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Mariniello A, Nasti TH, Chang DY, Hashimoto M, Malik S, McManus DT, Lee J, McGuire DJ, Cardenas MA, Umana P, Nicolini V, Antia R, Saha A, Buchwald Z, Kissick H, Ghorani E, Novello S, Sangiolo D, Scagliotti GV, Ramalingam SS, Ahmed R. Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Attenuates the Effector Response of CD8 T Cells to Concomitant PD-1 Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:1833-1845. [PMID: 37992307 PMCID: PMC11061601 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combination of chemotherapy with programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade is a front-line treatment for lung cancer. However, it remains unknown whether and how chemotherapy affects the response of exhausted CD8 T cells to PD-1 blockade. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used the well-established mouse model of T-cell exhaustion with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection to assess the effect of chemotherapy (cisplatin+pemetrexed) on T-cell response to PD-1 blockade, in the absence of the impact of chemotherapy on antigen release and presentation observed in tumor models. RESULTS When concomitantly administered with PD-1 blockade, chemotherapy affected the differentiation path of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells from stem-like to transitory effector cells, thereby reducing their expansion and production of IFNγ. After combination treatment, these restrained effector responses resulted in impaired viral control, compared with PD-1 blockade alone. The sequential combination strategy, where PD-1 blockade followed chemotherapy, proved to be superior to the concomitant combination, preserving the proliferative response of exhausted CD8 T cells to PD-1 blockade. Our findings suggest that the stem-like CD8 T cells themselves are relatively unaffected by chemotherapy partly because they are quiescent and maintained by slow self-renewal at the steady state. However, upon the proliferative burst mediated by PD-1 blockade, the accelerated differentiation and self-renewal of stem-like cells may be curbed by concomitant chemotherapy, ultimately resulting in impaired overall CD8 T-cell effector functions. CONCLUSIONS In a translational context, we provide a proof-of-concept to consider optimizing the timing of chemo-immunotherapy strategies for improved CD8 T-cell functions. See related commentary by Vignali and Luke, p. 1705.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Mariniello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tahseen H. Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel Y. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Masao Hashimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sakshi Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daniel T. McManus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Judong Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald J. McGuire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maria A. Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pablo Umana
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolini
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ananya Saha
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zachary Buchwald
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hayden Kissick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ehsan Ghorani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Imperial College London, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Suresh S. Ramalingam
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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Deng H, Liu H, Yang G, Wang D, Luo Y, Li C, Qi Z, Liu Z, Wang P, Jia Y, Gao Y, Ding Y. ACT001 inhibited CD133 transcription by targeting and inducing Olig2 ubiquitination degradation. Oncogenesis 2023; 12:19. [PMID: 36990974 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal malignancies with high aggressive and poor prognosis. Until now, the five-year survival rate has not been improved which brings serious challenge to human health. Lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) serve as the root of cancer occurrence, progression, recurrence, and drug resistance. Therefore, effective anti-cancer agents and molecular mechanisms which could specifically eliminate LCSCs are urgently needed for drug design. In this article, we discovered Olig2 was overexpressed in clinical lung cancer tissues and acted as a transcription factor to regulate cancer stemness by regulating CD133 gene transcription. The results suggested Olig2 could be a promising target in anti-LCSCs therapy and new drugs targeted Olig2 may exhibit excellent clinical results. Furthermore, we verified ACT001, a guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone in phase II clinical trial with excellent glioma remission, inhibited cancer stemness by directly binding to Olig2 protein, inducing Olig2 ubiquitination degradation and inhibiting CD133 gene transcription. All these results suggested that Olig2 could be an excellent druggable target in anti-LCSCs therapy and lay a foundation for the further application of ACT001 in the treatment of lung cancer in clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Department of Lung Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyue Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Luo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenchang Qi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingtang Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary Disease, Tianjin Third Central Hospital affiliated to Nankai University, Nankai University, 83 Jintang Road, Tianjin, 300170, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yahui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang T, Zhou H, Wang K, Wang X, Wang M, Zhao W, Xi X, Li Y, Cai M, Zhao W, Xu Y, Shao R. Role, molecular mechanism and the potential target of breast cancer stem cells in breast cancer development. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 147:112616. [PMID: 35008001 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in women globally, and its occurrence has surpassed lung cancer and become the biggest threat for women. At present, breast cancer treatment includes surgical resection or postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, tumor relapse and metastasis usually lead to current therapy failure thanks to breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs)-mediated tumorigenicity and drug resistance. Drug resistance is mainly due to the long-term quiescent G0 phase, strong DNA repairability, and high expression of ABC transporter, and the tumorigenicity is reflected in the activation of various proliferation pathways related to BCSCs. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of BCSCs and their intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms is crucial for the development of targeted drugs for BCSCs. To this end, we discussed the latest developments in BCSCs research, focusing on the analysis of specific markers, critical signaling pathways that maintain the stemness of BCSCs,such as NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin, STAT3, Hedgehog, and Hippo-YAP signaling, immunomicroenviroment and summarizes targeting therapy strategies for stemness maintenance and differentiation, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of treating breast cancer and preventing relapse derived from BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Mengyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoming Xi
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meilian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wuli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yanni Xu
