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Pellegrini S, Zamarian V, Sordi V. Strategies to Improve the Safety of iPSC-Derived β Cells for β Cell Replacement in Diabetes. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10575. [PMID: 36090777 PMCID: PMC9448870 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2022.10575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation allows for the re-establishment of glycemic control with the possibility of insulin independence, but is severely limited by the scarcity of organ donors. However, a new source of insulin-producing cells could enable the widespread use of cell therapy for diabetes treatment. Recent breakthroughs in stem cell biology, particularly pluripotent stem cell (PSC) techniques, have highlighted the therapeutic potential of stem cells in regenerative medicine. An understanding of the stages that regulate β cell development has led to the establishment of protocols for PSC differentiation into β cells, and PSC-derived β cells are appearing in the first pioneering clinical trials. However, the safety of the final product prior to implantation remains crucial. Although PSC differentiate into functional β cells in vitro, not all cells complete differentiation, and a fraction remain undifferentiated and at risk of teratoma formation upon transplantation. A single case of stem cell-derived tumors may set the field back years. Thus, this review discusses four approaches to increase the safety of PSC-derived β cells: reprogramming of somatic cells into induced PSC, selection of pure differentiated pancreatic cells, depletion of contaminant PSC in the final cell product, and control or destruction of tumorigenic cells with engineered suicide genes.
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2
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Mashima H, Zhang R, Kobayashi T, Tsukamoto H, Liu T, Iwama T, Hagiya Y, Yamamoto M, Fukushima S, Okada S, Idiris A, Kaneko S, Nakatsura T, Ohdan H, Uemura Y. Improved safety of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived antigen-presenting cell-based cancer immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 21:171-179. [PMID: 33816647 PMCID: PMC7994724 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The tumorigenicity and toxicity of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their derivatives are major safety concerns in their clinical application. Recently, we developed granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing proliferating myeloid cells (GM-pMCs) from mouse iPSCs as a source of unlimited antigen-presenting cells for use in cancer immunotherapy. As GM-pMCs are generated by introducing c-Myc and Csf2 into iPSC-derived MCs and are dependent on self-produced GM-CSF for proliferation, methods to control their proliferation after administration should be introduced to improve safety. In this study, we compared the efficacy of two promising suicide gene systems, herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK)/ganciclovir (GCV) and inducible caspase-9 (iCasp9)/AP1903, for safeguarding GM-pMCs in cancer immunotherapy. The expression of HSV-TK or iCasp9 did not impair the fundamental properties of GM-pMCs. Both of these suicide gene-expressing cells selectively underwent apoptosis after treatment with the corresponding apoptosis-inducing drug, and they were promptly eliminated in vivo. iCasp9/AP1903 induced apoptosis more efficiently than HSV-TK/GCV. Furthermore, high concentrations of GCV were toxic to cells not expressing HSV-TK, whereas AP1903 was bioinert. These results suggest that iCasp9/AP1903 is superior to HSV-TK/GCV in terms of both safety and efficacy when controlling the fate of GM-pMCs after priming antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Mashima
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Rong Zhang
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hirotake Tsukamoto
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tatsuaki Iwama
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hagiya
- Biochemistry Team, Bio Science Division, Technology General Division, Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC, Inc., Yokohama 221-8755, Japan
| | - Masateru Yamamoto
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukushima
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Alimjan Idiris
- Biochemistry Team, Bio Science Division, Technology General Division, Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC, Inc., Yokohama 221-8755, Japan
| | - Shin Kaneko
- Shin Kaneko Laboratory, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakatsura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yasushi Uemura
- Division of Cancer Immunotherapy, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa 277-8577, Japan
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Li S, Huang SQ, Zhao YX, Ding YJ, Ma DJ, Ding QR. Derivation and applications of human hepatocyte-like cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:535-547. [PMID: 31523372 PMCID: PMC6716086 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i8.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) promise a valuable source of cells with human genetic background, physiologically relevant liver functions, and unlimited supply. With over 10 years’ efforts in this field, great achievements have been made. HLCs have been successfully derived and applied in disease modeling, toxicity testing and drug discovery. Large cohorts of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived HLCs have been recently applied in studying population genetics and functional outputs of common genetic variants in vitro. This has offered a new paradigm for genome-wide association studies and possibly in vitro pharmacogenomics in the nearly future. However, HLCs have not yet been successfully applied in bioartificial liver devices and have only displayed limited success in cell transplantation. HLCs still have an immature hepatocyte phenotype and exist as a population with great heterogeneity, and HLCs derived from different hPSC lines display variable differentiation efficiency. Therefore, continuous improvement to the quality of HLCs, deeper investigation of relevant biological processes, and proper adaptation of recent advances in cell culture platforms, genome editing technology, and bioengineering systems are required before HLCs can fulfill the needs in basic and translational research. In this review, we summarize the discoveries, achievements, and challenges in the derivation and applications of HLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shi-Qian Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yong-Xu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yu-Jie Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Kang’an Hospital, Mudanjiang 157011, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dan-Jun Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiu-Rong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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4
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Increased Cytotoxicity of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Expression in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040810. [PMID: 30769780 PMCID: PMC6413063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold enormous promise for regenerative medicine. The major safety concern is the tumorigenicity of transplanted cells derived from iPSCs. A potential solution would be to introduce a suicide gene into iPSCs as a safety switch. The herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, in combination with ganciclovir, is the most widely used enzyme/prodrug suicide system from basic research to clinical applications. In the present study, we attempted to establish human iPSCs that stably expressed HSV-TK with either lentiviral vectors or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. However, this task was difficult to achieve, because high-level and/or constitutive expression of HSV-TK resulted in the induction of cell death or silencing of HSV-TK expression. A nucleotide metabolism analysis suggested that excessive accumulation of thymidine triphosphate, caused by HSV-TK expression, resulted in an imbalance in the dNTP pools. This unbalanced state led to DNA synthesis inhibition and cell death in a process similar to a “thymidine block”, but more severe. We also demonstrated that the Tet-inducible system was a feasible solution for overcoming the cytotoxicity of HSV-TK expression. Our results provided a warning against using the HSV-TK gene in human iPSCs, particularly in clinical applications.
