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Transition from Animal-Based to Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)-Based Models of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040538. [PMID: 36831205 PMCID: PMC9954744 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) arise from the disruption of highly coordinated mechanisms underlying brain development, which results in impaired sensory, motor and/or cognitive functions. Although rodent models have offered very relevant insights to the field, the translation of findings to clinics, particularly regarding therapeutic approaches for these diseases, remains challenging. Part of the explanation for this failure may be the genetic differences-some targets not being conserved between species-and, most importantly, the differences in regulation of gene expression. This prompts the use of human-derived models to study NDDS. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hIPSCs) added a new suitable alternative to overcome species limitations, allowing for the study of human neuronal development while maintaining the genetic background of the donor patient. Several hIPSC models of NDDs already proved their worth by mimicking several pathological phenotypes found in humans. In this review, we highlight the utility of hIPSCs to pave new paths for NDD research and development of new therapeutic tools, summarize the challenges and advances of hIPSC-culture and neuronal differentiation protocols and discuss the best way to take advantage of these models, illustrating this with examples of success for some NDDs.
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2
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Moradi S, Mahdizadeh H, Šarić T, Kim J, Harati J, Shahsavarani H, Greber B, Moore JB. Research and therapy with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): social, legal, and ethical considerations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:341. [PMID: 31753034 PMCID: PMC6873767 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture and differentiate into all specialized cell types including gametes. iPSCs do not exist naturally and are instead generated (“induced” or “reprogrammed”) in culture from somatic cells through ectopic co-expression of defined pluripotency factors. Since they can be generated from any healthy person or patient, iPSCs are considered as a valuable resource for regenerative medicine to replace diseased or damaged tissues. In addition, reprogramming technology has provided a powerful tool to study mechanisms of cell fate decisions and to model human diseases, thereby substantially potentiating the possibility to (i) discover new drugs in screening formats and (ii) treat life-threatening diseases through cell therapy-based strategies. However, various legal and ethical barriers arise when aiming to exploit the full potential of iPSCs to minimize abuse or unauthorized utilization. In this review, we discuss bioethical, legal, and societal concerns associated with research and therapy using iPSCs. Furthermore, we present key questions and suggestions for stem cell scientists, legal authorities, and social activists investigating and working in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Isar 11, 47138-18983, Babol, Iran.
| | - Hamid Mahdizadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tomo Šarić
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute for NeurophysiologyMedical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johnny Kim
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Javad Harati
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Boris Greber
- RheinCell Therapeutics GmbH, 40764, Langenfeld, Germany
| | - Joseph B Moore
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,The Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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3
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Jiang Z, Li Y, Ji X, Tang Y, Yu H, Ding L, Yu M, Cui Q, Zhang M, Ma Y, Li M. Protein profiling identified key chemokines that regulate the maintenance of human pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14510. [PMID: 29109449 PMCID: PMC5674019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment (or niche)-providing chemokines regulate many important biological functions of tissue-specific stem cells. However, to what extent chemokines influence human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is not yet completely understood. In this study, we applied protein array to screen chemokines found within the cytokine pool in the culture supernatant of hPSCs. Our results showed that chemokines were the predominant supernatant components, and came from three sources: hPSCs, feeder cells, and culture media. Chemotaxis analysis of IL-8, SDF-1α, and IP-10 suggested that chemokines function as uniform chemoattractants to mediate in vitro migration of the hPSCs. Chemokines mediate both differentiated and undifferentiated states of hPSCs. However, balanced chemokine signaling tends to enhance their stemness in vitro. These results indicate that chemokines secreted from both stem cells and feeder cells are essential to mobilize hPSCs and maintain their stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China
| | - Xinglai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Yiyuli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Haijing Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China
| | - Yanping Ma
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, China.
| | - Meizhang Li
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming, Yunnan, 650091, China.
