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Jeon J, Park SH, Choi J, Han SM, Kim HW, Shim SR, Hyun JK. Association between neural stem/progenitor cells and biomaterials in spinal cord injury therapies: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:50-60. [PMID: 38871200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with substantial healthcare challenges, frequently resulting in enduring sensory and motor deficits alongside various chronic complications. While advanced regenerative therapies have shown promise in preclinical research, their translation into clinical application has been limited. In response, this study utilized a comprehensive network meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) transplantation across animal models of SCI. We analyzed 363 outcomes from 55 distinct studies, categorizing the treatments into NSPCs alone (cell only), NSPCs with scaffolds (cell + scaffold), NSPCs with hydrogels (cell + hydrogel), standalone scaffolds (scaffold), standalone hydrogels (hydrogel), and control groups. Our analysis demonstrated significant enhancements in motor recovery, especially in gait function, within the NSPC treatment groups. Notably, the cell only group showed considerable improvements (standardized mean difference [SMD], 2.05; 95 % credible interval [CrI]: 1.08 to 3.10, p < 0.01), as did the cell + scaffold group (SMD, 3.73; 95 % CrI: 2.26 to 5.22, p < 0.001) and the cell + hydrogel group (SMD, 3.37; 95 % CrI: 1.02 to 5.78, p < 0.05) compared to controls. These therapeutic combinations not only reduced lesion cavity size but also enhanced neuronal regeneration, outperforming the cell only treatments. By integrating NSPCs with supportive biomaterials, our findings pave the way for refining these regenerative strategies to optimize their potential in clinical SCI treatment. Although there is no overall violation of consistency, the comparison of effect sizes between individual treatments should be interpreted in light of the inconsistency. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study presents a comprehensive network meta-analysis exploring the efficacy of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation, with and without biomaterials, in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). We demonstrate that NSCs, particularly when combined with biomaterials like scaffolds or hydrogels, significantly enhance motor and histological recovery post-SCI. These findings underscore the potential of NSC-based therapies, augmented with biomaterials, to advance SCI treatment, offering new insights into regenerative strategies that could significantly impact clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jooik Jeon
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jonghyuk Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Mi Han
- Medical record team, Konyang University Hospital, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryul Shim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Keun Hyun
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea; Wiregene, Co. Ltd., Osong 28160, Republic of Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Wang Z, Li J, Xu T, Guo B, Xie Z, Li M. The Efficacy of Different Material Scaffold-Guided Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2024; 44:43. [PMID: 38703332 PMCID: PMC11069479 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-024-01465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a promising treatment option for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, there is no consensus on the choice of carrier scaffolds to host the cells. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of different material scaffold-mediated cell transplantation in treating SCI in rats. According to PRISMA's principle, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were searched, and relevant literature was referenced. Only original research on cell transplantation plus natural or synthetic scaffolds in SCI rats was included. Direct and indirect evidence for improving hind limb motor function was pooled through meta-analysis. A subgroup analysis of some factors that may affect the therapeutic effect was conducted to understand the results fully. In total, 25 studies met the inclusion criteria, in which 293 rats received sham surgery, 78 rats received synthetic material scaffolds, and 219 rats received natural materials scaffolds. The network meta-analysis demonstrated that although synthetic scaffolds were slightly inferior to natural scaffolds in terms of restoring motor function in cell transplantation of SCI rats, no