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Rongguang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Antibiotic Bioengineering, Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Oncology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Nguyen TTN, Shim J, Song YH. Chk2-p53 and JNK in irradiation-induced cell death of hematopoietic progenitors and differentiated cells in Drosophila larval lymph gland. Biol Open 2021; 10:271116. [PMID: 34328173 PMCID: PMC8411456 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) induces DNA double-strand breaks that activate the DNA damage response (DDR), which leads to cell cycle arrest, senescence, or apoptotic cell death. Understanding the DDR of stem cells is critical to tissue homeostasis and the survival of the organism. Drosophila hematopoiesis serves as a model system for sensing stress and environmental changes; however, their response to DNA damage remains largely unexplored. The Drosophila lymph gland is the larval hematopoietic organ, where stem-like progenitors proliferate and differentiate into mature blood cells called hemocytes. We found that apoptotic cell death was induced in progenitors and hemocytes after 40 Gy irradiation, with progenitors showing more resistance to IR-induced cell death compared to hemocytes at a lower dose. Furthermore, we found that Drosophila ATM (tefu), Chk2 (lok), p53, and reaper were necessary for IR-induced cell death in the progenitors. Notably, IR-induced cell death in mature hemocytes required tefu, Drosophila JNK (bsk), and reaper, but not lok or p53. In summary, we found that DNA damage induces apoptotic cell death in the late third instar larval lymph gland and identified lok/p53-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in progenitors and mature hemocytes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram Thi Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Han Song
- Department of Biomedical Gerontology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.,Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Seoul 07247, Republic of Korea
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5
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Chen Y, Sun J, Ju Z, Wang ZQ, Li T. Nbs1-mediated DNA damage repair pathway regulates haematopoietic stem cell development and embryonic haematopoiesis. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e12972. [PMID: 33586242 PMCID: PMC7941224 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives DNA damages pose threats to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) maintenance and haematopoietic system homeostasis. Quiescent HSCs in adult mouse bone marrow are resistant to DNA damage, while human umbilical cord blood‐derived proliferative HSCs are prone to cell death upon ionizing radiation. Murine embryonic HSCs proliferate in foetal livers and divide symmetrically to generate HSC pool. How murine embryonic HSCs respond to DNA damages is not well‐defined. Materials and methods Mice models with DNA repair molecule Nbs1 or Nbs1/p53 specifically deleted in embryonic HSCs were generated. FACS analysis, in vitro and in vivo HSC differentiation assays, qPCR, immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to delineate roles of Nbs1‐p53 signaling in HSCs and haematopoietic progenitors. Results Nbs1 deficiency results in persistent DNA breaks in embryonic HSCs, compromises embryonic HSC development and finally results in mouse perinatal lethality. The persistent DNA breaks in Nbs1 deficient embryonic HSCs render cell cycle arrest, while driving a higher rate of cell death in haematopoietic progenitors. Although Nbs1 deficiency promotes Atm‐Chk2‐p53 axis activation in HSCs and their progenies, ablation of p53 in Nbs1 deficient HSCs accelerates embryonic lethality. Conclusions Our study discloses that DNA double‐strand repair molecule Nbs1 is essential in embryonic HSC development and haematopoiesis. Persistent DNA damages result in distinct cell fate in HSCs and haematopoietic progenitors. Nbs1 null HSCs tend to be maintained through cell cycle arrest, while Nbs1 null haematopoietic progenitors commit cell death. The discrepancies are mediated possibly by different magnitude of p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Tangliang Li
- Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
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6
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Bagherpoor AJ, Kučírek M, Fedr R, Sani SA, Štros M. Nonhistone Proteins HMGB1 and HMGB2 Differentially Modulate the Response of Human Embryonic Stem Cells and the Progenitor Cells to the Anticancer Drug Etoposide. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101450. [PMID: 33076532 PMCID: PMC7602880 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins are abundantly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and hESC-derived progenitor cells (neuroectodermal cells, hNECs), though their functional roles in pluripotency and the mechanisms underlying their differentiation in response to the anticancer drug etoposide remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that HMGB1 and/or HMGB2 knockdown (KD) by shRNA in hESCs did not affect the cell stemness/pluripotency regardless of etoposide treatments, while in hESC-derived neuroectodermal cells, treatment resulted in differential effects on cell survival and the generation of rosette structures. The objective of this work was to determine whether HMGB1/2 proteins could modulate the sensitivity of hESCs and hESC-derived progenitor cells (hNECs) to etoposide. We observed that HMGB1 KD knockdown (KD) and, to a lesser extent, HMGB2 KD enhanced the sensitivity of hESCs to etoposide. Enhanced accumulation of 53BP1 on telomeres was detected by confocal microscopy in both untreated and etoposide-treated HMGB1 KD hESCs and hNECs, indicating that the loss of HMGB1 could destabilize telomeres. On the other hand, decreased accumulation of 53BP1 on telomeres in etoposide-treated HMGB2 KD hESCs (but not in HMGB2 KD hNECs) suggested that the loss of HMGB2 promoted the stability of telomeres. Etoposide treatment of hESCs resulted in a significant enhancement of telomerase activity, with the highest increase observed in the HMGB2 KD cells. Interestingly, no changes in telomerase activity were found in etoposide-treated control hNECs, but HMGB2 KD (unlike HMGB1 KD) markedly decreased telomerase activity in these cells. Changes in telomerase activity in the etoposide-treated HMGB2 KD hESCs or hNECs coincided with the appearance of DNA damage markers and could already be observed before the onset of apoptosis. Collectively, we have demonstrated that HMGB1 or HMGB2 differentially modulate the impact of etoposide treatment on human embryonic stem cells and their progenitor cells, suggesting possible strategies for the enhancement of the efficacy of this anticancer drug.
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Kim JY, Ohn J, Yoon JS, Kang BM, Park M, Kim S, Lee W, Hwang S, Kim JI, Kim KH, Kwon O. Priming mobilization of hair follicle stem cells triggers permanent loss of regeneration after alkylating chemotherapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3694. [PMID: 31455775 PMCID: PMC6711970 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genetic integrity is critical for stem cells to ensure homeostasis and regeneration. Little is known about how adult stem cells respond to irreversible DNA damage, resulting in loss of regeneration in humans. Here, we establish a permanent regeneration loss model using cycling human hair follicles treated with alkylating agents: busulfan followed by cyclophosphamide. We uncover the underlying mechanisms by which hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) lose their pool. In contrast to immediate destructive changes in rapidly proliferating hair matrix cells, quiescent HFSCs show unexpected massive proliferation after busulfan and then undergo large-scale apoptosis following cyclophosphamide. HFSC proliferation is activated through PI3K/Akt pathway, and depletion is driven by p53/p38-induced cell death. RNA-seq analysis shows that HFSCs experience mitotic catastrophe with G2/M checkpoint activation. Our findings indicate that priming mobilization causes stem cells to lose their resistance to DNA damage, resulting in permanent loss of regeneration after alkylating chemotherapy. Hair follicles (HFs) are sensitive to chemotherapy but recover from quiescent HF stem cells, although sometimes chemotherapy results in permanent loss. Here, Kim et al. establish a model of permanent chemotherapy-induced alopecia to uncover the underlying mechanisms depleting human HF stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jungyoon Ohn
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Yoon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Minji Park
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sookyung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Woochan Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | | | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ohsang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea.