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4
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Abstract
In the mouse, naïve pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are thought to represent the cell culture equivalent of the late epiblast in the pre-implantation embryo, with which they share a unique defining set of features. Recent studies have focused on the identification and propagation of a similar cell state in human. Although the capture of an exact human equivalent of the mouse naïve PSC remains an elusive goal, comparative studies spurred on by this quest are lighting the path to a deeper understanding of pluripotent state regulation in early mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Davidson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, and Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Mason
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin F Pera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Walter Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Desai N, Rambhia P, Gishto A. Human embryonic stem cell cultivation: historical perspective and evolution of xeno-free culture systems. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:9. [PMID: 25890180 PMCID: PMC4351689 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have emerged as attractive candidates for cell-based therapies that are capable of restoring lost cell and tissue function. These unique cells are able to self-renew indefinitely and have the capacity to differentiate in to all three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Harnessing the power of these pluripotent stem cells could potentially offer new therapeutic treatment options for a variety of medical conditions. Since the initial derivation of hESC lines in 1998, tremendous headway has been made in better understanding stem cell biology and culture requirements for maintenance of pluripotency. The approval of the first clinical trials of hESC cells for treatment of spinal cord injury and macular degeneration in 2010 marked the beginning of a new era in regenerative medicine. Yet it was clearly recognized that the clinical utility of hESC transplantation was still limited by several challenges. One of the most immediate issues has been the exposure of stem cells to animal pathogens, during hESC derivation and during in vitro propagation. Initial culture protocols used co-culture with inactivated mouse fibroblast feeder (MEF) or human feeder layers with fetal bovine serum or alternatively serum replacement proteins to support stem cell proliferation. Most hESC lines currently in use have been exposed to animal products, thus carrying the risk of xeno-transmitted infections and immune reaction. This mini review provides a historic perspective on human embryonic stem cell culture and the evolution of new culture models. We highlight the challenges and advances being made towards the development of xeno-free culture systems suitable for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Desai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
| | - Pooja Rambhia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
| | - Arsela Gishto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cleveland Clinic, Beachwood, OH, USA.
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6
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Akutsu H, Machida M, Kanzaki S, Sugawara T, Ohkura T, Nakamura N, Yamazaki-Inoue M, Miura T, Vemuri MC, Rao MS, Miyado K, Umezawa A. Xenogeneic-free defined conditions for derivation and expansion of human embryonic stem cells with mesenchymal stem cells. Regen Ther 2015; 1:18-29. [PMID: 31245438 PMCID: PMC6581821 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential applications of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in regenerative medicine and developmental research have made stem cell biology one of the most fascinating and rapidly expanding fields of biomedicine. The first clinical trial of hESCs in humans has begun, and the field of stem cell therapy has just entered a new era. Here, we report seven hESC lines (SEES-1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, and -7). Four of them were derived and maintained on irradiated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) grown in xenogeneic-free defined media and substrate. Xenogeneic-free hMSCs isolated from the subcutaneous tissue of extra fingers from individuals with polydactyly showed appropriate potentials as feeder layers in the pluripotency and growth of hESCs. In this report, we describe a comprehensive characterization of these newly derived SEES cell lines. In addition, we developed a scalable culture system for hESCs having high biological safety by using gamma-irradiated serum replacement and pharmaceutical-grade recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, also known as trafermin). This is first report describing the maintenance of hESC pluripotency using pharmaceutical-grade human recombinant bFGF (trafermin) and gamma-irradiated serum replacement. Our defined medium system provides a path to scalability in Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) settings for the generation of clinically relevant cell types from pluripotent cells for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Akutsu
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masakazu Machida
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kanzaki
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Tohru Sugawara
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohkura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mayu Yamazaki-Inoue
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takumi Miura
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Mohan C. Vemuri
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 7335 Executive Way, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mahendra S. Rao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 3 5494 7047; fax: +81 3 5494 7048.
