significant associations between neighborhood characteristics such as concentrated poverty, divorce rate, and residential instability; however, adoles cents' perceptions of collective efficacy in neighborhoods was associated with lower suicidal ideation after accounting for individual adolescent differences. CONCLUSION The findings provide significant implications for the prevention of suicide in adolescents and suggest that enhancing the collective efficacy of neighborhoods through community-based intervention may be an important target of future suicide prevention strategies in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Christianity and Culture-Social Welfare, Presbyterian University and Theological Seminary, Gwangjang-ro(st) 5-gil(rd), Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 04965, South Korea.
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Martin G, Graat M, Medeiros A, Clark AF, Button BLG, Ferguson KN, Gilliland JA. Perceived neighbourhood safety moderates the relationship between active school travel and health-related quality of life. Health Place 2021; 70:102623. [PMID: 34265633 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a dearth of studies examining associations between active school travel and children's health-related quality of life. Additionally, studies have not examined how perceived neighbourhood characteristics may moderate these associations. This study aims to examine the relationship between regular active school travel, children's physical and psychosocial health-related quality of life, and the potential moderating effects of their perceived neighbourhood safety (interpersonal and traffic). This cross-sectional study used data from Ontario schoolchildren (aged 8-14) as part of the Spatial Temporal Environment and Activity Monitoring (STEAM) Project. Results showed no significant direct relationship between regular active school travel and children's physical or psychosocial functioning; but the relationships were moderated by perceived neighbourhood safety. Regular active school travelers with high levels of perceived neighbourhood interpersonal safety, had higher physical and psychosocial functioning than regular active school travelers with low levels of perceived neighbourhood interpersonal safety. Additionally, at higher levels of perceived neighbourhood traffic safety, regular active school travelers had higher psychosocial functioning than regular active school travelers with lower perceived neighbourhood traffic safety. Interventions promoting active school travel should consider the environments through which children will be traveling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Martin
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada
| | - Megan Graat
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Alina Medeiros
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Andrew F Clark
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Brenton L G Button
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Medical Education Research Lab in the North, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Kendra Nelson Ferguson
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada; Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada; School of Health Studies, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Lucas JA, Marino M, Giebultowicz S, Fankhauser K, Suglia SF, Bailey SR, Bazemore A, Heintzman J. Mobility and social deprivation on primary care utilisation among paediatric patients with asthma. Fam Med Community Health 2021; 9:fmch-2021-001085. [PMID: 34244305 PMCID: PMC8278882 DOI: 10.1136/fmch-2021-001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asthma care is negatively impacted by neighbourhood social and environmental factors, and moving is associated with undesirable asthma outcomes. However, little is known about how movement into and living in areas of high deprivation relate to primary care use. We examined associations between neighbourhood characteristics, mobility and primary care utilisation of children with asthma to explore the relevance of these social factors in a primary care setting. DESIGN In this cohort study, we conducted negative binomial regression to examine the rates of primary care visits and annual influenza vaccination and logistic regression to study receipt of pneumococcal vaccination. All models were adjusted for patient-level covariates. SETTING We used data from community health centres in 15 OCHIN states. PARTICIPANTS The sample included 23 773 children with asthma aged 3-17 across neighbourhoods with different levels of social deprivation from 2012 to 2017. We conducted negative binomial regression to examine the rates of primary care visits and annual influenza vaccination and logistic regression to study receipt of pneumococcal vaccination. All models were adjusted for patient-level covariates. RESULTS Clinic visit rates were higher among children living in or moving to areas with higher deprivation than those living in areas with low deprivation (rate ratio (RR) 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17; RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.11). Children moving across neighbourhoods with similarly high levels of deprivation had increased RRs of influenza vaccination (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.23) than those who moved but stayed in neighbourhoods of low deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Movement into and living within areas of high deprivation is associated with more primary care use, and presumably greater opportunity to reduce undesirable asthma outcomes. These results highlight the need to attend to patient movement in primary care visits, and increase neighbourhood-targeted population management to improve equity and care for children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Lucas