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Cytokines secreted from bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells promote apoptosis and change cell cycle distribution of K562 cell line as clinical agent in cell transplantation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215678. [PMID: 31009502 PMCID: PMC6476492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are of special interest due their potential clinical use in cell-based therapy. Therapies engaging MSCs are showing increasing promise in the cancer treatment and anticancer drug screening applications. A multitude of growth factors and cytokines secreted from these cells are known to give such multifunctional properties, but details of their role are yet to be absolutely demonstrated. In this study, we have evaluated the influence of BMSCs on K562 cell line as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells, with the use of a cytokine antibody array recognizing 34 cytokines. For this purpose, BMSCs were isolated and co-cultured with K562 cells; thereafter, cultured K562 alone and co-cultured K562 with BMSCs (10:1) were collected at day 7 and subjected to cell cycle distribution assay as well as annexin/PI analysis and Ki/caspase-3 assay for apoptosis assessment. In the following, the gene and protein expression levels of BAX and BCL-2 as pro- and anti-apoptotic agents were investigated. Furthermore, after 7 days’ treatment, culture medium was collected from both control and experimental groups for cytokine antibody array. It was found that BMSCs resulted in a robust increase in the number of cells at G0/G1 phase and arrest the G0/G1 phase as well as significantly inducing late apoptosis in K562 cells. The significant presence of TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1), and moderate elevated signals for CINC-1 (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1) were obvious in the co-cultured conditioned media, but no significant increase was found in 32 other cytokines. It is concluded that co-culture of BMSCs with K562 cells could secrete a substantial amount of TIMP-1 and CINC-1. These cytokines could be involved in the inhibition of the K562 cell proliferation via BAX and caspase-3 cascade pathways.
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9
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Khan C, Muliyil S, Rao BJ. Genome Damage Sensing Leads to Tissue Homeostasis in Drosophila. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 345:173-224. [PMID: 30904193 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is a critical cellular process required for the maintenance of genomic integrity. It is now well appreciated that cells employ several DNA repair pathways to take care of distinct types of DNA damage. It is also well known that a cascade of signals namely DNA damage response or DDR is activated in response to DNA damage which comprise cellular responses, such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death, if the damage is irreparable. There is also emerging literature suggesting a cross-talk between DNA damage signaling and several signaling networks within a cell. Moreover, cell death players themselves are also well known to engage in processes outside their canonical function of apoptosis. This chapter attempts to build a link between DNA damage, DDR and signaling from the studies mainly conducted in mammals and Drosophila model systems, with a special emphasis on their relevance in overall tissue homeostasis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sonia Muliyil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - B J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.
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10
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Functional decline of hematopoiesis that occurs in the elderly, or in patients who receive therapies that trigger cellular senescence effects, results in a progressive reduction in the immune response and an increased incidence of myeloid malignancy. Intracellular signals in hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors (HSC/P) mediate systemic, microenvironment, and cell-intrinsic effector aging signals that induce their decline. This review intends to summarize and critically review our advances in the understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways responsible for HSC decline during aging and opportunities for intervention. Recent Findings For a long time, aging of HSC has been thought to be an irreversible process imprinted in stem cells due to the cell intrinsic nature of aging. However, recent murine models and human correlative studies provide evidence that aging is associated with molecular signaling pathways, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, loss of polarity and an altered epigenome. These signaling pathways provide potential targets for prevention or reversal of age-related changes. Summary Here we review our current understanding of the signalling pathways that are differentially activated or repressed during HSC/P aging, focusing on the oxidative, metabolic, biochemical and structural consequences downstream, and cell-intrinsic, systemic, and environmental influences.
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11
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Soteriou D, Fuchs Y. A matter of life and death: stem cell survival in tissue regeneration and tumour formation. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:187-201. [PMID: 29348578 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, great strides have been made in our understanding of how stem cells (SCs) govern tissue homeostasis and regeneration. The inherent longevity of SCs raises the possibility that the unique protective mechanisms in these cells might also be involved in tumorigenesis. In this Opinion article, we discuss how SCs are protected throughout their lifespan, focusing on quiescent behaviour, DNA damage response and programmed cell death. We briefly examine the roles of adult SCs and progenitors in tissue repair and tumorigenesis and explore how signals released from dying or dormant cells influence the function of healthy or aberrant SCs. Important insight into the mechanisms that regulate SC death and survival, as well as the 'legacy' imparted by departing cells, may unlock novel avenues for regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Soteriou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; the Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; and the Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; the Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology; and the Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel
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12
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Stem cells in cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges. Oncotarget 2017; 8:75756-75766. [PMID: 29088907 PMCID: PMC5650462 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer cells generally cannot be eradicated using traditional surgical or chemoradiotherapeutic strategies, and disease recurrence is extremely common following treatment. On the other hand, therapies employing stem cells are showing increasing promise in the treatment of cancer. Stem cells can function as novel delivery platforms by homing to and targeting both primary and metastatic tumor foci. Stem cells engineered to stably express various cytotoxic agents decrease tumor volumes and extend survival in preclinical animal models. They have also been employed as virus and nanoparticle carriers to enhance primary therapeutic efficacies and relieve treatment side effects. Additionally, stem cells can be applied in regenerative medicine, immunotherapy, cancer stem cell-targeted therapy, and anticancer drug screening applications. However, while using stem cells to treat human cancers appears technically feasible, challenges such as treatment durability and tumorigenesis necessitate further study to improve therapeutic performance and applicability. This review focuses on recent progress toward stem cell-based cancer treatments, and summarizes treatment advantages, opportunities, and shortcomings, potentially helping to refine future trials and facilitate the translation from experimental to clinical studies.