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Ratajczak MZ, Ciechanowicz AK, Kucharska-Mazur J, Samochowiec J. Stem cells and their potential clinical applications in psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:3-9. [PMID: 28435007 PMCID: PMC5623088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The robustness of stem cells is one of the major factors that directly impacts life quality and life span. Evidence has accumulated that changes in the stem cell compartment affect human mental health and serve as an indicator of psychiatric problems. It is well known that stem cells continuously replace differentiated cells and tissues that are used up during life, although this replacement occurs at a different pace in the various organs. However, the participation of local neural stem cells in regeneration of the central nervous system is controversial. It is known that low numbers of stem cells circulate continuously in peripheral blood (PB) and lymph and undergo a circadian rhythm in their PB level, with the peak occurring early in the morning and the nadir at night, and recent evidence suggests that the number and pattern of circulating stem cells in PB changes in psychotic disorders. On the other hand, progress in the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patient somatic cells provides valuable tools with which to study changes in gene expression in psychotic patients. We will discuss the various potential sources of stem cells that are currently employed in regenerative medicine and the mechanisms that explain some of their beneficial effects as well as the emerging problems with stem cell therapies. However, the main question remains: Will it be possible in the future to modulate the stem cell compartment to reverse psychiatric problems?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Z Ratajczak
- Stem Cell Institute, 500 South Floyd Street, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville 40202, KY, USA; Department of Regenerative Medicine Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Tom CM, Younesi S, Meer E, Bresee C, Godoy M, Mattis VB. Survival of iPSC-derived grafts within the striatum of immunodeficient mice: Importance of developmental stage of both transplant and host recipient. Exp Neurol 2017; 297:118-128. [PMID: 28760579 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of the striatum can occur in multiple disorders with devastating consequences for the patients. Infantile infections with streptococcus, measles, or herpes can cause striatal necrosis associated with dystonia or dyskinesia; and in patients with Huntington's disease the striatum undergoes massive degeneration, leading to behavioral, psychological and movement issues, ultimately resulting in death. Currently, only supportive therapies are available for striatal degeneration. Clinical trials have shown some efficacy using transplantation of fetal-derived primary striatal progenitors. Large banks of fetal progenitors that give rise to medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the primary neuron of the striatum, are needed to make transplantation therapy a reality. However, fetal tissue is of limited supply, has ethical concerns, and is at risk of graft immunorejection. An alternative potential source of MSNs is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), adult somatic tissues reprogrammed back to a stem cell fate. Multiple publications have demonstrated the ability to differentiate striatal MSNs from iPSCs. Previous publications have demonstrated that the efficacy of fetal progenitor transplants is critically dependent upon the age of the donor embryo/fetus as well as the age of the transplant recipient. With the advent of iPSC technology, a question that remains unanswered concerns the graft's "age," which is crucial since transplanting pluripotent cells has an inherent risk of over proliferation and teratoma formation. Therefore, in order to also determine the effect of transplant recipient age on the graft, iPSCs were differentiated to three stages along a striatal differentiation paradigm and transplanted into the striatum of both neonatal and adult immunodeficient mice. This study demonstrated that increased murine transplant-recipient age (adult vs neonate) resulted in decreased graft survival and volume/rostro-caudal spread after six weeks in vivo, regardless of "age" of the cells transplanted. Importantly, this study implicates that the in vivo setting may provide a better neurogenic niche for iPSC-based modeling as compared to the in vitro setting. Together, these results recapitulate findings from fetal striatal progenitor transplantation studies and further demonstrate the influence of the host environment on cellular survival and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton M Tom
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Shahab Younesi
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Elana Meer
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Catherine Bresee
- Biostatistics & Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Marlesa Godoy
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Magown P, Brownstone RM, Rafuse VF. Tumor prevention facilitates delayed transplant of stem cell-derived motoneurons. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2016; 3:637-49. [PMID: 27606345 PMCID: PMC4999595 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nerve injuries resulting in prolonged periods of denervation result in poor recovery of motor function. We have previously shown that embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons transplanted at the time of transection into a peripheral nerve can functionally reinnervate muscle. For clinical relevance, we now focused on delaying transplantation to assess reinnervation after prolonged denervation. METHODS Embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons were transplanted into the distal segments of transected tibial nerves in adult mice after prolonged denervation of 1-8 weeks. Twitch and tetanic forces were measured ex vivo 3 months posttransplantation. Tissue was harvested from the transplants for culture and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS In this delayed reinnervation model, teratocarcinomas developed in about one half of transplants. A residual multipotent cell population (~ 6% of cells) was found despite neural differentiation. Exposure to the alkylating drug mitomycin C eliminated this multipotent population in vitro while preserving motoneurons. Treating neural differentiated stem cells prior to delayed transplantation prevented tumor formation and resulted in twitch and tetanic forces similar to those in animals transplanted acutely after denervation. INTERPRETATION Despite a neural differentiation protocol, embryonic stem cell-derived motoneurons still carry a risk of tumorigenicity. Pretreating with an antimitotic agent leads to survival and functional muscle reinnervation if performed within 4 weeks of denervation in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Magown
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Robert M Brownstone
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders Institute of Neurology University College London London WC1N 3BG United Kingdom
| | - Victor F Rafuse
- Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology) Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada B3H 4R2
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8