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7
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Zaninovic N, Zhan Q, Rosenwaks Z. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1154:121-44. [PMID: 24782008 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0659-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by their absolute or relative lack of specialization their ability for self-renewal, as well as their ability to generate differentiated progeny through cellular lineages with one or more branches. The increased availability of embryonic tissue and greatly improved derivation methods have led to a large increase in the number of hESC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikica Zaninovic
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10021, USA,
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8
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Taei A, Hassani SN, Eftekhari-Yazdi P, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, Nokhbatolfoghahai M, Masoudi NS, Pakzad M, Gourabi H, Baharvand H. Enhanced generation of human embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of fair and poor-quality cleavage embryos via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase β and Rho-associated kinase signaling. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:2661-71. [PMID: 23925393 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Could selected pluripotency-enhancing small molecules (SMs) lead to efficient derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from cleavage embryos-derived single blastomeres (SBs)? SUMMARY ANSWER Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase β (GSK3β) and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) signaling can enhance the derivation of hESCs from cleavage embryo-derived SBs. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Parameters involved in sustaining the pluripotency of biopsied blastomeres for generating hESCs without causing injury to a viable embryo have remained obscure. This research seeks to improve the culture conditions for increasing the efficiency of deriving hESCs from SBs from cleavage-stage embryos by using SMs. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION In order to identify SMs which may enhance hESC generation from SBs, 11 pluripotency-enhancing SMs were screened and CHIR99021 (CH), a GSK3β inhibitor, was selected. To optimize culture condition in hESC generation from SMs, we used ROCK inhibitor Y27632 (Y) and basic fibroblast growth factor in combination with CH or its alternative, Kenpaullone, in different time courses over 12 days. We also assessed a critical time point for CH + Y treatment of cleavage embryos from 4- to 8-cell embryo. In total, 224 embryos and 1607 SBs were used in the study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Blastomeres of fair and poor-quality from 6- to 8-cell stage human embryos were mechanically dispersed and individually seeded into a 96-well plate that was precoated with mitotically inactivated feeder cells. Derivation of hESC line from each SB was carried out in hESC defined medium supplemented with SMs. Randomly selected hESC lines were evaluated by immunostaining for pluripotency markers, karyotype analysis and differentiation potential into the three embryonic germ layer derivatives. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We found that 3 μM CH was the only SM that was capable of directing SBs from fair and poor-quality 6-8-cell embryos into hESC lines. The application of hESC-conditioned medium had no additive effect on hESC establishment from SBs. Also, we indicated that CH combined with Y improved hESC generation efficiency by up to 31%. By using of Kenpaullone as an alternative to CH, we confirmed the involvement of GSK3 inhibition in hESC derivation from SBs. Interestingly, by treatment of 4-cell embryos, these SMs could enhance the derivation efficiency of SB-derived hESC lines up to 73% and the maximum number of hESC lines from SBs of one embryo was achieved in this state. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The low quality of the embryos used in this study most likely had an effect on hESC generation. Furthermore, although we attempted to minimize any differences in inter-embryo quality, we cannot exclude the possibility that small differences in starting quality between embryos may have contributed to the differences observed, other than the addition of SMs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This approach would allow the establishment of autogeneic or allogeneic matched cells from embryos fertilized in vitro without destroying them. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study was financially supported by the National Elite Foundation and the Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Taei
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, P.O. Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Sommer CA, Mostoslavsky G. The evolving field of induced pluripotency: recent progress and future challenges. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:267-75. [PMID: 22767332 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of patient-specific pluripotent cell lines through the introduction of a few transcription factors into somatic cells has opened new avenues for the study and treatment of human disorders. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their derivatives offer a unique platform for disease modeling, drug discovery and toxicology, as well as an invaluable source of cells for regenerative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the various strategies currently available for iPSC generation, highlighting recent advances and discussing some of the challenges faced in harnessing the true potential of iPSCs for biomedical research and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Sommer
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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10
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O'Leary T, Heindryckx B, Lierman S, Van der Jeught M, Duggal G, De Sutter P, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells using a post–inner cell mass intermediate. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:254-64. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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11
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Fraga AM, de Araújo ESS, Stabellini R, Vergani N, Pereira LV. Establishment of new lines of human embryonic stem cells: evolution of the methodology. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 873:1-12. [PMID: 22528345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-794-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Although since 1998 more than 1,200 different hESC lines have been established worldwide, there is still a recognized interest in the establishment of new lines of hESC, particularly from HLA types and ethnic groups underrepresented among the currently available lines. The methodology of hESC derivation has evolved significantly since the initial derivations using human LIF (hLIF) for maintenance of pluripotency. However, there are still a number of alternative strategies for the different steps involved in establishing a new line of hESC. We have analyzed the different strategies/parameters used between 1998 and 2010 for the derivation of the 375 hESC lines able to form teratomas in immunocompromised mice deposited in two international stem cell registries. Here we describe some trends in the methodology for establishing hESC lines, discussing the developments in the field. Nevertheless, we describe a much greater heterogeneity of strategies for hESCs derivation than what is used for murine ESC lines, indicating that optimum conditions have not been identified yet, and thus, hESC establishment is still an evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Fraga