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13
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Gurley KE, Ashley AK, Moser RD, Kemp CJ. Synergy between Prkdc and Trp53 regulates stem cell proliferation and GI-ARS after irradiation. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1853-1860. [PMID: 28686579 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the most widely used treatments for cancer. However, acute damage to the gastrointestinal tract or gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) is a major dose-limiting side effect, and the mechanisms that underlie this remain unclear. Here we use mouse models to explore the relative roles of DNA repair, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest in radiation response. IR induces DNA double strand breaks and DNA-PK mutant Prkdcscid/scid mice are sensitive to GI-ARS due to an inability to repair these breaks. IR also activates the tumor suppressor p53 to trigger apoptotic cell death within intestinal crypt cells and p53 deficient mice are resistant to apoptosis. To determine if DNA-PK and p53 interact to govern radiosensitivity, we compared the response of single and compound mutant mice to 8 Gy IR. Compound mutant Prkdcscid/scid/Trp53-/-mice died earliest due to severe GI-ARS. While both Prkdcscid/scid and Prkdcscid/scid/Trp53-/-mutant mice had higher levels of IR-induced DNA damage, particularly within the stem cell compartment of the intestinal crypt, in Prkdcscid/scid/Trp53-/-mice these damaged cells abnormally progressed through the cell cycle resulting in mitotic cell death. This led to a loss of Paneth cells and a failure to regenerate the differentiated epithelial cells required for intestinal function. IR-induced apoptosis did not correlate with radiosensitivity. Overall, these data reveal that DNA repair, mediated by DNA-PK, and cell cycle arrest, mediated by p53, cooperate to protect the stem cell niche after DNA damage, suggesting combination approaches to modulate both pathways may be beneficial to reduce GI-ARS. As many cancers harbor p53 mutations, this also suggests targeting DNA-PK may be effective to enhance sensitivity of p53 mutant tumors to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay E Gurley
- Division of Human Biology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Amanda K Ashley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry New Mexico State University, 1780 East University Avenue, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
| | - Russell D Moser
- Division of Human Biology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Christopher J Kemp
- Division of Human Biology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle WA 98109, USA
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14
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Papathanasiou P, Petvises S, Hey YY, Perkins AC, O’Neill HC. Impact of the c-MybE308G mutation on mouse myelopoiesis and dendritic cell development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176345. [PMID: 28445549 PMCID: PMC5405991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Booreana mice carrying the c-Myb308G point mutation were analyzed to determine changes in early hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and among mature cells in the periphery. This point mutation led to increased numbers of early hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), with a subsequent reduction in the development of B cells, erythroid cells, and neutrophils, and increased numbers of myeloid cells and granulocytes. Myelopoiesis was further investigated by way of particular subsets affected. A specific question addressed whether booreana mice contained increased numbers of dendritic-like cells (L-DC subset) recently identified in the spleen, since L-DCs arise in vitro by direct differentiation from HSPCs co-cultured over splenic stroma. The non-lethal c-Myb mutation in booreana mice was associated with significantly lower representation of splenic CD8- conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), inflammatory monocytes, and neutrophils compared to wild-type mice. This result confirmed the bone marrow origin of progenitors for these subsets since c-Myb is essential for their development. Production of L-DCs and resident monocytes was not affected by the c-MybE308G mutation. These subsets may derive from different progenitors than those in bone marrow, and are potentially established in the spleen during embryogenesis. An alternative explanation may be needed for why there was no change in CD8+ cDCs in booreana spleen since these cells are known to derive from common dendritic progenitors in bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Papathanasiou
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Sawang Petvises
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Ying-Ying Hey
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew C. Perkins
- Mater Research, Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
| | - Helen C. O’Neill
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast QLD, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Chandrakesan P, May R, Weygant N, Qu D, Berry WL, Sureban SM, Ali N, Rao C, Huycke M, Bronze MS, Houchen CW. Intestinal tuft cells regulate the ATM mediated DNA Damage response via Dclk1 dependent mechanism for crypt restitution following radiation injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37667. [PMID: 27876863 PMCID: PMC5120335 DOI: 10.1038/srep37667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crypt epithelial survival and regeneration after injury require highly coordinated complex interplay between resident stem cells and diverse cell types. The function of Dclk1 expressing tuft cells regulating intestinal epithelial DNA damage response for cell survival/self-renewal after radiation-induced injury is unclear. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were isolated and purified and utilized for experimental analysis. We found that small intestinal crypts of VillinCre;Dclk1f/f mice were hypoplastic and more apoptotic 24 h post-total body irradiation, a time when stem cell survival is p53-independent. Injury-induced ATM mediated DNA damage response, pro-survival genes, stem cell markers, and self-renewal ability for survival and restitution were reduced in the isolated intestinal epithelial cells. An even greater reduction in these signaling pathways was observed 3.5 days post-TBI, when peak crypt regeneration occurs. We found that interaction with Dclk1 is critical for ATM and COX2 activation in response to injury. We determined that Dclk1 expressing tuft cells regulate the whole intestinal epithelial cells following injury through paracrine mechanism. These findings suggest that intestinal tuft cells play an important role in regulating the ATM mediated DNA damage response, for epithelial cell survival/self-renewal via a Dclk1 dependent mechanism, and these processes are indispensable for restitution and function after severe radiation-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William L. Berry
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M. Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chinthalapally Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Mark Huycke
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael S. Bronze
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Courtney W. Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- COARE Biotechnology, Inc., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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16
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Hyper-active non-homologous end joining selects for synthetic lethality resistant and pathological Fanconi anemia hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22167. [PMID: 26916217 PMCID: PMC4768158 DOI: 10.1038/srep22167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prominent role of Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins involves homologous recombination (HR) repair. Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase1 (PARP1) functions in multiple cellular processes including DNA repair and PARP inhibition is an emerging targeted therapy for cancer patients deficient in HR. Here we show that PARP1 activation in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in response to genotoxic or oxidative stress attenuates HSPC exhaustion. Mechanistically, PARP1 controls the balance between HR and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in double strand break (DSB) repair by preventing excessive NHEJ. Disruption of the FA core complex skews PARP1 function in DSB repair and led to hyper-active NHEJ in Fanca−/− or Fancc−/− HSPCs. Re-expression of PARP1 rescues the hyper-active NHEJ phenotype in Brca1−/−Parp1−/− but less effective in Fanca−/−Parp1−/− cells. Inhibition of NHEJ prevents myeloid/erythroid pathologies associated with synthetic lethality. Our results suggest that hyper-active NHEJ may select for “synthetic lethality” resistant and pathological HSPCs.
