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Dangmann CR, Skogli GKW, Holthe MEG, Steffenak AKM, Andersen PN. Life Gets Better: Important Resilience Factors When Growing Up With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:1198-1209. [PMID: 38616640 PMCID: PMC11107134 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241246645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore emerging adults' descriptions of important resilience factors when growing up with ADHD. METHOD Individual interviews with 10 emerging adults (21-24 years) who participated in a 10-year follow-up study, analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The main theme was that "life gets better." Resilience factors contributing to this positive development were strategies to regulate ADHD, valuable relationships, acceptance, seeing positive attributes of ADHD, receiving tailored, non-stigmatizing support, and participating in meaningful activities. CONCLUSION Growing up with ADHD was associated with both challenges and positives, but the main resilience theme was that life gets better. A variety of resilience factors contributed to this, but relational and environmental factors seemed particularly important. Acceptance, both from society and self-acceptance, were related to all resilience factors in various ways indicating that better knowledge of ADHD might foster better understanding and acceptance of children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Per N. Andersen
- Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
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2
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Martin J. Why are females less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD in childhood than males? Lancet Psychiatry 2024; 11:303-310. [PMID: 38340761 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(24)00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ADHD is less likely to be diagnosed in females than males, especially in childhood. Females also typically receive the diagnosis later than males and are less likely to be prescribed ADHD medication. Understanding why these sex differences in clinical care and treatment for ADHD occur is key to improving timely diagnosis in people affected by ADHD. This Personal View is a conceptual review synthesising literature on this topic. This publication considers potential biological explanations (eg, genetic factors), influence of diagnostic practices (eg, criteria suitability, diagnostic overshadowing, and sex-specific diagnostic thresholds), and sociocultural explanations (eg, sex differences in presentation and compensatory behaviours), for the observed sex differences in ADHD clinical practice. This Personal View also outlines future research directions for improving understanding of sex differences in recognition and diagnosis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Martin
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics and Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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Chen CY, Lee KY, Fung XCC, Chen JK, Lai YC, Potenza MN, Chang KC, Fang CY, Pakpour AH, Lin CY. Problematic Use of Internet Associates with Poor Quality of Life via Psychological Distress in Invididuals with ADHD. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:443-455. [PMID: 38352630 PMCID: PMC10863463 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s449369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Problematic use of internet (PUI) may have negative impacts on psychological distress and quality of life (QoL). This situation might be more profound in people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) due to poorer behavioral control and regulatory capacity. However, there is little evidence regarding mediated effects in the associations between PUI, psychological distress, and QoL in people with ADHD. Aims To investigate mediating effects of psychological distress in the associations of problematic smartphone use (PSPU), problematic use of social media (PUSM), and problematic gaming (PG) with QoL in individuals with ADHD. Methods and Procedures PUI behaviors of participants with ADHD (n = 99) were assessed using the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, and Internet Gaming Disorder-Short Form. Psychological distress was assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale and QoL using the Kid-KINDL. Outcomes and Results Psychological distress mediated the associations between PUI and different domains of QoL, except for self-esteem QoL. There were also positively direct effects between PG and physical QoL, PUSM and friends' QoL, and PSPU and physical QoL. Conclusions and Implications PUI may associate with poor QoL in people with ADHD via psychological distress. Programs on reducing PUI for people with ADHD are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ying Chen
- School of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- New Taipei City Tucheng Hospital (Chang Gung Medical Foundation), Department of Pediatric Internal Medicine, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Lee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Xavier C C Fung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Chen Lai
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kun-Chia Chang
- Department of General Psychiatry, Jianan Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - Amir H Pakpour
- Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- INTI International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, 71800, Malaysia
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Blay M, Duarte M, Dessouli MA, Durpoix A, Rüfenacht E, Weibel S, Speranza M, Perroud N. Proposition of a transdiagnostic processual approach of emotion dysregulation based on core triggers and interpersonal styles. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1260138. [PMID: 38384590 PMCID: PMC10879599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1260138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation (ED) has primarily been described in patients suffering from borderline personality disorder (BPD) and is an integral part of this diagnosis, but it is also a transdiagnostic construct that can be found in several other psychiatric disorders. The strong relationships between ED and BPD may lead clinicians to underestimate ED associated to other clinical contexts. This can lead to difficulties in diagnostic and treatment orientation, especially in the context of comorbidities. In this article, after reviewing the literature on the development and functioning of emotion dysregulation, and on the evidence for emotion dysregulation in eight disorders (borderline personality disorder, pathological narcissism with/without narcissistic personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, complex post-traumatic stress disorder, and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), we present a transdiagnostic processual model of emotion dysregulation based on core triggers and interpersonal styles to try to address this issue and to provide a simple but technical tool to help clinicians in their diagnostic assessment and treatment orientation. By focusing more on typical patterns and interpersonal dynamics than only on categories, we believe that this model may contribute to the actual need for improvement of our current psychiatric classifications, alongside other well-studied and under-used dimensional models of psychopathology (e.g., HiTOP, AMPD), and may be useful to build more specific treatment frameworks for patients suffering from ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Blay