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Kotini AG, de Stanchina E, Themeli M, Sadelain M, Papapetrou EP. Escape Mutations, Ganciclovir Resistance, and Teratoma Formation in Human iPSCs Expressing an HSVtk Suicide Gene. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e284. [PMID: 26836371 PMCID: PMC4884789 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for cell therapy. However, a major concern is the risk of tumor formation by residual undifferentiated cells contaminating the hPSC-derived cell product. Suicide genes could safeguard against such adverse events by enabling elimination of cells gone astray, but the efficacy of this approach has not yet been thoroughly tested. Here, we engineered a lentivirally encoded herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) with expression restricted to undifferentiated hPSCs through regulation by the let7 family of miRNAs. We show that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) expressing a let7-regulated HSVtk transgene are selectively killed by ganciclovir (GCV), whereas differentiated cells are fully protected. However, in contrast to previous studies, we find that in vivo GCV administration results in longer latency but does not prevent teratoma formation by iPSCs expressing either a constitutive or a let7-regulated HSVtk, without evidence of silencing of the HSVtk. Clonal analyses of iPSCs expressing HSVtk revealed frequent emergence of GCV resistance which, at least in some cases, could be attributed to preexisting inactivating mutations in the HSVtk coding sequence, selected for upon GCV treatment. Our findings have important consequences for the future use of suicide genes in hPSC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriana G Kotini
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maria Themeli
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Eirini P Papapetrou
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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The Application of Human iPSCs in Neurological Diseases: From Bench to Bedside. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6484713. [PMID: 26880979 PMCID: PMC4736583 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6484713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In principle, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated from somatic cells by reprogramming and gaining the capacity to self-renew indefinitely as well as the ability to differentiate into cells of different lineages. Human iPSCs have absolute advantages over human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and animal models in disease modeling, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy. Since Takahashi and Yamanaka first described in 2007 that iPSCs can be generated from human adult somatic cells by retroviral transduction of the four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, disease specific iPSC lines have sprung up worldwide like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, making iPSC one of the hottest and fastest moving topics in modern science. The craze for iPSCs has spread throughout main branches of clinical medicine, covering neurology, hematology, cardiology, endocrinology, hepatology, ophthalmology, and so on. Here in this paper, we will focus on the clinical application of human iPSCs in disease modeling, drug screening, and cell replacement therapy for neurological diseases.
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Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies hold considerable promise for many currently devastating neurological disorders. Substantial progress has been made in the derivation of disease-relevant human donor cell populations. Behavioral data in relevant animal models of disease have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for several cell-based approaches. Consequently, cGMP grade cell products are currently being developed for first in human clinical trials in select disorders. Despite the therapeutic promise, the presumed mechanism of action of donor cell populations often remains insufficiently validated. It depends greatly on the properties of the transplanted cell type and the underlying host pathology. Several new technologies have become available to probe mechanisms of action in real time and to manipulate in vivo cell function and integration to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Results from such studies generate crucial insight into the nature of brain repair that can be achieved today and push the boundaries of what may be possible in the future.
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11
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Shimamoto A, Yokote K, Tahara H. Werner Syndrome-specific induced pluripotent stem cells: recovery of telomere function by reprogramming. Front Genet 2015; 6:10. [PMID: 25688260 PMCID: PMC4310323 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare human autosomal recessive premature aging disorder characterized by early onset of aging-associated diseases, chromosomal instability, and cancer predisposition. The function of the DNA helicase encoded by WRN, the gene responsible for WS, has been studied extensively. WRN helicase is involved in the maintenance of chromosome integrity through DNA replication, repair, and recombination by interacting with a variety of proteins associated with DNA repair and telomere maintenance. The accelerated aging associated with WS is reportedly caused by telomere dysfunction, and the underlying mechanism of the disease is yet to be elucidated. Although it was reported that the life expectancy for patients with WS has improved over the last two decades, definitive therapy for these patients has not seen much development. Severe symptoms of the disease, such as leg ulcers, cause a significant decline in the quality of life in patients with WS. Therefore, the establishment of new therapeutic strategies for the disease is of utmost importance. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be established by the introduction of several pluripotency genes, including Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-myc into differentiated cells. iPSCs have the potential to differentiate into a variety of cell types that constitute the human body, and possess infinite proliferative capacity. Recent studies have reported the generation of iPSCs from the cells of patients with WS, and they have concluded that reprogramming represses premature senescence phenotypes in these cells. In this review, we summarize the findings of WS patient-specific iPSCs (WS iPSCs) and focus on the roles of telomere and telomerase in the maintenance of these cells. Finally, we discuss the potential use of WS iPSCs for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Shimamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Wu C, Hong SG, Winkler T, Spencer DM, Jares A, Ichwan B, Nicolae A, Guo V, Larochelle A, Dunbar CE. Development of an inducible caspase-9 safety switch for pluripotent stem cell-based therapies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14053. [PMID: 26052521 PMCID: PMC4448736 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) therapies offer a promising path for patient-specific regenerative medicine. However, tumor formation from residual undifferentiated iPSC or transformation of iPSC or their derivatives is a risk. Inclusion of a suicide gene is one approach to risk mitigation. We introduced a dimerizable-“inducible caspase-9” (iCasp9) suicide gene into mouse iPSC (miPSC) and rhesus iPSC (RhiPSC) via a lentivirus, driving expression from either a cytomegalovirus (CMV), elongation factor-1 α (EF1α) or pluripotency-specific EOS-C(3+) promoter. Exposure of the iPSC to the synthetic chemical dimerizer, AP1903, in vitro induced effective apoptosis in EF1α-iCasp9-expressing (EF1α)-iPSC, with less effective killing of EOS-C(3+)-iPSC and CMV-iPSC, proportional to transgene expression in these cells. AP1903 treatment of EF1α-iCasp9 miPSC in vitro delayed or prevented teratomas. AP1903 administration following subcutaneous or intravenous delivery of EF1α-iPSC resulted in delayed teratoma progression but did not ablate tumors. EF1α-iCasp9 expression was downregulated during in vitro and in vivo differentiation due to DNA methylation at CpG islands within the promoter, and methylation, and thus decreased expression, could be reversed by 5-azacytidine treatment. The level and stability of suicide gene expression will be important for the development of suicide gene strategies in iPSC regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfeng Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - So Gun Hong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Winkler
