1
|
Azeem W, Olsen JR, Hellem MR, Hua Y, Marvyin K, Ke X, Øyan AM, Kalland KH. Proteasome-Mediated Regulation of GATA2 Expression and Androgen Receptor Transcription in Benign Prostate Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020473. [PMID: 35203681 PMCID: PMC8962351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA2 has been shown to be an important transcription factor together with androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer cells. Less is known about GATA2 in benign prostate epithelial cells. We have investigated if GATA2 exogenous expression in prostate epithelial basal-like cells could induce AR transcription or luminal differentiation. Prostate epithelial basal-like (transit amplifying) cells were transduced with lentiviral vector expressing GATA2. Luminal differentiation markers were assessed by RT-qPCR, Western blot and global gene expression microarrays. We utilized our previously established AR and androgen-dependent fluorescence reporter assay to investigate AR activity at the single-cell level. Exogenous GATA2 protein was rapidly and proteasome-dependently degraded. GATA2 protein expression was rescued by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and partly by mutating the target site of the E3 ligase FBXW7. Moreover, MG132-mediated proteasome inhibition induced AR mRNA and additional luminal marker gene transcription in the prostate transit amplifying cells. Different types of intrinsic mechanisms restricted GATA2 expression in the transit amplifying cells. The appearance of AR mRNA and additional luminal marker gene expression changes following proteasome inhibition suggests control of essential cofactor(s) of AR mRNA expression and luminal differentiation at this proteolytic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Azeem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (K.-H.K.)
| | - Jan Roger Olsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
| | - Margrete Reime Hellem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
| | - Yaping Hua
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
| | - Kristo Marvyin
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
| | - Xisong Ke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
| | - Anne Margrete Øyan
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl-Henning Kalland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway; (J.R.O.); (M.R.H.); (Y.H.); (K.M.); (X.K.); (A.M.Ø.)
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (K.-H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo W, Li L, He J, Liu Z, Han M, Li F, Xia X, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Wei Y, Li Y, Aji R, Dai H, Wei H, Li C, Chen Y, Chen L, Gao D. Single-cell transcriptomics identifies a distinct luminal progenitor cell type in distal prostate invagination tips. Nat Genet 2020; 52:908-918. [PMID: 32807988 PMCID: PMC8383310 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The identification of prostate stem/progenitor cells and characterization of the prostate epithelial cell lineage hierarchy are critical for understanding prostate cancer initiation. Here, we characterized 35,129 cells from mouse prostates, and identified a unique luminal cell type (termed type C luminal cell (Luminal-C)) marked by Tacstd2, Ck4 and Psca expression. Luminal-C cells located at the distal prostate invagination tips (termed Dist-Luminal-C) exhibited greater capacity for organoid formation in vitro and prostate epithelial duct regeneration in vivo. Lineage tracing of Luminal-C cells indicated that Dist-Luminal-C cells reconstituted distal prostate luminal lineages through self-renewal and differentiation. Deletion of Pten in Dist-Luminal-C cells resulted in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. We further characterized 11,374 human prostate cells and confirmed the existence of h-Luminal-C cells. Our study provides insights into the prostate lineage hierarchy, identifies Dist-Luminal-C cells as the luminal progenitor cell population in invagination tips and suggests one of the potential cellular origins of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangxin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rebiguli Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Luonan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Dong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie L, Hu WY, Hu DP, Shi G, Li Y, Yang J, Prins GS. Effects of Inorganic Arsenic on Human Prostate Stem-Progenitor Cell Transformation, Autophagic Flux Blockade, and NRF2 Pathway Activation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:67008. [PMID: 32525701 PMCID: PMC7289393 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic arsenic (iAs) is an environmental toxicant associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in chronically exposed populations worldwide. However, the biological mechanisms underlying iAs-induced prostate carcinogenesis remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We studied how iAs affects normal human prostate stem-progenitor cells (PrSPCs) and drives transformation and interrogated the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS PrSPCs were enriched by spheroid culture from normal human primary or immortalized prostate epithelial cells, and their differentiation capability was evaluated by organoid