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17
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Förster M, Belle JI, Petrov JC, Ryder EJ, Clare S, Nijnik A. Deubiquitinase MYSM1 Is Essential for Normal Fetal Liver Hematopoiesis and for the Maintenance of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Adult Bone Marrow. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1865-77. [PMID: 26125289 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
MYSM1 is a chromatin-interacting deubiquitinase recently shown to be essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function and normal progression of hematopoiesis in both mice and humans. However, it remains unknown whether the loss of function in Mysm1-deficient HSCs is due to the essential role of MYSM1 in establishing the HSC pool during development or due to a continuous requirement for MYSM1 in adult HSCs. In this study we, for the first time, address these questions first, by performing a detailed analysis of hematopoiesis in the fetal livers of Mysm1-knockout mice, and second, by assessing the effects of an inducible Mysm1 ablation on adult HSC functions. Our data indicate that MYSM1 is essential for normal HSC function and progression of hematopoiesis in the fetal liver. Furthermore, the inducible knockout model demonstrates a continuous requirement for MYSM1 to maintain HSC functions and antagonize p53 activation in adult bone marrow. These studies advance our understanding of the role of MYSM1 in HSC biology, and provide new insights into the human hematopoietic failure syndrome resulting from MYSM1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Förster
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jad I Belle
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jessica C Petrov
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward J Ryder
- 3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- 3 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute , Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- 1 Department of Physiology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada .,2 Complex Traits Group, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Tanori M, Pasquali E, Leonardi S, Casciati A, Giardullo P, De Stefano I, Mancuso M, Saran A, Pazzaglia S. Developmental and oncogenic radiation effects on neural stem cells and their differentiating progeny in mouse cerebellum. Stem Cells 2014; 31:2506-16. [PMID: 23897709 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cells are highly susceptible to radiogenic DNA damage, however, little is known about their mechanisms of DNA damage response (DDR) and the long-term consequences of genotoxic exposure. Patched1 heterozygous mice (Ptc1(+/-)) provide a powerful model of medulloblastoma (MB), a frequent pediatric tumor of the cerebellum. Irradiation of newborn Ptc1(+/-) mice dramatically increases the frequency and shortens the latency of MB. In this model, we investigated the mechanisms through which multipotent neural progenitors (NSCs) and fate-restricted progenitor cells (PCs) of the cerebellum respond to DNA damage induced by radiation, and the long-term developmental and oncogenic consequences. These responses were assessed in mice exposed to low (0.25 Gy) or high (3 Gy) radiation doses at embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5), when NSCs giving rise to the cerebellum are specified but the external granule layer (EGL) has not yet formed, or at E16.5, during the expansion of granule PCs to form the EGL. We found crucial differences in DDR and apoptosis between NSCs and fate-restricted PCs, including lack of p21 expression in NSCs. NSCs also appear to be resistant to oncogenesis from low-dose radiation exposure but more vulnerable at higher doses. In addition, the pathway to DNA repair and the pattern of oncogenic alterations were strongly dependent on age at exposure, highlighting a differentiation-stage specificity of DNA repair pathways in NSCs and PCs. These findings shed light on the mechanisms used by NSCs and PCs to maintain genome integrity during neurogenesis and may have important implications for radiation risk assessment and for development of targeted therapies against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Tanori
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Biomedicine, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), CR-Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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19
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Wang XQ, Chan KK, Ming X, Lui VCH, Poon RYC, Lo CM, Norbury C, Poon RTP. G1 checkpoint establishment in vivo during embryonic liver development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 14:23. [PMID: 24886500 PMCID: PMC4031160 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The DNA damage-mediated cell cycle checkpoint is an essential mechanism in the DNA damage response (DDR). During embryonic development, the characteristics of cell cycle and DNA damage checkpoint evolve from an extremely short G1 cell phase and lacking G1 checkpoint to lengthening G1 phase and the establishment of the G1 checkpoint. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing these transitions are not well understood. In this study, pregnant mice were exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) to induce DNA damage at different embryonic stages; the kinetics and mechanisms of the establishment of DNA damage-mediated G1 checkpoint in embryonic liver were investigated. Results We found that the G2 cell cycle arrest was the first response to DNA damage in early developmental stages. Starting at E13.5/E15.5, IR mediated inhibition of the G1 to S phase transition became evident. Concomitantly, IR induced the robust expression of p21 and suppressed Cdk2/cyclin E activity, which might involve in the initiation of G1 checkpoint. The established G1 cell cycle checkpoint, in combination with an enhanced DNA repair capacity at E15.5, displayed biologically protective effects of repairing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and reducing apoptosis in the short term as well as reducing chromosome deletion and breakage in the long term. Conclusion Our study is the first to demonstrate the establishment of the DNA damage-mediated G1 cell cycle checkpoint in liver cells during embryogenesis and its in vivo biological effects during embryonic liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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20
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Mathematical model of adult stem cell regeneration with cross-talk between genetic and epigenetic regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E880-7. [PMID: 24501127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1324267111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells, which exist throughout the body, multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells or to promote regeneration to repair damaged tissues. To perform these functions during the lifetime of organs or tissues, stem cells need to maintain their populations in a faithful distribution of their epigenetic states, which are susceptible to stochastic fluctuations during each cell division, unexpected injury, and potential genetic mutations that occur during many cell divisions. However, it remains unclear how the three processes of differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis in regulating stem cells collectively manage these challenging tasks. Here, without considering molecular details, we propose a genetic optimal control model for adult stem cell regeneration that includes the three fundamental processes, along with cell division and adaptation based on differential fitnesses of phenotypes. In the model, stem cells with a distribution of epigenetic states are required to maximize expected performance after each cell division. We show that heterogeneous proliferation that depends on the epigenetic states of stem cells can improve the maintenance of stem cell distributions to create balanced populations. A control strategy during each cell division leads to a feedback mechanism involving heterogeneous proliferation that can accelerate regeneration with less fluctuation in the stem cell population. When mutation is allowed, apoptosis evolves to maximize the performance during homeostasis after multiple cell divisions. The overall results highlight the importance of cross-talk between genetic and epigenetic regulation and the performance objectives during homeostasis in shaping a desirable heterogeneous distribution of stem cells in epigenetic states.