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Alexander Jares
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Ichwan
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alina Nicolae
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Guo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Larochelle
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia E Dunbar
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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13
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Abstract
Despite the tremendous hurdles presented by the complexity of the liver's structure and function, advances in liver physiology, stem cell biology and reprogramming, and the engineering of tissues and devices are accelerating the development of cell-based therapies for treating liver disease and liver failure. This State of the Art Review discusses both the near- and long-term prospects for such cell-based therapies and the unique challenges for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering & Science at MIT, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, David H. Koch Institute at MIT, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Division of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kenneth S Zaret
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ira J Fox
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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14
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Malecki M. 'Above all, do no harm': safeguarding pluripotent stem cell therapy against iatrogenic tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:73. [PMID: 25158017 PMCID: PMC4076624 DOI: 10.1186/scrt462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells are the foundations of regenerative medicine. However, the worst possible complication of using pluripotent stem cells in therapy could be iatrogenic cancerogenesis. Nevertheless, despite the rapid progress in the development of new techniques for induction of pluripotency and for directed differentiation, risks of cancerogenic transformation of therapeutically implanted pluripotent stem cells still persist. 'Above all, do no harm', as quoted from the Hippocratic Oath, is our ultimate creed. Therefore, the primary goal in designing any therapeutic regimes involving stem cells should be the elimination of any possibilities of their neoplasmic transformation. I review here the basic strategies that have been designed to attain this goal: sorting out undifferentiated, pluripotent stem cells with antibodies targeting surface-displayed biomarkers; sorting in differentiating cells, which express recombinant proteins as reporters; killing undifferentiated stem cells with toxic antibodies or antibody-guided toxins; eliminating undifferentiated stem cells with cytotoxic drugs; making potentially tumorigenic stem cells sensitive to pro-drugs by transformation with suicide-inducing genes; eradication of differentiation-refractive stem cells by self-triggered transgenic expression of human recombinant DNases. Every pluripotent undifferentiated stem cell poses a risk of neoplasmic transformation. Therefore, the aforementioned or other novel strategies that would safeguard against iatrogenic transformation of these stem cells should be considered for incorporation into every stem cell therapy trial.
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15
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Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelium in Retinal Treatment: from Bench to Bedside. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:597-612. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Tabar V, Studer L. Pluripotent stem cells in regenerative medicine: challenges and recent progress. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:82-92. [PMID: 24434846 PMCID: PMC4539940 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After years of incremental progress, several recent studies have succeeded in deriving disease-relevant cell types from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources. The prospect of an unlimited cell source, combined with promising preclinical data, indicates that hPSC technology may be on the verge of clinical translation. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in directed differentiation, some of the new technologies that have facilitated the success of hPSC therapies and the remaining hurdles on the road towards developing hPSC-based cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Tabar
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
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17
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Ou W, Li P, Reiser J. Targeting of herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase gene sequences into the OCT4 locus of human induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81131. [PMID: 24312266 PMCID: PMC3843684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) to generate specific types of cells is inefficient, and the remaining undifferentiated cells may form teratomas. This raises safety concerns for clinical applications of hiPSC-derived cellular products. To improve the safety of hiPSC, we attempted to site-specifically insert a herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) suicide gene at the endogenous OCT4 (POU5F1) locus of hiPSC. Since the endogenous OCT4 promoter is active in undifferentiated cells only, we speculated that the HSV1-TK suicide gene will be transcribed in undifferentiated cells only and that the remaining undifferentiated cells can be depleted by treating them with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) prior to transplantation. To insert the HSV1-TK gene at the OCT4 locus, we cotransfected hiPSC with a pair of plasmids encoding an OCT4-specific zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) and a donor plasmid harboring a promoter-less transgene cassette consisting of HSV1-TK and puromycin resistance gene sequences, flanked by OCT4 gene sequences. Puromycin resistant clones were established and characterized regarding their sensitivity to GCV and the site of integration of the HSV1-TK/puromycin resistance gene cassette. Of the nine puromycin-resistant iPSC clones analyzed, three contained the HSV1-TK transgene at the OCT4 locus, but they were not sensitive to GCV. The other six clones were GCV-sensitive, but the TK gene was located at off-target sites. These TK-expressing hiPSC clones remained GCV sensitive for up to 90 days, indicating that TK transgene expression was stable. Possible reasons for our failed attempt to selectively target the OCT4 locus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Ou
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pingjuan Li
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jakob Reiser