culture. Microarray analysis was conducted to identify iAs-dysregulated genes, and lentiviral infection was used for stable manipulation of identified genes. Soft agar colony growth assays were applied to examine iAs-induced transformation. For in vivo study, PrSPCs mixed with rat urogenital sinus mesenchyme were grafted under the renal capsule of nude mice to generate prostatelike tissues, and mice were exposed to 5 ppm (∼65μM) iAs in drinking water for 3 months. RESULTS Low-dose iAs (1μM) disturbed PrSPC homeostasis in vitro, leading to increased self-renewal and suppressed differentiation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that iAs activated oncogenic pathways in PrSPCs, including the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway. Further, iAs-exposed proliferative progenitor cells exhibited NRF2 pathway activation that was sustained in their progeny cells. Knockdown of NRF2 inhibited spheroid formation by driving PrSPC differentiation, whereas its activation enhanced spheroid growth. Importantly, iAs-induced transformation was suppressed by NRF2 knockdown. Mechanistically, iAs suppressed Vacuolar ATPase subunit VMA5 expression, impairing lysosome acidification and inhibiting autophagic protein degradation including p62, which further activated NRF2. In vivo, chronic iAs exposure activated NRF2 in both epithelial and stroma cells of chimeric human prostate grafts and induced premalignant events. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose iAs increased self-renewal and decreased differentiation of human PrSPCs by activating the p62-NRF2 axis, resulting in epithelial cell transformation. NRF2 is activated by iAs through specific autophagic flux blockade in progenitor cells, which may have potential therapeutic implications. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6471.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Xie
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Wen-Yang Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dan-Ping Hu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Guangbin Shi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jianfu Yang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Chicago Center for Health and Environment, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics and Pathology, College of Medicine; Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maitland NJ, Frame FM, Rane JK, Erb HH, Packer JR, Archer LK, Pellacani D. Resolution of Cellular Heterogeneity in Human Prostate Cancers: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:207-224. [PMID: 31576551 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers have a justified reputation as one of the most heterogeneous human tumours. Indeed, there are some who consider that advanced and castration-resistant prostate cancers are incurable, as a direct result of this heterogeneity. However, tumour heterogeneity can be defined in different ways. To a clinician, prostate cancer is a number of different diseases, the treatments for which remain equally heterogeneous and uncertain. To the pathologist, the histopathological appearances of the tumours are notoriously heterogeneous. Indeed, the genius of Donald Gleason in the 1960s was to devise a classification system designed to take into account the heterogeneity of the tumours both individually and in the whole prostate context. To the cell biologist, a prostate tumour consists of multiple epithelial cell types, inter-mingled with various fibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, endothelial cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, all of which interact to influence treatment responses in a patient-specific manner. Finally, genetic analyses of prostate cancers have been compromised by the variable gene rearrangements and paucity of activating mutations observed, even in large numbers of patient tumours with consistent clinical diagnoses and/or outcomes. Research into familial susceptibility has even generated the least tractable outcome of such studies: the genetic loci are of low penetrance and are of course heterogeneous. By fractionating the tumour (and patient-matched non-malignant tissues) heterogeneity can be resolved, revealing homogeneous markers of patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Jayant K Rane
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Holger H Erb
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - John R Packer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Leanne K Archer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Davide Pellacani