- ADDIPSY, Addictology and Psychiatry Outpatient Center, Santé Basque Développement Group, Lyon, France
- Centre de recherche en Epidemiologie et Sante des Populations Team ‘DevPsy’, INSERM, Universite Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
| | - Miguel Duarte
- Psychiatric Specialties Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Alix Dessouli
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry, University Hospital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Amaury Durpoix
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eva Rüfenacht
- Psychiatric Specialties Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Weibel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- U1114, INSERM, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mario Speranza
- Centre de recherche en Epidemiologie et Sante des Populations Team ‘DevPsy’, INSERM, Universite Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Villejuif, France
- University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Versailles Hospital Center, Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, France
| | - Nader Perroud
- Psychiatric Specialties Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Lewczuk K, Marcowski P, Wizła M, Gola M, Nagy L, Koós M, Kraus SW, Demetrovics Z, Potenza MN, Ballester-Arnal R, Batthyány D, Bergeron S, Billieux J, Briken P, Burkauskas J, Cárdenas-López G, Carvalho J, Castro-Calvo J, Chen L, Ciocca G, Corazza O, Csako RI, Fernandez DP, Fujiwara H, Fernandez EF, Fuss J, Gabrhelík R, Gewirtz-Meydan A, Gjoneska B, Grubbs JB, Hashim HT, Islam MS, Ismail M, Jiménez-Martínez MC, Jurin T, Kalina O, Klein V, Költő A, Lee SK, Lin CY, Lin YC, Lochner C, López-Alvarado S, Lukavská K, Mayta-Tristán P, Miller DJ, Orosová O, Orosz G, Ponce FP, Quintana GR, Quintero Garzola GC, Ramos-Diaz J, Rigaud K, Rousseau A, Tubino Scanavino MD, Schulmeyer MK, Sharan P, Shibata M, Shoib S, Sigre-Leirós V, Sniewski L, Spasovski O, Steibliene V, Stein DJ, Ünsal BC, Vaillancourt-Morel MP, Claire Van Hout M, Bőthe B. Cross-Cultural Adult ADHD Assessment in 42 Countries Using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale Screener. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:512-530. [PMID: 38180045 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231215518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We analyzed adult ADHD symptoms in a cross-cultural context, including investigating the occurrence and potential correlates of adult ADHD and psychometric examination of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. METHOD Our analysis is based on a large-scale research project involving 42 countries (International Sex Survey, N=72,627, 57% women, Mage=32.84; SDage=12.57). RESULTS The ASRS Screener demonstrated good reliability and validity, along with partial invariance across different languages, countries, and genders. The occurrence of being at risk for adult ADHD was relatively high (21.4% for women, 18.1% for men). The highest scores were obtained in the US, Canada, and other English-speaking Western countries, with significantly lower scores among East Asian and non-English-speaking European countries. Moreover, ADHD symptom severity and occurrence were especially high among gender-diverse individuals. Significant associations between adult ADHD symptoms and age, mental and sexual health, and socioeconomic status were observed. CONCLUSIONS Present results show significant cross-cultural variability in adult ADHD occurrence as well as highlight important factors related to adult ADHD. Moreover, the importance of further research on adult ADHD in previously understudied populations (non-Western countries) and minority groups (gender-diverse individuals) is stressed. Lastly, the present analysis is consistent with previous evidence showing low specificity of adult ADHD screening instruments and contributes to the current discussion on accurate adult ADHD screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lewczuk
- Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Mateusz Gola
- University of California, San Diego, USA
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
| | - Léna Nagy
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Koós
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Sophie Bergeron
- Université de Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Problèmes Conjugaux et les Agressions Sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada
| | - Joël Billieux
- University of Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Peer Briken
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Julius Burkauskas
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hironobu Fujiwara
- Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Tokyo, Japan
- The General Research Division, Osaka University Research Center on Ethical, Legal and Social Issues, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Roman Gabrhelík
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Biljana Gjoneska
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Republic of North Macedonia
| | | | | | - Md Saiful Islam
- Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Martha C Jiménez-Martínez
- Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica y de Patología, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Hallym University Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, South Korea
- Chuncheon Addiction Management Center, South Korea
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
- University of Religions and Denominations, Qom, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oľga Orosová
- Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco De Tubino Scanavino
- Western University, St. Joseph's Health Care London and London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Canada
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pratap Sharan
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sheikh Shoib
- Department of Health Services, Srinagar, India
- Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
- Psychosis Research Centre, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Vesta Steibliene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Dan J Stein
- University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, South Africa
| | - Berk C Ünsal
- ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marie-Pier Vaillancourt-Morel
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Problèmes Conjugaux et les Agressions Sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | | | - Beáta Bőthe
- Université de Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Problèmes Conjugaux et les Agressions Sexuelles (CRIPCAS), Canada