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Abstract
This review discusses the processes of DNA-damage-response and DNA-damage repair in stem and progenitor cells of several tissues. The long life-span of stem cells suggests that they may respond differently to DNA damage than their downstream progeny and, indeed, studies have begun to elucidate the unique stem cell response mechanisms to DNA damage. Because the DNA damage responses in stem cells and progenitor cells are distinctly different, stem and progenitor cells should be considered as two different entities from this point of view. Hematopoietic and mammary stem cells display a unique DNA-damage response, which involves active inhibition of apoptosis, entry into the cell-cycle, symmetric division, partial DNA repair and maintenance of self-renewal. Each of these biological events depends on the up-regulation of the cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Moreover, inhibition of apoptosis and symmetric stem cell division are the consequence of the down-regulation of the tumor suppressor p53, as a direct result of p21 up-regulation. A deeper understanding of these processes is required before these findings can be translated into human anti-aging and anti-cancer therapies. One needs to clarify and dissect the pathways that control p21 regulation in normal and cancer stem cells and define (a) how p21 blocks p53 functions in stem cells and (b) how p21 promotes DNA repair in stem cells. Is this effect dependent on p21s ability to inhibit p53? Such molecular knowledge may pave the way to methods for maintaining short-term tissue reconstitution while retaining long-term cellular and genomic integrity.
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22
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Weiss CN, Ito K. DNA damage response, redox status and hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 52:12-8. [PMID: 24041596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to self-renew and differentiate into progenitors is essential for homeostasis of the hematopoietic system. The longevity of HSCs makes them vulnerable to accumulating DNA damage, which may be leukemogenic or result in senescence and cell death. Additionally, the ability of HSCs to self-renew and differentiate allows DNA damage to spread throughout the hematologic system, leaving the organism vulnerable to disease. In this review we discuss cell fate decisions made in the face of DNA damage and other cellular stresses, and the role of reactive oxygen species in the long-term maintenance of HSCs and their DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary N Weiss
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research, Departments of Cell Biology and Medicine, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Lin HT, Otsu M, Nakauchi H. Stem cell therapy: an exercise in patience and prudence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20110334. [PMID: 23166396 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the epigenetic study of pluripotency based on cellular reprogramming techniques led to the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells. It has come to represent the forefront of a new wave of alternative therapeutic approaches in the field of stem cell therapy. Progress in drug development has saved countless lives, but there are numerous intractable diseases where curative treatment cannot be achieved through pharmacological intervention alone. Consequently, there has been an unfortunate rise in incidences of organ failures, degenerative disorders and cancers, hence novel therapeutic interventions are required. Stem cells have unique self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capabilities that could be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. Although a number of mature differentiated cells have been characterized in vitro, few have been demonstrated to function in a physiologically relevant context. Despite fervent levels of enthusiasm in the field, the reality is that other than the employment of haematopoietic stem cells, many other therapies have yet to be thoroughly proven for their therapeutic benefit and safety in application. This review shall focus on a discussion regarding the current status of stem cell therapy, the issues surrounding it and its future prospects with a general background on the regulatory networks underlying pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Ting Lin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, IMSUT, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
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24
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Andre-Schmutz I, Dal-Cortivo L, Six E, Kaltenbach S, Cocchiarella F, Le Chenadec J, Cagnard N, Cordier AG, Benachi A, Mandelbrot L, Azria E, Bouallag N, Luce S, Ternaux B, Reimann C, Revy P, Radford-Weiss I, Leschi C, Recchia A, Mavilio F, Cavazzana M, Blanche S. Genotoxic Signature in Cord Blood Cells of Newborns Exposed In Utero to a Zidovudine-Based Antiretroviral Combination. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:235-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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DNA damage in stem cells activates p21, inhibits p53, and induces symmetric self-renewing divisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3931-6. [PMID: 23417300 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213394110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage leads to a halt in proliferation owing to apoptosis or senescence, which prevents transmission of DNA alterations. This cellular response depends on the tumor suppressor p53 and functions as a powerful barrier to tumor development. Adult stem cells are resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis or senescence, however, and how they execute this response and suppress tumorigenesis is unknown. We show that irradiation of hematopoietic and mammary stem cells up-regulates the cell cycle inhibitor p21, a known target of p53, which prevents p53 activation and inhibits p53 basal activity, impeding apoptosis and leading to cell cycle entry and symmetric self-renewing divisions. p21 also activates DNA repair, limiting DNA damage accumulation and self-renewal exhaustion. Stem cells with moderate DNA damage and diminished self-renewal persist after irradiation, however. These findings suggest that stem cells have evolved a unique, p21-dependent response to DNA damage that leads to their immediate expansion and limits their long-term survival.