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Lu B, Atala A. Small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:801-8. [PMID: 24252867 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is an emerging, multidisciplinary science that aims to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs, to restore or establish normal function. Research on small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine is currently increasing. In this review, we discuss the potential applications of small molecules and small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine. These include enabling novel cell therapy approaches and augmentation of endogenous cells for tissue regeneration, facilitating the generation of target cells for cell therapy, improving the interactions between cells and biomatrices for tissue engineering, and enhancing endogenous stem cell function for tissue regeneration. We also discuss the potential challenges for small molecule drugs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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19
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Xia G, Santostefano KE, Goodwin M, Liu J, Subramony SH, Swanson MS, Terada N, Ashizawa T. Generation of neural cells from DM1 induced pluripotent stem cells as cellular model for the study of central nervous system neuropathogenesis. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:166-77. [PMID: 23550732 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophia myotonica type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder. The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) involvement is poorly understood. Disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines would provide an alternative model. In this study, we generated two DM1 lines and a normal iPSC line from dermal fibroblasts by retroviral transduction of Yamanaka's four factors (hOct4, hSox2, hKlf4, and hc-Myc). Both DM1 and control iPSC clones showed typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) growth patterns with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio. The iPSC colonies maintained the same growth pattern through subsequent passages. All iPSC lines expressed stem cell markers and differentiated into cells derived from three embryonic germ layers. All iPSC lines underwent normal neural differentiation. Intranuclear RNA foci, a hallmark of DM1, were detected in DM1 iPSCs, neural stem cells (NSCs), and terminally differentiated neurons and astrocytes. In conclusion, we have successfully established disease-specific human DM1 iPSC lines, NSCs, and neuronal lineages with pathognomonic intranuclear RNA foci, which offer an unlimited cell resource for CNS mechanistic studies and a translational platform for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbin Xia
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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20
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Hiura H, Toyoda M, Okae H, Sakurai M, Miyauchi N, Sato A, Kiyokawa N, Okita H, Miyagawa Y, Akutsu H, Nishino K, Umezawa A, Arima T. Stability of genomic imprinting in human induced pluripotent stem cells. BMC Genet 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 23631808 PMCID: PMC3751563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND hiPSCs are generated through epigenetic reprogramming of somatic tissue. Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon through which monoallelic gene expression is regulated in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Reprogramming relies on the successful erasure of marks of differentiation while maintaining those required for genomic imprinting. Loss of imprinting (LOI), which occurs in many types of malignant tumors, would hinder the clinical application of hiPSCs. RESULTS We examined the imprinting status, expression levels and DNA methylation status of eight imprinted genes in five independently generated hiPSCs. We found a low frequency of LOI in some lines. Where LOI was identified in an early passage cell line, we found that this was maintained through subsequent passages of the cells. Just as normal imprints are maintained in long-term culture, this work suggests that abnormal imprints are also stable in culture. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of genomic imprints in hiPSCs is a necessary safety step in regenerative medicine, with relevance both to the differentiation potential of these stem cells and also their potential tumorigenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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21
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Li W, Xiang AP. Safeguarding clinical translation of pluripotent stem cells with suicide genes. Organogenesis 2013; 9:34-9. [PMID: 23511011 DOI: 10.4161/org.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) opens a new avenue in regenerative medicine. However, transplantation of hiPSC-derived cells carries a risk of tumor formation by residual pluripotent stem cells. Numerous adaptive strategies have been developed to prevent or minimize adverse events and control the in vivo behavior of transplanted stem cells and their progeny. Among them, the application of suicide gene modifications, which is conceptually similar to cancer gene therapy, is considered an ideal means to control wayward stem cell progeny in vivo. In this review, the choices of vectors, promoters, and genes for use in suicide gene approaches for improving the safety of hiPSCs-based cell therapy are introduced and possible new strategies for improvements are discussed. Safety-enhancing strategies that can selectively ablate undifferentiated cells without inducing virus infection or insertional mutations may greatly aid in translating human pluripotent stem cells into cell therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Li
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong P.R. China
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22
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Suicide gene-mediated ablation of tumor-initiating mouse pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2012; 34:1701-11. [PMID: 23218839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, serve as unlimited resources for cell replacement therapy and tissue engineering because such cells are capable of extensive proliferation in vitro and can give rise to lineages that represent any of the three embryonic germ layers. However, in the context of the in vivo behavior of cell transplants, key challenges need to be addressed and essential strategies should be developed before stem cells can be used in clinical practice. In the present study, we modified mouse ES/iPS cells to contain a suicide gene, deltaTK or CodA, under the transcriptional control of the EF1α or Nanog promoter. The suicide gene was introduced via lentivirus transduction without interfering with their self-renewal and pluripotency characteristics. We found that EF1α promoter-controlled deltaTK/CodA expression efficiently eliminated pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives both in vitro and in vivo. When the suicide gene was under the control of the Nanog promoter, tumor-initiating undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells were selectively ablated in vitro after prodrug treatment. These results indicate that modification of pluripotent stem cells with a suicide gene prior to transplantation offers a safe manner by which wayward stem cells, and their progeny, can be controlled in vivo. Our approach will render the clinical application of human pluripotent stem cells increasingly possible.