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK.,Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamamoto S, Takayama KI, Obinata D, Fujiwara K, Ashikari D, Takahashi S, Inoue S. Identification of new octamer transcription factor 1-target genes upregulated in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3476-3485. [PMID: 31454442 PMCID: PMC6825001 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Octamer transcription factor 1 (OCT1) is an androgen receptor (AR)‐interacting partner and regulates the expression of target genes in prostate cancer cells. However, the function of OCT1 in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is not fully understood. In the present study, we used 22Rv1 cells as AR‐positive CRPC model cells to analyze the role of OCT1 in CRPC. We showed that OCT1 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and migration of 22Rv1 cells. Using microarray analysis, we identified four AR and OCT1‐target genes, disks large‐associated protein 5 (DLGAP5), kinesin family member 15 (KIF15), non‐SMC condensin I complex subunit G (NCAPG), and NDC80 kinetochore complex component (NUF2) in 22Rv1 cells. We observed that knockdown of DLGAP5 and NUF2 suppresses growth and migration of 22Rv1 cells. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis showed that positive expression of DLGAP5 in prostate cancer specimens is related to poor cancer‐specific survival rates of patients. Notably, enhanced expression of DLGAP5 was observed in CRPC tissues of patients. Thus, our findings suggest that these four genes regulated by the AR/OCT1 complex could have an important role in CRPC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takayama
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Obinata
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisaku Ashikari
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Systems Aging Science and Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Epigenetic Control of Gene Expression in the Normal and Malignant Human Prostate: A Rapid Response Which Promotes Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2437. [PMID: 31108832 PMCID: PMC6566891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful prostate cancer must be capable of changing its phenotype in response to a variety of microenvironmental influences, such as adaptation to treatment or successful proliferation at a particular metastatic site. New cell phenotypes emerge by selection from the large, genotypically heterogeneous pool of candidate cells present within any tumor mass, including a distinct stem cell-like population. In such a multicellular model of human prostate cancer, flexible responses are primarily governed not only by de novo mutations but appear to be dominated by a combination of epigenetic controls, whose application results in treatment resistance and tumor relapse. Detailed studies of these individual cell populations have resulted in an epigenetic model for epithelial cell differentiation, which is also instructive in explaining the reported high and inevitable relapse rates of human prostate cancers to a multitude of treatment types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Norman J Maitland
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the normal prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy is a prerequisite to investigate the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer. The basal and luminal cells constitute most of the prostate epithelium and have been the major focuses of the study on the cells of origin for prostate cancer. Much progress has been made during the past few decades, mainly using mouse models, to understand the inter-lineage relationship and intra-lineage heterogeneity in adults as well as the lineage plasticity during conditions of stress. These studies have concluded that the adult mouse prostate basal and luminal cells are largely independently sustained under physiological conditions, but both types of cells possess the capacity for bipotent differentiation under stress or artificial experimental conditions. However, the existence or the identity of the putative progenitors within each lineage warrants further investigation. Whether the human prostate lineage hierarchy is completely the same as that of the mouse remains uncertain. Experiments from independent groups have demonstrated that both types of cells in mice and humans can serve as targets for transformation. But controversies remain whether the disease from distinct cells of origin display different clinical behaviors. Further investigation of the intra-lineage heterogeneity will provide new insights into this issue. Understanding the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer will help identify novel prognostic markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancers, provide insights into the therapeutic vulnerability of these tumors, and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
8
|
Barros-Silva JD, Linn DE, Steiner I, Guo G, Ali A, Pakula H, Ashton G, Peset I, Brown M, Clarke NW, Bronson RT, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Li Z, Baena E. Single-Cell Analysis Identifies LY6D as a Marker Linking Castration-Resistant Prostate Luminal Cells to Prostate Progenitors and Cancer. Cell Rep 2018; 25:3504-3518.e6. [PMID: 30566873 PMCID: PMC6315111 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact identity of castrate-resistant (CR) cells and their relation to CR prostate cancer (CRPC) is unresolved. We use single-cell gene profiling to analyze the molecular heterogeneity in basal and luminal compartments. Within the luminal compartment, we identify a subset of cells intrinsically resistant to castration with a bi-lineage gene expression pattern. We discover LY6D as a marker of CR prostate progenitors with multipotent differentiation and enriched organoid-forming capacity. Lineage tracing further reveals that LY6D+ CR luminal cells can produce LY6D- luminal cells. In contrast, in luminal cells lacking PTEN, LY6D+ cells predominantly give rise to LY6D+ tumor cells, contributing to high-grade PIN lesions. Gene expression analyses in patients' biopsies indicate that LY6D expression correlates with early disease progression, including progression to CRPC. Our studies thus identify a subpopulation of luminal progenitors characterized by LY6D expression and intrinsic castration resistance. LY6D may serve as a prognostic maker for advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João D Barros-Silva