statistical differences were observed between the two (MD: -0.35; 95% CI -2.6 to 1.9). Moreover, the subgroup analysis revealed that the type and number of cells may be important factors in therapeutic efficacy (P < 0.01). Natural scaffolds and synthetic scaffolds are equally effective in cell transplantation of SCI rats without significant differences. In the future, the findings need to be validated in multicenter, large-scale, randomized controlled trials in clinical practice. Trial registration: Registration ID CRD42024459674 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17, Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17, Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, No.460, BaYi Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17, Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of the Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, No.460, BaYi Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Boyu Guo
- Department of the First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, No.460, BaYi Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, No.152 Aiguo Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital Jiangxi Hospital, Central South University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.17, Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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He X, Yao W, Zhu JD, Jin X, Liu XY, Zhang KJ, Zhao SL. Potent antitumor efficacy of human dental pulp stem cells armed with YSCH-01 oncolytic adenovirus. J Transl Med 2023; 21:688. [PMID: 37789452 PMCID: PMC10546667 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic administration of oncolytic adenovirus for cancer therapy is still a challenge. Mesenchymal stem cells as cell carriers have gained increasing attention in drug delivery due to their excellent tumor tropism, immunosuppressive modulatory effects, and paracrine effects. However, the potential of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) loaded with oncolytic adenovirus for cancer biotherapy has not been investigated yet. METHODS The stemness of hDPSCs was characterized by FACS analysis and Alizarin red staining, Oil Red O staining, and immunofluorescence assays. The biological fitness of hDPSCs loaded with oncolytic adenovirus YSCH-01 was confirmed by virus infection with different dosages and cell viability CCK-8 assays. Additionally, the expression of CAR receptor in hDPSCs was detected by qPCR assay. Tumor tropism of hDPSC loaded with YSCH-01 in vitro and in vivo was investigated by Transwell assays and living tumor-bearing mice imaging technology and immunohistochemistry, Panoramic scanning of frozen section slices assay analysis. Furthermore, the antitumor efficacy was observed through the different routes of YSCH-01/hPDSCs administration in SW780 and SCC152 xenograft models. The direct tumor cell-killing effect of YSCH-01/hDPSCs in the co-culture system was studied, and the supernatant of YSCH-01/hDPSCs inhibited cell growth was further analyzed by CCK-8 assays. RESULTS hDPSCs were found to be susceptible to infection by a novel oncolytic adenovirus named YSCH-01 and were capable of transporting this virus to tumor sites at 1000 VP/cell infectious dosage in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it was discovered that intraperitoneal injection of hDPSCs loaded with oncolytic adenovirus YSCH-01 exhibited potential anti-tumor effects in both SW780 and SCC152 xenograft models. The crucial role played by the supernatant secretome derived from hDPSCs loaded with YSCH-01 significantly exerted a specific anti-tumor effect without toxicity for normal cells, in both an active oncolytic virus and an exogenous protein-independent manner. Furthermore, the use of hDPSCs as a cell carrier significantly reduced the required dosage of virus delivery in vivo compared to other methods. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the promising clinical potential of hDPSCs as a novel cell carrier in the field of oncolytic virus-based anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Shanghai Fengxian Stomatological Hospital, 189 Wanghe Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Ji-Ding Zhu
- Shanghai Fengxian Stomatological Hospital, 189 Wanghe Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, 1588 Huhang Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201499, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Kang-Jian Zhang
- Academician Expert Workstation of Fengxian District, Shanghai Yuansong Biotechnology Limited Company, 1588 Huhang Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai, 201499, China.