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26
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Fuchs E, Chen T. A matter of life and death: self-renewal in stem cells. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:39-48. [PMID: 23229591 PMCID: PMC3537149 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
If Narcissus could have self-renewed even once on seeing his own reflection, he would have died a happy man. Stem cells, on the other hand, have an enormous capacity for self-renewal; in other words, the ability to replicate and generate more of the same. In adult organisms, stem cells reside in specialized niches within each tissue. They replenish tissue cells that are lost during normal homeostasis, and on injury they repair damaged tissue. The ability of a stem cell to self-renew is governed by the dynamic interaction between the intrinsic proteins it expresses and the extrinsic signals that it receives from the niche microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms governing when to proliferate and when to differentiate is vital, not only to normal stem cell biology, but also to ageing and cancer. This review focuses on elucidating conceptually, experimentally and mechanistically, our understanding of adult stem cell self-renewal. We use skin as a paradigm for discussing many of the salient points about this process, but also draw on the knowledge gained from these and other adult stem cell systems to delineate shared underlying principles, as well as highlight mechanistic distinctions among adult tissue stem cells. By doing so, we pinpoint important questions that still await answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuchs
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology & Development, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) division leads to self-renewal, differentiation, or death of HSCs, and adequate balance of this process results in sustained, lifelong, high-throughput hematopoiesis. Despite their contribution to hematopoietic cell production, the majority of cells within the HSC population are quiescent at any given time. Recent studies have tackled the questions of how often HSCs divide, how divisional history relates to repopulating potential, and how many HSCs contribute to hematopoiesis. Here, we summarize these recent findings on HSC turnover from different experimental systems and discuss hypothetical models for HSC cycling and maintenance in steady-state and upon hematopoietic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takizawa
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Garaycoechea JI, Crossan GP, Langevin F, Daly M, Arends MJ, Patel KJ. Genotoxic consequences of endogenous aldehydes on mouse haematopoietic stem cell function. Nature 2012; 489:571-5. [PMID: 22922648 DOI: 10.1038/nature11368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regenerate blood cells throughout the lifespan of an organism. With age, the functional quality of HSCs declines, partly owing to the accumulation of damaged DNA. However, the factors that damage DNA and the protective mechanisms that operate in these cells are poorly understood. We have recently shown that the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway counteracts the genotoxic effects of reactive aldehydes. Mice with combined inactivation of aldehyde catabolism (through Aldh2 knockout) and the Fanconi anaemia DNA-repair pathway (Fancd2 knockout) display developmental defects, a predisposition to leukaemia, and are susceptible to the toxic effects of ethanol-an exogenous source of acetaldehyde. Here we report that aged Aldh2(-/-) Fancd2(-/-) mutant mice that do not develop leukaemia spontaneously develop aplastic anaemia, with the concomitant accumulation of damaged DNA within the haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) pool. Unexpectedly, we find that only HSPCs, and not more mature blood precursors, require Aldh2 for protection against acetaldehyde toxicity. Additionally, the aldehyde-oxidizing activity of HSPCs, as measured by Aldefluor stain, is due to Aldh2 and correlates with this protection. Finally, there is more than a 600-fold reduction in the HSC pool of mice deficient in both Fanconi anaemia pathway-mediated DNA repair and acetaldehyde detoxification. Therefore, the emergence of bone marrow failure in Fanconi anaemia is probably due to aldehyde-mediated genotoxicity restricted to the HSPC pool. These findings identify a new link between endogenous reactive metabolites and DNA damage in HSCs, and define the protective mechanisms that counteract this threat.
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Verga Falzacappa MV, Ronchini C, Reavie LB, Pelicci PG. Regulation of self-renewal in normal and cancer stem cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3559-3572. [PMID: 22846222 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations can confer a selective advantage on specific cells, enabling them to go through the multistep process that leads to malignant transformation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis postulates that only a small pool of low-cycling stem-like cells is necessary and sufficient to originate and develop the disease. Normal and cancer stem cells share important functional similarities such as 'self-renewal' and differentiation potential. However, normal and cancer stem cells have different biological behaviours, mainly because of a profound deregulation of self-renewal capability in cancer stem cells. Differences in mode of division, cell-cycle properties, replicative potential and handling of DNA damage, in addition to the activation/inactivation of cancer-specific molecular pathways confer on cancer stem cells a malignant phenotype. In the last decade, much effort has been devoted to unravel the complex dynamics underlying cancer stem cell-specific characteristics. However, further studies are required to identify cancer stem cell-specific markers and targets that can help to confirm the cancer stem cell hypothesis and develop novel cancer stem cell-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Verga Falzacappa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ronchini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Linsey B Reavie
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Pier G Pelicci
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
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Inhibition of apoptosis by BCL2 prevents leukemic transformation of a murine myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2012; 120:2475-83. [PMID: 22855610 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-430736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a prominent feature of low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), although the underlying mechanism remains controversial. High-risk MDS have less apoptosis associated with increased expression of the prosurvival BCL2-related proteins. To address the mechanism and pathogenic role of apoptosis and BCL2 expression in MDS, we used a mouse model resembling human MDS, in which the fusion protein NUP98-HOXD13 (NHD13) of the chromosomal translocation t(2;11)(q31;p15) is expressed in hematopoietic cells. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from 3-month-old mice had increased rates of apoptosis associated with increased cell cycling and DNA damage. Gene expression profiling of these MDS progenitors revealed a specific reduction in Bcl2. Restoration of Bcl2 expression by a BCL2 transgene blocked apoptosis of the MDS progenitors, which corrected the macrocytic anemia. Blocking apoptosis also restored cell-cycle quiescence and reduced DNA damage in the MDS progenitors. We expected that preventing apoptosis would accelerate malignant transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, contrary to expectations, preventing apoptosis of premalignant cells abrogated transformation to AML. In contrast to the current dogma that overcoming apoptosis is an important step toward cancer, this work demonstrates that gaining a survival advantage of premalignant cells may delay or prevent leukemic progression.