- National Laboratory for Embryonic Stem Cells, Dept. Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Fraga AM, Souza de Araújo ÉS, Stabellini R, Vergani N, Pereira LV. A survey of parameters involved in the establishment of new lines of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 7:775-81. [PMID: 21416256 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9250-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since the derivation of the first human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines by Thomson and coworkers in 1998, more than 1,200 different hESC lines have been established worldwide. Nevertheless, there is still a recognized interest in the establishment of new lines of hESC, particularly from HLA types and ethnic groups currently underrepresented among the available lines. The methodology of hESC derivation has evolved significantly since 1998, when human LIF (hLIF) was used for maintenance of pluripotency. However, there are a number of different strategies for the several steps involved in establishing a new line of hESC. Here we make a survey of the most relevant parameters used between 1998 and 2010 for the derivation of the 375 hESC lines deposited in two international stem cell registries, and able to form teratomas in immunocompromised mice. Although we identify some trends in the methodology for establishing hESC lines, our data reveal a much greater heterogeneity of strategies than what is used for derivation of murine ESC lines, indicating that optimum conditions have not been consolidated yet, and thus, hESC establishment is still an evolving field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Fraga
- Laboratório Nacional de Células-Tronco Embrionárias and Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Células-Tronco e Terapia Celular, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-090, Brazil
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13
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Hasegawa K, Yasuda SY, Teo JL, Nguyen C, McMillan M, Hsieh CL, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Yamamoto M, Miyabayashi T, Lutzko C, Pera MF, Kahn M. Wnt signaling orchestration with a small molecule DYRK inhibitor provides long-term xeno-free human pluripotent cell expansion. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012; 1:18-28. [PMID: 23197636 PMCID: PMC3727690 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimal culture system for human pluripotent stem cells should be fully defined and free of animal components. To date, most xeno-free culture systems require human feeder cells and/or highly complicated culture media that contain activators of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling pathways, and none provide for replacement of FGF/TGFβ ligands with chemical compounds. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in mouse embryonic stem cells in leukemia inhibitory factor-independent culture; however, the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human pluripotent stem cell is still poorly understood and controversial because of the dual role of Wnts in proliferation and differentiation. Building on our previous investigations of small molecules modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified a compound, ID-8, that could support Wnt-induced human embryonic stem cell proliferation and survival without differentiation. Dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) is the target of the small molecule ID-8. Its role in human pluripotent cell renewal was confirmed by DYRK knockdown in human embryonic stem cells. Using Wnt and the DYRK inhibitor ID-8, we have developed a novel and simple chemically defined xeno-free culture system that allows for long-term expansion of human pluripotent stem cells without FGF or TGFβ activation. These culture conditions do not include xenobiotic supplements, serum, serum replacement, or albumin. Using this culture system, we have shown that several human pluripotent cell lines maintained pluripotency (>20 passages) and a normal karyotype and still retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. This Wnt-dependent culture system should provide a platform for complete replacement of growth factors with chemical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Hasegawa
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
| | - Shin-ya Yasuda
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Jia-Ling Teo
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Cu Nguyen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Michael McMillan
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- Departments of Urology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Center
| | - Hirofumi Suemori
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Nakatsuji
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences and
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamamoto
- Functional Additives Division, Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Carolyn Lutzko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martin F. Pera
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology
| | - Michael Kahn
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, and
- Center for Molecular Pathways and Drug Discovery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Human embryonic stem cells express elevated levels of multiple pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family members. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28530. [PMID: 22174832 PMCID: PMC3235131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the greatest challenges in regenerative medicine today remain (1) the ability to culture human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) at a scale sufficient to satisfy clinical demand and (2) the ability to eliminate teratoma-forming cells from preparations of cells with clinically desirable phenotypes. Understanding the pathways governing apoptosis in hESCs may provide a means to address these issues. Limiting apoptosis could aid scaling efforts, whereas triggering selective apoptosis in hESCs could eliminate unwanted teratoma-forming cells. We focus here on the BCL-2 family of proteins, which regulate mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. We used quantitative PCR to compare the steady-state expression profile of all human BCL-2 family members in hESCs with that of human primary cells from various origins and two cancer lines. Our findings indicate that hESCs express elevated levels of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only BCL-2 family members NOXA, BIK, BIM, BMF and PUMA when compared with differentiated cells and cancer cells. However, compensatory expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members in hESCs was not observed, suggesting a possible explanation for the elevated rates of apoptosis observed in proliferating hESC cultures, as well as a mechanism that could be exploited to limit hESC-derived neoplasms.