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Shou-Liang Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Urumqi Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Wang Z, Liao Y, Wang C, Tang C, Fang C, Luo J, Liu H, Mo X, Wang Z, Shen L, Wang J, Chen X, Yin Z, Li J, Shen W. Stem cell-based therapeutic strategies for rotator cuff tendinopathy. J Orthop Translat 2023; 42:73-81. [PMID: 37664079 PMCID: PMC10470406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder that imposes significant health and economic burden. Stem cell therapy has brought hope for tendon healing in patients with final stage rotator cuff tendinopathy. Some clinical trials have confirmed the effectiveness of stem cell therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy, but its application has not been promoted and approved. There are still many issues that should be solved prior to using stem cell therapy in clinical applications. The optimal source and dose of stem cells for rotator cuff tendinopathy should be determined. We also proposed novel prospective approaches that can overcome cell population heterogeneity and standardize patient types for stem cell applications. The translational potential of this article This review explores the optimal sources of stem cells for rotator cuff tendinopathy and the principles for selecting stem cell dosages. Key strategies are provided for stem cell population standardization and recipient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youguo Liao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Canlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cailian Fang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junchao Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianan Mo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Lingfang Shen
- Air Force Health Care Center for Special Services, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xiao Chen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi Yin
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Orthopaedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Yu H, Yu P, Peng P, Li C, Xiang Z, Ban D. Gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel scaffold loaded with activated Schwann cells attenuates apoptosis and promotes functional recovery following spinal cord injury. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:144. [PMID: 36911380 PMCID: PMC9995797 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a refractory disease of the central nervous system with a high disability and incidence rate. In recent years, bioactive material combined with cell transplantation has been considered an effective method for the treatment of SCI. The present study encapsulated activated Schwann cells (ASCs) in a 3D gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel in order to investigate its therapeutic effects on SCI. ASCs were isolated from previously ligated rat sciatic nerves. Scanning electron microscopy and live/dead staining were used to evaluate the biocompatibility of hydrogels with the ASCs. The scaffold was transplanted into the spinal cord of rats in the hemisection model. Behavioral tests and hematoxylin and eosin staining were employed to assess the locomotion recovery and lesion areas before and after treatment. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and immunochemistry, and apoptosis-related protein expression was detected using western blot analysis. The ASCs exhibited a favorable survival and proliferative ability in the 3D GelMA hydrogel. The scaffold transplantation significantly reduced the cavities and improved functional recovery. Moreover, the GelMA/ASCs implants significantly inhibited cell apoptosis following SCI and this effect may be mediated via the p38 MAPK pathway. Overall, these findings indicated that ASCs combined with the 3D GelMA hydrogel may be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyang Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Dexiang Ban
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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Liu Q, Telezhkin V, Jiang W, Gu Y, Wang Y, Hong W, Tian W, Yarova P, Zhang G, Lee SMY, Zhang P, Zhao M, Allen ND, Hirsch E, Penninger J, Song B. Electric field stimulation boosts neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells for spinal cord injury treatment via PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin activation. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:4. [PMID: 36624495 PMCID: PMC9830810 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00954-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells (NSCs) are considered as candidates for cell replacement therapy in many neurological disorders. However, the propensity for their differentiation to proceed more glial rather than neuronal phenotypes in pathological conditions limits positive outcomes of reparative transplantation. Exogenous physical stimulation to favor the neuronal differentiation of NSCs without extra chemical side effect could alleviate the problem, providing a safe and highly efficient cell therapy to accelerate neurological recovery following neuronal injuries. RESULTS With 7-day physiological electric field (EF) stimulation at 100 mV/mm, we recorded the boosted neuronal differentiation of NSCs, comparing to the non-EF treated cells with 2.3-fold higher MAP2 positive cell ratio, 1.6-fold longer neuronal process and 2.4-fold higher cells ratio with neuronal spontaneous action potential. While with the classical medium induction, the neuronal spontaneous potential may only achieve after 21-day induction. Deficiency of either PI3Kγ or β-catenin abolished the above improvement, demonstrating the requirement of the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin cascade activation in the physiological EF stimulation boosted neuronal differentiation of NSCs. When transplanted into the spinal cord injury (SCI) modelled mice, these EF pre-stimulated NSCs were recorded to develop twofold higher proportion of neurons, comparing to the non-EF treated NSCs. Along with the boosted neuronal differentiation following transplantation, we also recorded the improved neurogenesis in the impacted spinal cord and the significantly benefitted hind limp motor function repair of the SCI mice. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we demonstrated physiological EF stimulation as an efficient method to boost the neuronal differentiation of NSCs via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin activation. Pre-treatment with the EF stimulation induction before NSCs transplantation would notably improve the therapeutic outcome for neurogenesis and neurofunction recovery of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. .,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.
| | - Vsevolod Telezhkin
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,School of Dental Sciences, Farmington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Hong
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institution, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Tian
- Bio-X Centre, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Polina Yarova
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,School of Dental Sciences, Farmington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Gaofeng Zhang
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nicholas D Allen
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Josef Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, VBC - Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bing Song
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China. .,School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.
