Complex methyl groups dynamics in [(CH3)4P]3Sb2Br9 (PBA) from low to high temperatures by proton spin-lattice relaxation and narrowing of proton NMR spectrum

Structural phase transitions coupled with prominent dielectric anomalies and dielectric relaxation in [(CH3)3NH]2[KCo(CN)6] and mixed [(CH3)3NH]2[KFexCo1-x(CN)6] double perovskite hybrids

The crystals of pure [(CH₃)₃NH]₂[KFe(CN)₆] (TrMAFe) and [(CH₃)₃NH]₂[KCo(CN)₆] (TrMACo) as well as their mixed crystals (TrMAFe_xCo_1-x), with different ratios of x = 0, 0.12, 0.18, 0.49, 0.56, 0.73, 0.81, 1.0, have been grown from aqueous solutions. The structure of TrMACo has been determined at 360 K to be cubic (Fm3[combining macron]m). In phase II (100 K), the TrMACo crystal is monoclinic (C2/c). The thermal stability of the pure and mixed crystals has been determined by using both DTA and TGA. Based on the DSC results, we have found a single phase transition (PT) for both pure and mixed crystals. The Fe(iii) concentration was estimated by using the SEM technique. We have found a linear relationship between the PT temperature (T_c) and the molar concentration of Fe(iii). Based on the obtained results, a phase diagram has been constructed. The mechanism of the structural PT has been discussed based on the results of dielectric relaxation and ¹H NMR and X-ray spectroscopy measurements. The results confirmed that the PT mechanism of both pure and mixed crystals is related to the change in the dynamic state of the TrMA⁺ cations. The dielectric activation energy changes linearly with the mole fraction ranking from 35 to 38 kJ mol^-1, for the mixed crystals.

Isostructural phase transition, quasielastic neutron scattering and magnetic resonance studies of a bistable dielectric ion-pair crystal [(CH3)2NH2]2KCr(CN)6

We have synthesised and characterised a novel organic-inorganic hybrid crystal, [(CH3)2NH2]2KCr(CN)6. The thermal DSC, TMA, DTG and DTA analyses indicate two solid-to-solid structural phase transitions (PTs). According to the X-ray diffraction experiments, the first PT at 220 K is isostructural, since it does not involve a change of the space group. This transition occurs between the states, where the (CH3)2NH2+ cations are orientationally disordered and ordered (frozen). The other reversible PT at 481 K leads to a melt-like phase similar to the one observed in plastic crystals or polar liquids. Dielectric spectroscopy has been used to characterise the switching properties of the dipole moments in the vicinity of the PTs. Continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was employed to investigate the effect of ordering on the local environment of the Cr3+ ions. We have also applied the quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique as well as 1H NMR spectroscopy to measure the dynamics of the (CH3)2NH2+ cations residing in the inorganic framework.

Complex mechanism of relaxation in solid chloroxylenol (antibacterial/antifungal agent) studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations

Molecular relaxation in antibacterial/antifungal agent: chloroxylenol (4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, PCMX) in the solid state was studied by the (1)H NMR and quantum chemistry calculations. The temperature dependencies of the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) in the ranges 15-273 K (at 24.667 MHz), 77-295 K (at 15 MHz), and 112-291 K at 90 MHz and the second moment (M2) of (1)H NMR resonant line in the range 106-380 K were measured. The two minima in the temperature dependence of T1 revealed two activation processes, whereas the M2 dependence in the studied range was quite flat and revealed the only significant reduction at 380 K. The low temperature part of T1(T) dependence indicated the occurrence of two processes characteristic of methyl bearing solids; the quantum mechanics governed incoherent tunneling (responsible for the low temperature flattening of T1) and the classical Arrhenius dependence governed hindered rotation (related to the wide low temperature minimum of 0.066 s at 57 K, 24.667 MHz). The 2D potential energy surface obtained using DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,p) calculations revealed the inequivalence of methyl groups and the lack of their interplay/coupling. The activation energies of classical hindered rotation are 3.35 and 2.5 kJ/mol, whereas temperatures at which the proton tunneling T(tun) finally ceases are 52 and 63 K, for inequivalent methyl groups. C(p)(T) required for the estimation of T(tun) was calculated purely theoretically on the basis of the Einstein and Debye models of specific heat and 51 modes of atomic vibrations, 4 internal rotations, and 3 torsions calculated by DFT. The -CH3 motion (tunneling and classical) results in the reduction in the (1)H NMR line second moment from 17.3 G(2) (rigid) to approximately 11.05 G(2). The pointed high temperature minimum T1(T) of 0.109 s at 89 K, 24.667 MHz, which shifts with frequency, was assigned to small-angle libration jumps, by the Θ2 = ±15° between two positions of equilibrium. The activation energy of this motion estimated on the basis of the fit of the theoretical model to the experimental points is 10.5 kJ/mol. The reduction in the (1)H NMR line second moment assigned to this motion is much lower (due to order parameter s = 0.64) and equal to 1.6 G(2). The high temperature reduction from 9.6 G(2) to 0.9 G(2) at 380 K is a result of the phase transition connected with melting (385-389 K).