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23
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The challenge of using gene- or cell-based therapies to treat lung disease. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1077-8. [PMID: 22652992 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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24
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Zhao Q, Lu B, George SK, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Safeguarding pluripotent stem cells for cell therapy with a non-viral, non-integrating episomal suicide construct. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7261-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Gordeeva OF. Antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of different type cytostatics on mouse pluripotent stem and teratocarcinoma cells. Russ J Dev Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360412040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Di Stefano B, Maffioletti SM, Gentner B, Ungaro F, Schira G, Naldini L, Broccoli V. A microRNA-based system for selecting and maintaining the pluripotent state in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 29:1684-95. [PMID: 21898693 DOI: 10.1002/stem.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided researchers with a unique tool to derive disease-specific stem cells for the study and possible treatment of degenerative disorders with autologous cells. The low efficiency and heterogeneous nature of reprogramming is a major impediment to the generation of personalized iPSC lines. Here, we report the generation of a lentiviral system based on a microRNA-regulated transgene that enables for the efficient selection of mouse and human pluripotent cells. This system relies on the differential expression pattern of the mature form of microRNA let7a in pluripotent versus committed or differentiated cells. We generated microRNA responsive green fluorescent protein and Neo reporters for specific labeling and active selection of the pluripotent cells in any culture condition. We used this system to establish Rett syndrome and Parkinson's disease human iPSCs. The presented selection procedure represents a straightforward and powerful tool for facilitating the derivation of patient-specific iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Di Stefano
- Division of Neuroscience, Stem Cells and Neurogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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27
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Menasché P. [Embryonic stem cells in the treatment of severe cardiac insufficiency]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:31-44. [PMID: 22463994 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The experience accumulated in cardiac cell therapy suggests that regeneration of extensively necrotic myocardial areas is unlikely to be achieved by the sole paracrine effects of the grafted cells but rather requires the conversion of these cells into cardiomyocytes featuring the capacity to substitute for those which have been irreversibly lost. In this setting, the use of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells has a strong rationale. The experimental results obtained in animal models of myocardial infarction are encouraging. However, the switch to clinical applications still requires to address some critical issues, among which optimizing cardiac specification of the embryonic stem cells, purifying the resulting progenitor cells so as to graft a purified population devoid from any contamination by residual pluripotent cells which carry the risk of tumorigenesis and controlling the expected allogeneic rejection by clinically acceptable methods. If the solution to these problems is a pre-requisite, the therapeutic success of this approach will also depend on the capacity to efficiently transfer the cells to the target tissue, to keep them alive once engrafted and to allow them to spatially organize in such a way that they can contribute to the contractile function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Menasché
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité de chirurgie de l'insuffisance cardiaque, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
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28
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Embryonic stem cells for severe heart failure: why and how? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:555-65. [PMID: 22411322 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The experience accumulated in cardiac cell therapy suggests that regeneration of extensively necrotic myocardial areas is unlikely to be achieved by the sole paracrine effects of the grafted cells but rather requires the conversion of these cells into cardiomyocytes featuring the capacity to substitute for those which have been irreversibly lost. In this setting, the use of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells has a strong rationale. The experimental results obtained in animal models of myocardial infarction are encouraging. However, the switch to clinical applications still requires to address some critical issues, among which the optimization of the cardiac specification of the embryonic stem cells, the purification of the resulting progenitor cells so as to graft a purified population devoid from any contamination by residual pluripotent cells which carry the risk of tumorigenesis, and the control of the expected allogeneic rejection by clinically acceptable methods. If the solution to these problems is a prerequisite, the therapeutic success of this approach will also depend on the capacity to efficiently transfer the cells to the target tissue, to keep them alive once engrafted, and to allow them to spatially organize in such a way that they can contribute to the contractile function of the heart.
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29
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Menendez S, Camus S, Herreria A, Paramonov I, Morera LB, Collado M, Pekarik V, Maceda I, Edel M, Consiglio A, Sanchez A, Li H, Serrano M, Belmonte JCI. Increased dosage of tumor suppressors limits the tumorigenicity of iPS cells without affecting their pluripotency. Aging Cell 2012; 11:41-50. [PMID: 21981310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2011.00754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent a promising therapeutic tool for many diseases, including aged tissues and organs at high risk of failure. However, the intrinsic self-renewal and pluripotency of ES and iPS cells make them tumorigenic, and hence, the risk of tumor development hinders their clinical application. Here, we present a novel approach to limit their tumorigenicity and increase their safety through increased copy number of tumor suppressors. iPS containing an extra copy of the p53 or Ink4a/ARF locus show normal pluripotency, as determined by in vitro and in vivo differentiation assays. Yet, while retaining full pluripotency, they also possess an improved engagement of the p53 pathway during teratocarcinoma formation, which leads to a reduced tumorigenic potential in various in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, they show an improved response to anticancer drugs, which could aid in their elimination in case tumors arise with no adverse effects on cell function or aging. Our system provides a model for studying tumor suppressor pathways during reprogramming, differentiation, and cell therapy applications. This offers an improved understanding of the pathways involved in tumor growth from engrafted pluripotent stem cells, which could facilitate the use of ES and iPS cells in regenerative medicine.
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30
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Cheng F, Ke Q, Chen F, Cai B, Gao Y, Ye C, Wang D, Zhang L, Lahn BT, Li W, Xiang AP. Protecting against wayward human induced pluripotent stem cells with a suicide gene. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3195-204. [PMID: 22269649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) opens a prospect for regenerative medicine. However, transplantation of somatic cells derived from hiPSCs still harbor many risks such as cells' incorrect differentiation or over-proliferation, and the worst, tumor formation. Therefore, it's essential to ravel out these obstacles before their clinical application. Herein, we genetically modified hiPSCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a truncated herpes simplex virus delta thymidine kinase (deltaTK) gene driven by EF1α or Nanog promoter to selectively ablate wayward pluripotent stem cells. The results showed that insertion of deltaTK gene did not alter their pluripotency and self-renewal capacity but rendered them sensitive to ganciclovir, which induced elimination of deltaTK(+) cells in vitro in a dose and time-dependent manner, most importantly, facilitated both prevention and ablation of tumors in vivo. Furthermore, comparative analysis between transduced hiPSCs and hESCs showed that there was no difference in ganciclovir sensitivity between them. This approach may help to develop safety strategies for clinical application of hiPSCs in regenerative medicine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Cheng
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
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31
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Intraspinal transplantation of neurogenin-expressing stem cells generates spinal cord neural progenitors. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 46:59-68. [PMID: 22245661 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells and their derivatives are an important resource for developing novel cellular therapies for disease. Controlling proliferation and lineage selection, however, are essential to circumvent the possibility of tumor formation and facilitate the safe translation of ES-based therapies to man. Expression of appropriate transcription factors is one approach to direct the differentiation of ES cells towards a specific lineage and stop proliferation. Neural differentiation can be initiated in ES cells by expression of Neurogenin1 (Ngn1). In this study we investigate the effects of controlled Ngn1 expression on mouse ES (mES) cell differentiation in vitro and following grafting into the rat spinal cord. In vitro, Ngn1 expression in mES cells leads to rapid and specific neural differentiation, and a concurrent decrease in proliferation. Similarly transplantation of Ngn1-expressing mES cells into the spinal cord lead to in situ differentiation and spinal precursor formation. These data demonstrate that Ngn1 expression in mES cells is sufficient to promote neural differentiation and inhibit proliferation, thus establishing an approach to safely graft ES cells into the spinal cord.