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7
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Li Y, Hu Y, Wei H, Cao W, Qi Y, Zhou S, Zhang P, Li H, Li GL, Chai R. Two-dimensional Ti 3C 2T x MXene promotes electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:398. [PMID: 36045382 PMCID: PMC9434915 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal neural interface or scaffold for stem cell therapy shall have good biocompatibility promoting survival, maturation and integration of neural stem cells (NSCs) in targeted brain regions. The unique electrical, hydrophilic and surface-modifiable properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene make it an attractive substrate, but little is known about how it interacts with NSCs during development and maturation. RESULTS In this study, we cultured NSCs on Ti3C2Tx MXene and examined its effects on morphological and electrophysiological properties of NSC-derived neurons. With a combination of immunostaining and patch-clamp recording, we found that Ti3C2Tx MXene promotes NSCs differentiation and neurite growth, increases voltage-gated current of Ca2+ but not Na+ or K+ in matured neurons, boosts their spiking without changing their passive membrane properties, and enhances synaptic transmission between them. CONCLUSIONS These results expand our understanding of interaction between Ti3C2Tx MXene and NSCs and provide a critical line of evidence for using Ti3C2Tx MXene in neural interface or scaffold in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yige Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230069, China
| | - Yanru Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Institutes of Brain Science and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Geng-Lin Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and ENT Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China. .,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100086, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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8
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Cell–Cell Contact Mediates Gene Expression and Fate Choice of Human Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111741. [PMID: 35681435 PMCID: PMC9179342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells (NPCs) is a promising regenerative strategy to promote neural repair following injury and degeneration because of the ability of these cells to proliferate, migrate, and integrate with the host tissue. Precise in vitro control of NPC proliferation without compromising multipotency and differentiation ability is critical in stem cell maintenance. This idea was highlighted in recent clinical trials, where discrepancies in NPC culturing protocols produced inconsistent therapeutic benefits. Of note, cell density plays an important role in regulating the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and fate choice of stem cells. To determine the extent of variability produced by inconsistent culturing densities, the present study cultured human-induced pluripotent NPCs (hiPSC-NPCs) at either a low or high plating density. hiPSC-NPCs were then isolated for transcriptomic analysis or differentiation in vitro. Following sequencing analysis, genes involved in cell–cell contact-mediated pathways, including Hippo-signaling, NOTCH, and WNT were differentially expressed. Modulation of these pathways was highly associated with the regulation of pro-neuronal transcription factors, which were also upregulated in response to higher-density hiPSC-NPC culture. Moreover, higher plating density translated into a greater neuronal and less astrocytic differentiation in vitro. This study highlights the importance of precisely controlling culture conditions during the development of NPC transplantation therapies.