Proton dynamics at low and high temperatures in a novel ferroelectric diammonium hypodiphosphate (NH4)2H2P2O6 (ADhP) as studied by 1H spin-lattice relaxation time and second moment of NMR line

Proton spin-lattice relaxation times T1 at 24.7 MHz and 15 MHz and second moment of NMR line have been applied to study molecular dynamics of a novel ferroelectric (NH4)2H2P2O6 (T(c)=178 K) in the temperature range 10-290 K. Low-temperature T1 behaviour below Tc is interpreted in terms of Haupt's theory and Schrödinger correlation time of tunnelling jumps. A shallow T1 minimum observed around 39 K is attributed to the C3 classical motion of "intra" proton-proton vectors of NH3 (ammonium groups NH4(+) may perform stochastic jumps about any of the four C3 symmetry axes). The tunnelling splitting of the ground state vibrational level, (νT)v0, of the same frequency for both ammonium groups was estimated as high as 900 MHz ((ħωT)v0=3.7 μeV). This tunnelling splitting exists only in the ferroelectric phase. Magnetisation recovery is found to be non-exponential in the temperature regime 63-48 K. The temperature of 63 K is the discovered T(tun) above which the probability of stochastic tunnelling jumps equals zero. The T1 relaxation time is temperature independent below 25 K, which is related to a constant value of the correlation time characterising tunnelling jumps according to Schrödinger. The T1 minima observed in the paraelectric phase (204 K at 15 MHz and 213 K at 24.7 MHz) as well as second moment reduction at about 130K are attributed to isotropic motion of all protons.

Complex molecular dynamics of (CH3NH3)5Bi2Br11 (MAPBB) protons from NMR relaxation and second moment of NMR spectrum

Molecular dynamics of a polycrystalline sample of (CH(3)NH(3))(5)Bi(2)Br(11) (MAPBB) is studied on the basis of the proton T(1) (55.2 MHz) relaxation time and the proton second moment of NMR line. The T(1) (55.2 MHz) was measured for temperatures from 20K to 330 K, while the second moment M(2) for those from 40K to 330 K. The proton spin pairs of the methyl and ammonium groups perform a complex stochastic motion being a resultant of four components characterised by the correlation times τ(3)(T), τ(3)(H), τ(2), and τ(iso), referring to the tunnelling and over the barrier jumps in a triple potential, jumps between two equilibrium sites and isotropic rotation. The theoretical expressions for the spectral densities in the cases of the complex motion considered were derived. For τ(3)(H), τ(2), and τ(iso) the Arrhenius temperature dependence was assumed, while for τ(3)(T)-the Schrödinger one. The correlation times τ(3)(H) for CH(3) and NH(3) groups differ, which indicates the uncorrelated motion of these groups. The stochastic tunnelling jumps are not present above the temperature T(tun) at which the thermal energy is higher than the activation energy of jumps over the barrier attributed to the hindered rotation of the CH(3) and NH(3) groups. The T(tun) temperature is 54.6 K for NH(3) group and 46.5 K for CH(3) group in MAPBB crystal. The tunnelling jumps of the methyl and ammonium protons are responsible for the flattening of T(1) temperature dependence at low temperatures. The isotropic tumbling is detectable only from the M(2) temperature dependence. The isotropic tumbling reduces the second moment to 4 G(2) which is the value of the intermolecular part of the second moment. The motion characterised by the correlation time τ(2) is well detectable from both T(1) and M(2) temperature dependences. This motion causes the appearance of T(1) minimum at 130 K and reduction of the second moment to the 7.7 G(2) value. The small tunnelling splitting ω(T) of the same value for the methyl and ammonium groups was estimated as 226 MHz from the Haupt equation or 80 MHz from the corrected by us Haupt equation. These frequencies correspond to 0.93 μeV and 0.34 μeV tunnel splitting energy.