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32
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Ye Z, Mahato RI. Combining stem cells and genes for effective therapeutics. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1443-5. [PMID: 21962294 PMCID: PMC3207237 DOI: 10.1021/mp200437m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ram I. Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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33
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Shiozawa S, Kawai K, Okada Y, Tomioka I, Maeda T, Kanda A, Shinohara H, Suemizu H, James Okano H, Sotomaru Y, Sasaki E, Okano H. Gene targeting and subsequent site-specific transgenesis at the β-actin (ACTB) locus in common marmoset embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1587-99. [PMID: 21126169 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate embryonic stem (ES) cells have vast promise for preclinical studies. Genetic modification in nonhuman primate ES cells is an essential technique for maximizing the potential of these cells. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a nonhuman primate, is expected to be a useful transgenic model for preclinical studies. However, genetic modification in common marmoset ES (cmES) cells has not yet been adequately developed. To establish efficient and stable genetic modifications in cmES cells, we inserted the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene with heterotypic lox sites into the β-actin (ACTB) locus of the cmES cells using gene targeting. The resulting knock-in ES cells expressed EGFP ubiquitously under the control of the endogenous ACTB promoter. Using inserted heterotypic lox sites, we demonstrated Cre recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) and successfully established a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) knock-in cmES cell line. Further, a herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) knock-in cmES cell line was established using RMCE. The growth of tumor cells originating from the cell line was significantly suppressed by the administration of ganciclovir. Therefore, the HSV-tk/ganciclovir system is promising as a safeguard for stem cell therapy. The stable and ubiquitous expression of EGFP before RMCE enables cell fate to be tracked when the cells are transplanted into an animal. Moreover, the creation of a transgene acceptor locus for site-specific transgenesis will be a powerful tool, similar to the ROSA26 locus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shiozawa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Huelsmann PM, Hofmann AD, Knoepfel SA, Popp J, Rauch P, Di Giallonardo F, Danke C, Gueckel E, Schambach A, Wolff H, Metzner KJ, Berens C. A suicide gene approach using the human pro-apoptotic protein tBid inhibits HIV-1 replication. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:4. [PMID: 21223573 PMCID: PMC3224247 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulated expression of suicide genes is a powerful tool to eliminate specific subsets of cells and will find widespread usage in both basic and applied science. A promising example is the specific elimination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected cells by LTR-driven suicide genes. The success of this approach, however, depends on a fast and effective suicide gene, which is expressed exclusively in HIV-1 infected cells. These preconditions have not yet been completely fulfilled and, thus, success of suicide approaches has been limited so far. We tested truncated Bid (tBid), a human pro-apoptotic protein that induces apoptosis very rapidly and efficiently, as suicide gene for gene therapy against HIV-1 infection. Results When tBid was introduced into the HIV-1 LTR-based, Tat- and Rev-dependent transgene expression vector pLRed(INS)2R, very efficient induction of apoptosis was observed within 24 hours, but only in the presence of both HIV-1 regulatory proteins Tat and Rev. Induction of apoptosis was not observed in their absence. Cells containing this vector rapidly died when transfected with plasmids containing full-length viral genomic DNA, completely eliminating the chance for HIV-1 replication. Viral replication was also strongly reduced when cells were infected with HIV-1 particles. Conclusions This suicide vector has the potential to establish a safe and effective gene therapy approach to exclusively eliminate HIV-1 infected cells before infectious virus particles are released.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Huelsmann
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
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Yang Y, Cai S, Yang L, Yu S, Jiang J, Yan X, Zhang H, Liu L, Liu Q, Du J, Cai S, Sung KP. Targeting eradication of malignant cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:3329-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 11/26/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Danke C, Grünz X, Wittmann J, Schmidt A, Agha-Mohammadi S, Kutsch O, Jäck HM, Hillen W, Berens C. Adjusting transgene expression levels in lymphocytes with a set of inducible promoters. J Gene Med 2010; 12:501-15. [PMID: 20527043 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inducible gene expression systems are powerful research tools and could be of clinical value in the future, with lymphocytes being likely prime application targets. However, currently available regulatable promoters exhibit variation in their efficiency in a cell line-dependent-manner and are notorious for basal leakiness or poor inducibility. Data concerning the regulatory properties of different inducible promoters are scarce for lymphocytes. In the present study, we report a comprehensive analysis of how various inducible promoters perform and how their combination with a transsilencer and a reverse transactivator can result in optimally controlled gene expression in T-cells. METHODS The performance of the tetracycline-regulated (Tet)-inducible promoters Tet-responsive element (TRE), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)/TRE, TREtight and second generation TRE (SG/TRE) was compared in several B-cell lines and in Jurkat T-cells using transient transfections in combination with Tet-On. To monitor transgene expression in a Jurkat cell line containing a transsilencer and a reverse transactivator, expression cassettes encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein, CD123 or a constitutively active, cytotoxic caspase-3 were flanked with insulators and stably integrated. The performance of TREtight and SG/TRE was furthermore analysed in transiently transfected primary CD4(+) human T-cells. RESULTS The promoters exhibit greatly diverging characteristics. MMTV/TRE permits moderate, TRE and TREtight permits intermediate and SG/TRE permits very high expression levels. TRE and SG/TRE are leaky, whereas MMTV/TRE and TREtight provide stringent expression control. Tetracycline derivatives add flexibility to transgene expression by introducing intermediate expression levels. CONCLUSIONS The different expression profiles of the promoters increase the flexibility to adjust transgene expression levels. The promoters provide an additional option to optimize system performance for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Danke