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9
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Patil N, Walsh P, Carrabre K, Holmberg EG, Lavoie N, Dutton JR, Parr AM. Regionally Specific Human Pre-Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells Produce Both Oligodendrocytes and Neurons after Transplantation in a Chronically Injured Spinal Cord Rat Model after Glial Scar Ablation. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:777-788. [PMID: 33107383 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating medical condition. In the acute phase after injury, there is cell loss resulting in chronic axonal damage and loss of sensory and motor function including loss of oligodendrocytes that results in demyelination of axons and further dysfunction. In the chronic phase, the inhibitory environment within the lesion including the glial scar can arrest axonal growth and regeneration and can also potentially affect transplanted cells. We hypothesized that glial scar ablation (GSA) along with cell transplantation may be required as a combinatorial therapy to achieve functional recovery, and therefore we proposed to examine the survival and fate of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived pre-oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (pre-OPCs) transplanted in a model of chronic SCI, whether this was affected by GSA, and whether this combination of treatments would result in functional recovery. In this study, chronically injured athymic nude (ATN) rats were allocated to one of three treatment groups: GSA only, pre-OPCs only, or GSA+pre-OPCs. We found that human iPSC derived pre-OPCs were multi-potent and retained the ability to differentiate into mainly oligodendrocytes or neurons when transplanted into the chronically injured spinal cords of rats. Twelve weeks after cell transplantation, we observed that more of the transplanted cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes when the glial scar was ablated compared with no GSA. Further, we also observed that a higher percentage of transplanted cells differentiated into V2a interneurons and motor neurons in the pre-OPCs only group when compared with GSA+pre-OPCs. This suggests that the local environment created by ablation of the glial scar may have a significant effect on the fate of cells transplanted into the injury site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick Walsh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kailey Carrabre
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric G Holmberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nicolas Lavoie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ann M Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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10
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Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Li B, Deng GY, Fu WW, Cao BC, Zong SH, Zeng GF. Total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves promote motor function recovery via inhibition of apoptosis after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:350-356. [PMID: 32859797 PMCID: PMC7896213 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have been reported to have therapeutic potential for spinal cord injury. Hawthorn leaves have abundant content and species of total flavonoids, and studies of the effects of the total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves on spinal cord injury have not been published in or outside China. Therefore, Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a spinal cord injury model by Allen’s method. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 mL of different concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) after spinal cord injury. Injections were administered once every 6 hours, three times a day, for 14 days. After treatment with various concentrations of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves, the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores and histological staining indicated decreases in the lesion cavity and number of apoptotic cells of the injured spinal cord tissue; the morphological arrangement of the myelin sheath and nerve cells tended to be regular; and the Nissl bodies in neurons increased. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scores of treated spinal cord injury rats were increased. Western blot assays showed that the expression levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased, but the expression level of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein was increased. The improvement of the above physiological indicators showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves. The above findings confirm that total flavonoids of hawthorn leaves can reduce apoptosis and exert neuroprotective effects to promote the recovery of the motor function of rats with spinal cord injury. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Guangxi Medical University of China (approval No. 201810042) in October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yin Xiong
- School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gui-Ying Deng
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wen-Wen Fu
- School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bai-Chuan Cao
- Department of Spine Osteopathic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shao-Hui Zong
- Department of Spine Osteopathic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zeng
- School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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11
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Bellák T, Fekécs Z, Török D, Táncos Z, Nemes C, Tézsla Z, Gál L, Polgári S, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A, Nógrádi A, Pajer K. Grafted human induced pluripotent stem cells improve the outcome of spinal cord injury: modulation of the lesion microenvironment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22414. [PMID: 33376249 PMCID: PMC7772333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in irreversible tissue damage followed by a very limited recovery of function. In this study we investigated whether transplantation of undifferentiated human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into the injured rat spinal cord is able to induce morphological and functional improvement. hiPSCs were grafted intraspinally or intravenously one week after a thoracic (T11) spinal cord contusion injury performed in Fischer 344 rats. Grafted animals showed significantly better functional recovery than the control rats which received only contusion injury. Morphologically, the contusion cavity was significantly smaller, and the amount of spared tissue was significantly greater in grafted animals than in controls. Retrograde tracing studies showed a statistically significant increase in the number of FB-labeled neurons in different segments of the spinal cord, the brainstem and the sensorimotor cortex. The extent of functional improvement was inversely related to the amount of chondroitin-sulphate around the cavity and the astrocytic and microglial reactions in the injured segment. The grafts produced GDNF, IL-10 and MIP1-alpha for at least one week. These data suggest that grafted undifferentiated hiPSCs are able to induce morphological and functional recovery after spinal cord contusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Bellák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary.,BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fekécs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Török