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Miguel Marino
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Katie Fankhauser
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Steffani R Bailey
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrew Bazemore
- American Board of Family Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Center for Professionalism & Value in Health Care, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John Heintzman
- Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OCHIN Inc, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Martin G, Inchley J, Marshall A, Shortt N, Currie C. The neighbourhood social environment and alcohol use among urban and rural Scottish adolescents. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:95-105. [PMID: 30511169 PMCID: PMC6353998 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This research examined the relationship between neighbourhood social environmental characteristics and drinking outcomes among a sample of urban and rural adolescents. METHODS From a sample of 1558 Scottish secondary schoolchildren, surveyed as part of the 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study, we modelled three drinking outcomes on a variety of neighbourhood conditions, including social cohesion, disorder, alcohol outlet density, deprivation, and urban/rurality. Nested and cross-classified multilevel logistic regressions were specified. RESULTS An urban-to-rural gradient was found with non-urban adolescents exhibiting higher odds of having ever drank. Neighbourhood social cohesion related to having ever drank. Among drinkers, those living in accessible small towns had higher odds of weekly drinking and drunkenness compared to urban areas. Higher odds of drunkenness were also found in remote rural areas. Those residing in the least deprived areas had lower odds of weekly drinking. CONCLUSIONS In Scotland, inequalities exist in adolescent alcohol use by urban/rurality and neighbourhood social conditions. Findings support regional targeting of public health efforts to address inequalities. Future work is needed to develop and evaluate intervention and prevention approaches for neighbourhoods at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Martin
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF UK
| | - Joanna Inchley
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF UK
| | - Alan Marshall
- Social Policy, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9LD UK
| | - Niamh Shortt
- Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP UK
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF UK
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10
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Martin G, Inchley J, Humphris G, Currie C. Assessing the psychometric and ecometric properties of neighborhood scales using adolescent survey data from urban and rural Scotland. Popul Health Metr 2017; 15:11. [PMID: 28351425 PMCID: PMC5370470 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-017-0129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the well-established need for specific measurement instruments to examine the relationship between neighborhood conditions and adolescent well-being outcomes, few studies have developed scales to measure features of the neighborhoods in which adolescents reside. Moreover, measures of neighborhood features may be operationalised differently by adolescents living in different levels of urban/rurality. This has not been addressed in previous studies. The objectives of this study were to: 1) establish instruments to measure adolescent neighborhood features at both the individual and neighborhood level, 2) assess their psychometric and ecometric properties, 3) test for invariance by urban/rurality, and 4) generate neighborhood level scores for use in further analysis. Methods Data were from the Scottish 2010 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Survey, which included an over-sample of rural adolescents. The survey responses of interest came from questions designed to capture different facets of the local area in which each respondent resided. Intermediate data zones were used as proxies for neighborhoods. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. Invariance was examined using confirmatory factor analysis. Multilevel models were used to estimate ecometric properties and generate neighborhood scores. Results Two constructs labeled neighborhood social cohesion and neighborhood disorder were identified. Adjustment was made to the originally specified model to improve model fit and measures of invariance. At the individual level, reliability was .760 for social cohesion and .765 for disorder, and between .524 and .571 for both constructs at the neighborhood level. Individuals in rural areas experienced greater neighborhood social cohesion and lower levels of neighborhood disorder compared with those in urban areas. Conclusion The scales are appropriate for measuring neighborhood characteristics experienced by adolescents across urban and rural Scotland, and can be used in future studies of neighborhoods and health. However, trade-offs between neighborhood sample size and reliability must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Martin
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK.
| | - Joanna Inchley
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Gerry Humphris
- School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
| | - Candace Currie
- Child and Adolescent Health Research Unit, School of Medicine, Medical and Biological Sciences Building, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF, UK
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