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Kol’tsova AM, Gordeeva OF, Krylova TA, Lifantseva NV, Musorina AS, Yakovleva TK, Poljanskaya GG. Comparative characteristics of new human embryonic stem cell lines SC5, SC6, SC7, and SC3a. Russ J Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360411040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Carvalho PP, Wu X, Yu G, Dietrich M, Dias IR, Gomes ME, Reis RL, Gimble JM. Use of animal protein-free products for passaging adherent human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:594-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.544721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Meng G, Liu S, Rancourt DE. Rapid Isolation of Undifferentiated Human Pluripotent Stem Cells from Extremely Differentiated Colonies. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:583-91. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derrick E. Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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GROα regulates human embryonic stem cell self-renewal or adoption of a neuronal fate. Differentiation 2011; 81:222-32. [PMID: 21396766 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that feeders formed from human placental fibroblasts (hPFs) support derivation and long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) under serum-free conditions. Here, we show, using antibody array and ELISA platforms, that hPFs secrete ∼6-fold higher amounts of the CXC-type chemokine, GROα, than IMR 90, a human lung fibroblast line, which does not support hESC growth. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry and immunoblot approaches revealed that hESCs express CXCR, a GROα receptor. We used this information to develop defined culture medium for feeder-free propagation of hESCs in an undifferentiated state. Cells passaged as small aggregates and maintained in the GROα-containing medium had a normal karyotype, expressed pluripotency markers, and exhibited apical-basal polarity, i.e., had the defining features of pluripotent hESCs. They also differentiated into the three primary (embryonic) germ layers and formed teratomas in immunocompromised mice. hESCs cultured as single cells in the GROα-containing medium also had a normal karyotype, but they downregulated markers of pluripotency, lost apical-basal polarity, and expressed markers that are indicative of the early stages of neuronal differentiation-βIII tubulin, vimentin, radial glial protein, and nestin. These data support our hypothesis that establishing and maintaining cell polarity is essential for the long-term propagation of hESCs in an undifferentiated state and that disruption of cell-cell contacts can trigger adoption of a neuronal fate.
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Desai N, Xu J, Tsulaia T, Szeptycki-Lawson J, AbdelHafez F, Goldfarb J, Falcone T. Vitrification of mouse embryo-derived ICM cells: a tool for preserving embryonic stem cell potential? J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 28:93-9. [PMID: 21057976 PMCID: PMC3059526 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-010-9500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Vitrification technology presents new opportunities for preservation of embryo derived stem cells without first establishing a viable ESC line. This study tests the feasibility of cryopreserving ICM cells using vitrification. Materials and Methods ICMs from mouse embryos were isolated and vitrified in HSV straws or on cryoloops. Upon warming, the vitrified ICMs were cultured and observed for attachment and morphology. Colonies were passaged every 3–6 days. ICMs and ICM-derived ESC colonies were tested for expression of stem cell specific markers. Results ICMs vitrified on both the cryoloop and the HSV straw had high survival rates. ICM derived ESCs remained undifferentiated for several passages and demonstrated expression of typical stem cell markers; SSEA-1, Sox-2, Oct 4 and alkaline phosphatase. Conclusion This is the first report on successful vitrification of isolated ICMs and the subsequent derivation of ESC colonies. Vitrification of isolated ICMs is a novel approach for preservation of the “stem cell source” material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Desai
- Department of OB-GYN, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Women's Health Institute, Beachwood, OH, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Recently in Nature Biotechnology, Rodin et al. (2010), Melkoumian et al. (2010), and Villa-Diaz et al. (2010) described defined, nonxenogenic substrates that support long-term self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Used in conjunction with defined media, these substrates will facilitate expansion of hESCs for therapeutic applications.
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