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Csilla Nemes
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, State Health Centre, Military Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Tézsla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Gál
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, Hungary.,HCEMM-USZ StemCell Research Group, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Research Institute of Translational Biomedicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Antal Nógrádi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Pajer
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Kossuth Lajos sgt. 40., 6724, Szeged, Hungary
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12
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Progress in Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:2853650. [PMID: 33204276 PMCID: PMC7661146 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2853650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the serious neurological diseases that occur in young people with high morbidity and disability. However, there is still a lack of effective treatments for it. Stem cell (SC) treatment of SCI has gradually become a new research hotspot over the past decades. This article is aimed at reviewing the research progress of SC therapy for SCI. Methods Review the literature and summarize the effects, strategies, related mechanisms, safety, and clinical application of different SC types and new approaches in combination with SC in SCI treatment. Results A large number of studies have focused on SC therapy for SCI, most of which showed good effects. The common SC types for SCI treatment include mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The modes of treatment include in vivo and in vitro induction. The pathways of transplantation consist of intravenous, transarterial, nasal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, and intramedullary injections. Most of the SC treatments for SCI use a number of cells ranging from tens of thousands to millions. Early or late SC administration, application of immunosuppressant or not are still controversies. Potential mechanisms of SC therapy include tissue repair and replacement, neurotrophy, and regeneration and promotion of angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory. Common safety issues include thrombosis and embolism, tumorigenicity and instability, infection, high fever, and even death. Recently, some new approaches, such as the pharmacological activation of endogenous SCs, biomaterials, 3D print, and optogenetics, have been also developed, which greatly improved the application of SC therapy for SCI. Conclusion Most studies support the effects of SC therapy on SCI, while a few studies do not. The cell types, mechanisms, and strategies of SC therapy for SCI are very different among studies. In addition, the safety cannot be ignored, and more clinical trials are required. The application of new technology will promote SC therapy of SCI.
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13
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Zhu S, Li Y, Bennett S, Chen J, Weng IZ, Huang L, Xu H, Xu J. The role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family member artemin in neurological disorders and cancers. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12860. [PMID: 32573073 PMCID: PMC7377943 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a member of the glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family ligands (GFLs), which encompasses family members, GDNF, neurturin (NRTN) and persephin (PSPN). ARTN is also referred to as Enovin or Neublastin, and bears structural characteristics of the TGF‐β superfamily. ARTN contains a dibasic cleavage site (RXXR) that is predicted to be cleaved by furin to yield a carboxy‐terminal 113 amino acid mature form. ARTN binds preferentially to receptor GFRα3, coupled to a receptor tyrosine kinase RET, forming a signalling complex for the regulation of intracellular pathways that affect diverse outcomes of nervous system development and homoeostasis. Standard signalling cascades activated by GFLs via RET include the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase or MAPK (p‐ERK, p‐p38 and p‐JNK), PI3K‐AKT and Src. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is an alternative signalling receptor for ARTN in the presence of GFRα1, leading to activation of Fyn and FAK. Further, ARTN also interacts with heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan‐3 and mediates non‐RET signalling via activation of Src kinases. This review discusses the role of ARTN in spinal cord injury, neuropathic pain and other neurological disorders. Additionally, ARTN plays a role in non‐neuron tissues, such as the formation of Peyer's patch‐like structures in the lymphoid tissue of the gut. The emerging role of ARTN in cancers and therapeutic resistance to cancers is also explored. Further research is necessary to determine the function of ARTN in a tissue‐specific manner, including its signalling mechanisms, in order to improve the therapeutic potential of ARTN in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yihe Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Junhao Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Isabel Ziwai Weng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lin Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Spine Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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14