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Douglas E Linn
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ivana Steiner
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Guoji Guo
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adnan Ali
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Isabel Peset
- Imaging Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Brown
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Noel W Clarke
- Genito-Urinary Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4GJ, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Department of Surgery, The Christie Hospital, Department of Urology, Salford Royal Hospitals, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Guo-Cheng Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Esther Baena
- Prostate Oncobiology, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK; Belfast-Manchester Movember Centre of Excellence, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park SK10 4TG, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rane JK, Erb HHH, Nappo G, Mann VM, Simms MS, Collins AT, Visakorpi T, Maitland NJ. Inhibition of the glucocorticoid receptor results in an enhanced miR-99a/100-mediated radiation response in stem-like cells from human prostate cancers. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51965-51980. [PMID: 27340920 PMCID: PMC5239528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a major primary treatment option for both localized early stage prostate cancer, and for advanced, regionally un-resectable, cancer. However, around 30% of patients still experience biochemical recurrence after radiation therapy within 10 years. Thus, identification of better biomarkers and new targets are urgently required to improve current therapeutic strategies. The miR-99 family has been shown to play an important role in the regulation of the DNA damage response, via targeting of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling factors, SMARCA5 and SMARCD1 in cell line models. In the present study, we have demonstrated that low expression of miR-99a and miR-100 is present in cell populations which are relatively radiation insensitive, for example in prostate cancer stem cells and in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Additionally, treatment of cells with the synthetic glucocorticoid, Dexamethasone resulted in decreased miR-99a and 100 expression, suggesting a new mechanism of miR-99a and 100 regulation in androgen-independent prostate cells. Strikingly, treatment of prostate cells with the glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor, Mifepristone was found to sensitize prostate cells to radiation by increasing the levels of miR-99a and miR-100. These results qualify the miR99 family as markers of radiation sensitivity and as potential therapeutic targets to improve efficiency of radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Rane
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.,Leukaemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Holger H H Erb
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Giovanna Nappo
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Græcia University, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincent M Mann
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK.,Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - Matthew S Simms
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK.,Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, HU16 5JQ, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology - BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, 33520 Finland
| | - Norman J Maitland
- The Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, East Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Strand DW, Costa DN, Francis F, Ricke WA, Roehrborn CG. Targeting phenotypic heterogeneity in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Differentiation 2017; 96:49-61. [PMID: 28800482 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia and associated lower urinary tract symptoms remain difficult to treat medically, resulting in hundreds of thousands of surgeries performed annually in elderly males. New therapies have not improved clinical outcomes since alpha blockers and 5 alpha reductase inhibitors were introduced in the 1990s. An underappreciated confounder to identifying novel targets is pathological heterogeneity. Individual patients display unique phenotypes, composed of distinct cell types. We have yet to develop a cellular or molecular understanding of these unique phenotypes, which has led to failure in developing targeted therapies for personalized medicine. This review covers the strategic experimental approach to unraveling the cellular pathogenesis of discrete BPH phenotypes and discusses how to incorporate these findings into the clinic to improve outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA.