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Ceccaldi R, Parmar K, Mouly E, Delord M, Kim JM, Regairaz M, Pla M, Vasquez N, Zhang QS, Pondarre C, Peffault de Latour R, Gluckman E, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Leblanc T, Larghero J, Grompe M, Socié G, D'Andrea AD, Soulier J. Bone marrow failure in Fanconi anemia is triggered by an exacerbated p53/p21 DNA damage response that impairs hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:36-49. [PMID: 22683204 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited DNA repair deficiency syndrome. FA patients undergo progressive bone marrow failure (BMF) during childhood, which frequently requires allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The pathogenesis of this BMF has been elusive to date. Here we found that FA patients exhibit a profound defect in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) that is present before the onset of clinical BMF. In response to replicative stress and unresolved DNA damage, p53 is hyperactivated in FA cells and triggers a late p21(Cdkn1a)-dependent G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest. Knockdown of p53 rescued the HSPC defects observed in several in vitro and in vivo models, including human FA or FA-like cells. Taken together, our results identify an exacerbated p53/p21 "physiological" response to cellular stress and DNA damage accumulation as a central mechanism for progressive HSPC elimination in FA patients, and have implications for clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ceccaldi
- Institute of Hematology (IUH), Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité 75010, France
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Shao L, Feng W, Lee KJ, Chen BPC, Zhou D. A sensitive and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based cell free in vitro non-homologous end joining assay for hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33499. [PMID: 22448248 PMCID: PMC3308962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for sustaining hematopoietic homeostasis and regeneration after injury for the entire lifespan of an organism. Maintenance of genomic stability is crucial for the preservation of HSCs, which depends on their efficient repair of DNA damage, particularly DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Because of the paucity of HSCs and lack of sensitive assays, directly measuring the ability of HSCs to repair DSBs has been difficult. Therefore, we developed a sensitive and quantitative cell free in vitro non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) assay using linearized plasmids as the substrates and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique. This assay can sensitively detect DSB repair via NHEJ in less than 1 µg 293T cell nuclear proteins or nuclear extracts from about 5,000 to 10,000 human BM CD34+ hematopoietic cells. Using this assay, we confirmed that human bone marrow HSCs (CD34+CD38− cells) are less proficient in the repair of DSBs by NHEJ than HPCs (CD34+CD38+ cells). In contrast, mouse quiescent HSCs (Pyronin-Ylow LKS+ cells) and cycling HSCs (Pyronin-Yhi LKS+ cells) repaired the damage more efficiently than HPCs (LKS− cells). The difference in the abilities of human and mouse HSCs and HPCs to repair DSBs through NHEJ is likely attributed to their differential expression of key NHEJ DNA damage repair genes such as LIG4. These findings suggest that the qPCR-based cell free in vitro NHEJ assay can be used to sensitively measure the ability of human and mouse HSCs to repair DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Shao
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Wei Feng
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Kyung-Jong Lee
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Benjamin P. C. Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a fundamental role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of this process is associated with a wide variety of human diseases, including immunological and developmental disorders, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here, we provide a brief historical overview of the field and reflect on the regulation, roles, and modes of PCD during animal development. We also discuss the function and regulation of apoptotic proteins, including caspases, the key executioners of apoptosis, and review the nonlethal functions of these proteins in diverse developmental processes, such as cell differentiation and tissue remodeling. Finally, we explore a growing body of work about the connections between apoptosis, stem cells, and cancer, focusing on how apoptotic cells release a variety of signals to communicate with their cellular environment, including factors that promote cell division, tissue regeneration, and wound healing.
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Abstract
During systemic infection and inflammation, immune effector cells are in high demand and are rapidly consumed at sites of need. Although adaptive immune cells have high proliferative potential, innate immune cells are mostly postmitotic and need to be replenished from bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We here review how early hematopoiesis has been shaped to deliver efficient responses to increased need. On the basis of most recent findings, we develop an integrated view of how cytokines, chemokines, as well as conserved pathogen structures, are sensed, leading to divisional activation, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, all aimed at efficient contribution to immune responses and rapid reestablishment of hematopoietic homeostasis. We also outline how chronic inflammatory processes might impinge on hematopoiesis, potentially fostering hematopoietic stem cell diseases, and, how clinical benefit is and could be achieved by learning from nature.
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Fung H, Weinstock DM. Repair at single targeted DNA double-strand breaks in pluripotent and differentiated human cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20514. [PMID: 21633706 PMCID: PMC3102116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in ex vivo cell culture conditions can drastically affect stem cell physiology. We sought to establish an assay for measuring the effects of chemical, environmental, and genetic manipulations on the precision of repair at a single DNA double-strand break (DSB) in pluripotent and somatic human cells. DSBs in mammalian cells are primarily repaired by either homologous recombination (HR) or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). For the most part, previous studies of DSB repair in human cells have utilized nonspecific clastogens like ionizing radiation, which are highly nonphysiologic, or assayed repair at randomly integrated reporters. Measuring repair after random integration is potentially confounded by locus-specific effects on the efficiency and precision of repair. We show that the frequency of HR at a single DSB differs up to 20-fold between otherwise isogenic human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) based on the site of the DSB within the genome. To overcome locus-specific effects on DSB repair, we used zinc finger nucleases to efficiently target a DSB repair reporter to a safe-harbor locus in hESCs and a panel of somatic human cell lines. We demonstrate that repair at a targeted DSB is highly precise in hESCs, compared to either the somatic human cells or murine embryonic stem cells. Differentiation of hESCs harboring the targeted reporter into astrocytes reduces both the efficiency and precision of repair. Thus, the phenotype of repair at a single DSB can differ based on either the site of damage within the genome or the stage of cellular differentiation. Our approach to single DSB analysis has broad utility for defining the effects of genetic and environmental modifications on repair precision in pluripotent cells and their differentiated progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Fung
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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36
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Abstract
In contrast to postmitotic or short-lived somatic cells, tissue-specific stem cells must persist and function throughout life to ensure tissue homeostasis and repair. The enormous functional demands and longevity of stem cells raises the possibility that stem cells might be uniquely equipped to maintain genomic integrity in ways different than somatic cells. Indeed, evidence suggests that stem cell compartments possess unique properties that combine to either limit or, in some instances, accelerate DNA damage accrual.
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