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Miklósi M, Kovács B, Janovicz J, Lelki F, Kassai R. Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and parental cognitions: a meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1321078. [PMID: 38268568 PMCID: PMC10807045 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1321078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adults interfere with parental functioning. Dysfunctional parental cognitions may play a role in this impairment. Despite the importance of parental cognitions on parents and children's outcomes, up to now, no systematic review or meta-analysis of these findings is available. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between adult ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions. Methods We conducted searches in Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest from January 2000 to June 2023. Studies were included if they provided data on the relationship between parental ADHD symptoms and parental cognitions by means of a row correlational coefficient, or means and standard deviation were reported for each study group. A random-effects model was used. Publication bias was assessed by funnel plot and Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Moderator analyses were conducted by means of subgroup analysis and meta-regression analyses. Results Fifteen published papers were included (N = 2851), and 51 effect sizes were analysed. The weighted mean effect size was small but significant (Fisher's Z = 0.186, k = 15, 95% CI [0.120 - 0.252], z = 5.539, p < 0.001), indicating that ADHD symptoms in adults are associated with more negative and less positive parental cognitions. The Fail-Safe N analysis suggested a robust effect. Tweedie's trim and fill results suggested that five studies were missing; after five missing studies had been imputed, the mean overall effect size dropped to 0.116 (0.080 - 0.152). There was significant heterogeneity among effect sizes. The methodology of the study was found to be a significant moderator. Meta-regression analyses revealed that the lower age of the parent and the child were related to more negative parental cognitions. Discussion Though the analysis might be inflated by publication bias, our results suggest a significant association between ADHD symptom level and dysfunctional parental cognitions. Biased negative perceptions of the parental role, the child and co-parenting may play a central mediator role between parental ADHD and parent and child outcomes. Given the familiar nature of ADHD, targeting dysfunctional parental cognitions in parent training programs is warranted. Systematic review registration osf.io/pnur7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Miklósi
- Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Centre of Mental Health, Heim Pál National Paediatric Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Kovács
- Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Júlia Janovicz
- Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Franciska Lelki
- Psychological Institute, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Kassai
- School of Doctoral Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ging-Jehli NR, Arnold LE, Van Zandt T. Cognitive-attentional mechanisms of cooperation-with implications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and cognitive neuroscience. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:1545-1567. [PMID: 37783876 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01129-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
People's cooperativeness depends on many factors, such as their motives, cognition, experiences, and the situation they are in. To date, it is unclear how these factors interact and shape the decision to cooperate. We present a computational account of cooperation that not only provides insights for the design of effective incentive structures but also redefines neglected social-cognitive characteristics associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Leveraging game theory, we demonstrate that the source and magnitude of conflict between different motives affected the speed and frequency of cooperation. Integrating eye-tracking to measure motivation-based information processing during decision-making shows that participants' visual fixations on the gains of cooperation rather than its costs and risks predicted their cooperativeness on a trial-by-trial basis. Using Bayesian hierarchical modeling, we find that a situation's prosociality and participants' past experience each bias the decision-making process distinctively. ADHD characteristics explain individual differences in responsiveness across contexts, highlighting the clinical importance of experimentally studying reactivity in social interactions. We demonstrate how the use of eye-tracking and computational modeling can be used to experimentally investigate social-cognitive characteristics in clinical populations. We also discuss possible underlying neural mechanisms to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja R Ging-Jehli
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, & Psychological Sciences, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - L Eugene Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Nisonger Center UCEDD, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Trish Van Zandt
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Ginapp CM, Greenberg NR, MacDonald-Gagnon G, Angarita GA, Bold KW, Potenza MN. "Dysregulated not deficit": A qualitative study on symptomatology of ADHD in young adults. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292721. [PMID: 37824501 PMCID: PMC10569543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common condition that often persists into adulthood, although data suggest that the current diagnostic criteria may not represent how the condition presents in adults. We aimed to use qualitative methods to better understand ADHD symptomatology in young adults, especially regarding attentional and emotional dysregulation. METHODS Nine focus groups involving young adults (aged 18-35 years; N = 43; 84% female; 86% US and Canada) with diagnoses of ADHD were conducted. Participants were asked about their perceptions of the current diagnostic criteria and how their symptoms have presented and changed over time. Data were analyzed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis framework. RESULTS Most participants reported that the diagnostic criteria did not accurately capture their experiences with ADHD. They reported struggling with attention dysregulation, including hyperfocusing, and emotional dysregulation, including rejection-sensitive dysphoria. Many participants believed that their changing environments and behavioral adaptations influenced how their symptoms presented into adulthood. CONCLUSION Current diagnostic criteria for ADHD may not capture the range of symptoms present in young adults. More research is needed to characterize attentional and emotional dysregulation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie M. Ginapp
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Norman R. Greenberg
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Grace MacDonald-Gagnon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Gustavo A. Angarita
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Krysten W. Bold
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, Connecticut, United States of America
- Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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