| | - Daniel N Costa
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - Franto Francis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, USA
| | - Claus G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Conway C, Graham JL, Chengot P, Daly C, Chalkley R, Ross L, Droop A, Rabbitts P, Stead LF. Elucidating drivers of oral epithelial dysplasia formation and malignant transformation to cancer using RNAseq. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40186-201. [PMID: 26515596 PMCID: PMC4741888 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent cancer with poor prognosis. Most OSCC progresses via a non-malignant stage called dysplasia. Effective treatment of dysplasia prior to potential malignant transformation is an unmet clinical need. To identify markers of early disease, we performed RNA sequencing of 19 matched HPV negative patient trios: normal oral mucosa, dysplasia and associated OSCC. We performed differential gene expression, principal component and correlated gene network analysis using these data. We found differences in the immune cell signatures present at different disease stages and were able to distinguish early events in pathogenesis, such as upregulation of many HOX genes, from later events, such as down-regulation of adherens junctions. We herein highlight novel coding and non-coding candidates for involvement in oral dysplasia development and malignant transformation, and speculate on how our findings may guide further translational research into the treatment of oral dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Conway
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.,Stratified Medicine (Oncology), School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer L Graham
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Preetha Chengot
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Catherine Daly
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Rebecca Chalkley
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lisa Ross
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Pamela Rabbitts
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Precancer Genomics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Olsen JR, Azeem W, Hellem MR, Marvyin K, Hua Y, Qu Y, Li L, Lin B, Ke XS, Øyan AM, Kalland KH. Context dependent regulatory patterns of the androgen receptor and androgen receptor target genes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:377. [PMID: 27378372 PMCID: PMC4932678 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the androgen receptor (AR) is associated with androgen-dependent proliferation arrest and terminal differentiation of normal prostate epithelial cells. Additionally, activation of the AR is required for survival of benign luminal epithelial cells and primary cancer cells, thus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) leads to apoptosis in both benign and cancerous tissue. Escape from ADT is known as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the course of CRPC development the AR typically switches from being a cell-intrinsic inhibitor of normal prostate epithelial cell proliferation to becoming an oncogene that is critical for prostate cancer cell proliferation. A clearer understanding of the context dependent activation of the AR and its target genes is therefore desirable. METHODS Immortalized human prostate basal epithelial EP156T cells and progeny cells that underwent epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), primary prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) and prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, VCaP and 22Rv1 were used to examine context dependent restriction and activation of the AR and classical target genes, such as KLK3. Genome-wide gene expression analyses and single cell protein analyses were applied to study the effect of different contexts. RESULTS A variety of growth conditions were tested and found unable to activate AR expression and transcription of classical androgen-dependent AR target genes, such as KLK3, in prostate epithelial cells with basal cell features or in mesenchymal type prostate cells. The restriction of androgen- and AR-dependent transcription of classical target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells was at the level of AR expression. Exogenous AR expression was sufficient for androgen-dependent transcription of AR target genes in prostate basal epithelial cells, but did not exert a positive feedback on endogenous AR expression. Treatment of basal prostate epithelial cells with inhibitors of epigenetic gene silencing was not efficient in inducing androgen-dependent transcription of AR target genes, suggesting the importance of missing cofactor(s). CONCLUSIONS Regulatory mechanisms of AR and androgen-dependent AR target gene transcription are insufficiently understood and may be critical for prostate cancer initiation, progression and escape from standard therapy. The present model is useful for the study of context dependent activation of the AR and its transcriptome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Roger Olsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,, Laboratory Bld. 5. etg, Bergen Health, Bergen, NO-5021, Norway.