- Department Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Asgari S, Pournasr B, Salekdeh GH, Ghodsizadeh A, Ott M, Baharvand H. Induced pluripotent stem cells: a new era for hepatology. J Hepatol 2010; 53:738-51. [PMID: 20621379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has been proposed as an attractive alternative approach to restore liver mass and function. Recent progress has been reported on the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from somatic cells. Human-iPS cells can be differentiated towards the hepatic lineage which presents possibilities for improving research on diseases, drug development, tissue engineering, the development of bio-artificial livers, and a foundation for producing autologous cell therapies that would avoid immune rejection and enable correction of gene defects prior to cell transplantation. This focused review will discuss how human iPS cell advances are likely to have an impact on hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Asgari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Saha K, Jaenisch R. Technical challenges in using human induced pluripotent stem cells to model disease. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 5:584-95. [PMID: 19951687 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of human somatic cells uses readily accessible tissue, such as skin or blood, to generate embryonic-like induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This procedure has been applied to somatic cells from patients who are classified into a disease group, thus creating "disease-specific" iPSCs. Here, we examine the challenges and assumptions in creating a disease model from a single cell of the patient. Both the kinetics of disease onset and progression as well as the spatial localization of disease in the patient's body are challenges to disease modeling. New tools in genetic modification, reprogramming, biomaterials, and animal models can be used for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Saha
- The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Toxicity of ecstasy (MDMA) towards embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac and neural cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1133-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Sipp D. Challenges in the clinical application of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2010; 1:9. [PMID: 20504290 PMCID: PMC3226303 DOI: 10.1186/scrt9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells has been heralded as a major breakthrough in the study of pluripotent stem cells, for these cells have yielded fundamental insights into the reprogrammability of somatic cell fates, but also because of their seemingly great promise in applications, including potential uses in cell therapy. Several recent reports in the scientific literature and mass media, however, have challenged this concept for reasons of biological function and business feasibility, presenting an important opportunity to re-examine the prospects for human induced pluripotent stem cells in medicine. In this commentary, I will outline a number of hurdles that will need to be cleared if these cells are to fulfil their clinical promise, and suggest avenues that might facilitate these important endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Sipp
- Science Policy and Ethics Unit, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan 650-0047.
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Wollert KC, Drexler H. Cell therapy for the treatment of coronary heart disease: a critical appraisal. Nat Rev Cardiol 2010; 7:204-15. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Crystal RG. Translating stem cell therapy to the clinic: déjà vu all over again. Mol Ther 2010; 17:1659-60. [PMID: 19789557 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Cantz T, Martin U. Induced pluripotent stem cells: characteristics and perspectives. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 123:107-26. [PMID: 20549467 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The induction of pluripotency in somatic cells is widely considered as a major breakthrough in regenerative medicine, because this approach provides the basis for individualized stem cell-based therapies. Moreover, with respect to cell transplantation and tissue engineering, expertise from bioengineering to transplantation medicine is now meeting basic research of stem cell biology.In this chapter, we discuss techniques, potential and possible risks of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells in the light of needs for patient-derived pluripotent stem cells. To this end, we compare these cells with other sources of pluripotent cells and discuss the first encouraging results of iPS cells in pharmacological research, disease modeling and cell transplantation, providing fascinating perspectives for future developments in biotechnology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Cantz
- Junior Research Group Stem Cell Biology, Excellence Cluster REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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Swelstad BB, Kerr CL. Current protocols in the generation of pluripotent stem cells: theoretical, methodological and clinical considerations. Stem Cells Cloning 2009; 3:13-27. [PMID: 24198508 PMCID: PMC3781729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been derived from various embryonic, fetal and adult sources. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and parthenogenic ESCs (pESCs) are derived from the embryo proper while embryonic germ cells (EGCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and germ-line stem cells (GSC) are produced from germ cells. ECCs were the first pluripotent stem cell lines established from adult testicular tumors while EGCs are generated in vitro from primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated in late embryonic development. More recently, studies have also demonstrated the ability to produce GSCs from adult germ cells, known as spermatogonial stem cells. Unlike ECCs, the source of GSCs are normal, non-cancerous adult tissue. The study of these unique cell lines has provided information that has led to the ability to reprogram somatic cells into an ESC-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been derived from a number of human fetal and adult origins. With the promises pluripotent stem cells bring to cell-based therapies there remain several considerations that need to be carefully studied prior to their clinical use. Many of these issues involve understanding key factors regulating their generation, including those which define pluripotency. In this regard, the following article discusses critical aspects of pluripotent stem cell derivation and current issues about their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Swelstad
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
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Hansson EM, Lindsay ME, Chien KR. Regeneration next: toward heart stem cell therapeutics. Cell Stem Cell 2009; 5:364-77. [PMID: 19796617 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell biology holds great promise for a new era of cell-based therapy, sparking considerable interest among scientists, clinicians, and their patients. However, the translational arm of stem cell science is in a relatively primitive state. Although a number of clinical studies have been initiated, the early returns point to several inherent problems. In this regard, the clinical potential of stem cells can only be fully realized by the identification of the key barriers to clinical implementation. Here, we examine experimental paradigms to address the critical steps in the transition from stem cell biology to regenerative medicine, utilizing cardiovascular disease as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil M Hansson
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA
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