| | - Waqas Azeem
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kristo Marvyin
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yaping Hua
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lisha Li
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xi- Song Ke
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Karl- Henning Kalland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,, Laboratory Bld. 5. etg, Bergen Health, Bergen, NO-5021, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Strand DW, Goldstein AS. The many ways to make a luminal cell and a prostate cancer cell. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T187-97. [PMID: 26307022 PMCID: PMC4893788 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of stem/progenitor cells has led to the identification of multiple stem-like cell populations implicated in prostate homeostasis and cancer initiation. Given that there are multiple cells that can regenerate prostatic tissue and give rise to prostate cancer, our focus should shift to defining the signaling mechanisms that drive differentiation and progenitor self-renewal. In this article, we will review the literature, present the evidence and raise important unanswered questions that will help guide the field forward in dissecting critical mechanisms regulating stem-cell differentiation and tumor initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rane JK, Ylipää A, Adamson R, Mann VM, Simms MS, Collins AT, Visakorpi T, Nykter M, Maitland NJ. Construction of therapeutically relevant human prostate epithelial fate map by utilising miRNA and mRNA microarray expression data. Br J Cancer 2015. [PMID: 26203762 PMCID: PMC4647689 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Objective identification of key miRNAs from transcriptomic data is difficult owing to the inherent inconsistencies within miRNA target-prediction algorithms and the promiscuous nature of miRNA-mRNA target relationship. Methods: An integrated database of miRNAs and their ‘relevant' mRNA targets was generated from validated miRNA and mRNA microarray data sets generated from patient-derived prostate epithelial normal and cancer stem-like cells (SCs) and committed basal (CB) cells. The effect of miR-542-5p inhibition was studied to provide proof-of-principle for database utility. Results: Integration of miRNA-mRNA databases showed that signalling pathways and processes can be regulated by a single or relatively few miRNAs, for example, DNA repair/Notch pathway by miR-542-5p, P=0.008. Inhibition of miR-542-5p in CB cells (thereby achieving miR-542-5p expression levels similar to SCs) promoted efficient DNA repair and activated expression of Notch reporters, HES1 and Survivin, without inducing dedifferentiation into SCs. Conclusions: Our novel framework impartially identifies therapeutically relevant miRNA candidates from transcriptomic data sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Rane
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Antti Ylipää
- 1] Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland [2] Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Rachel Adamson
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Vincent M Mann
- 1] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Matthew S Simms
- 1] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Molecular Biology of Prostate Cancer Group, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, BioMediTech, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland
| | - Matti Nykter
- 1] Prostate Cancer Research Center, Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology (BioMediTech), University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 8, Tampere 33520, Finland [2] Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, Korkeakoulunkatu 10, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Norman J Maitland
- 1] Department of Biology, YCR Cancer Research Unit, University of York, York YO10 5DD, North Yorkshire, UK [2] Department of Urology, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham HU16 5JQ, East Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
di Masi A, Leboffe L, De Marinis E, Pagano F, Cicconi L, Rochette-Egly C, Lo-Coco F, Ascenzi P, Nervi C. Retinoic acid receptors: from molecular mechanisms to cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2015; 41:1-115. [PMID: 25543955 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the major bioactive metabolite of retinol or vitamin A, induces a spectrum of pleiotropic effects in cell growth and differentiation that are relevant for embryonic development and adult physiology. The RA activity is mediated primarily by members of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subfamily, namely RARα, RARβ and RARγ, which belong to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of transcription factors. RARs form heterodimers with members of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) subfamily and act as ligand-regulated transcription factors through binding specific RA response elements (RAREs) located in target genes promoters. RARs also have non-genomic effects and activate kinase signaling pathways, which fine-tune the transcription of the RA target genes. The disruption of RA signaling pathways is thought to underlie the etiology of a number of hematological and non-hematological malignancies, including leukemias, skin cancer, head/neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of note, RA and its derivatives (retinoids) are employed as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents because of their differentiation, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects. In humans, retinoids reverse premalignant epithelial lesions, induce the differentiation of myeloid normal and leukemic cells, and prevent lung, liver, and breast cancer. Here, we provide an overview of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the RA and retinoid signaling pathways. Moreover, mechanisms through which deregulation of RA signaling pathways ultimately impact on cancer are examined. Finally, the therapeutic effects of retinoids are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Loris Leboffe
- Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Viale Guglielmo Marconi 446, Roma I-00146, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Marinis
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Francesca Pagano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100
| | - Laura Cicconi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy
| | - Cécile Rochette-Egly
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, IGBMC, CNRS UMR 7104 - Inserm U 964, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex F-67404, France.
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Roma I-00133, Italy; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncohematology, Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina, 306, Roma I-00142, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, Roma I-00146, Italy.
| | - Clara Nervi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Roma "La Sapienza", Corso della Repubblica 79, Latina I-04100.
| |
Collapse
|