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Tang HY, Li YZ, Tang ZC, Wang LY, Wang TS, Araujo F. Efficacy of neural stem cell transplantation for the treatment of patients with spinal cord injury: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20169. [PMID: 32384508 PMCID: PMC7220044 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of neural stem cell transplantation (NSCT) for the treatment of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS All potential randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on NSCT in the treatment of patients with SCI will be searched from the following electronic databases: Cochrane Library, MEDILINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, CBM, WANGFANG, and CNKI. We will search all electronic databases from their initiation to the January 31, 2020 in spite of language and publication date. Two contributors will independently select studies from all searched literatures, extract data from included trials, and evaluate study quality for all eligible RCTs using Cochrane risk of bias tool, respectively. Any confusion will be resolved by consulting contributor and a consensus will be reached. We will utilize RevMan 5.3 software to pool the data and to conduct the data analysis. RESULTS This study will summarize the most recent RCTs to investigate the efficacy and safety of NSCT in the treatment of patients with SCI. CONCLUSION This study will provide evidence to assess the efficacy and safety of NSCT in the treatment of patients with SCI at evidence-based medicine level. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020173792.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Zhi Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University
| | - Zhao-Chen Tang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Lu-Yao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
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15
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Ma Y, Deng M, Zhao XQ, Liu M. Alternatively Polarized Macrophages Regulate the Growth and Differentiation of Ependymal Stem Cells through the SIRT2 Pathway. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:150-163. [PMID: 32408405 PMCID: PMC7237271 DOI: 10.5607/en19078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymal stem cells (EpSCs) are dormant stem cells in the adult spinal cord that proliferate rapidly and migrate to the site of injury after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although they can differentiate into neurons under appropriate conditions in vitro, EpSCs mainly differentiate into astrocytes in vivo. Our previous study confirmed that alternatively polarized macrophages (M2) facilitate the differentiation of EpSCs towards neurons, but the detailed mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, we found that M2 conditioned medium could upregulate the expression of Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) in EpSCs in vitro through the BDNF/TrkB-MEK/ERK signaling pathway. As an important deacetylase, SIRT2 deacetylated stable Ac-α-tubulin (Acetyl alpha Tubulin) in microtubules and thus promoted EpSC differentiation into neurons. The present study provides a theoretical basis and a new way to improve neural recovery, such as regulating the growth and differentiation of EpSCs by increasing the proportion of M2 cells in the local microenvironment or upregulating the expression of SIRT2 in EpSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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16
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Cheng L, Wang C, Yao F, Li Z, Liu W, Jing J. MicroRNA-26b inhibits oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation by targeting adrenomedullin in spinal cord injury. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2429-2440. [PMID: 31489964 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) serve as a reservoir of newborn oligodendrocytes (OLs) in pathological and homeostatic conditions. After spinal cord injury (SCI), OPCs are activated to generate myelinating OLs, contributing to remyelination and functional recovery; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, microRNA-26b (miR-26b) expression in the spinal cord tissues of SCI rats was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The influences of miR-26b on locomotor recovery following SCI were assessed utilizing Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores. The effects of miR-26b on OPC differentiation were explored using immunofluorescence and western blot analyses in vitro and in vivo. The potential targets that are modulated by miR-26b were identified by bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assays, and western blot analyses. The effects of adrenomedullin (ADM) on OPC differentiation were explored in vitro using immunofluorescence and western blot analyses. We demonstrated that miR-26b was significantly downregulated after SCI. BBB scores showed that miR-26b exacerbated the locomotor function deficits induced by SCI. In vitro, miR-26b inhibited the differentiation of primary rat OPCs. In vivo, miR-26b suppressed OPC differentiation in SCI rats. Bioinformatics analyses and experimental detection revealed that miR-26b directly targeted ADM in OPCs. In addition, knockdown of ADM suppressed the differentiation of primary rat OPCs. Our study provides evidence that ADM may mediate miR-26b-inhibited OPC differentiation in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chongchong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziyu Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juehua Jing
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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17
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High-Dose Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation Increases Engraftment and Neuronal Distribution and Promotes Functional Recovery in Rats after Acutely Severe Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9807978. [PMID: 31565061 PMCID: PMC6745168 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9807978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent, complete paraplegia and places considerable mental and economic burdens on patients, compared with mild to moderate SCI. However, the dose-related effects of the neural stem/precursor cell (NSPC) transplantation on the injury microenvironment, NSPC survival, axonal growth, neuronal distribution, the composition of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in the lesion area and functional recovery have not yet been quantitatively evaluated in the context of severe SCI. In our study, we acutely transplanted 2.5 × 104 or 1.5 × 105 NSPCs/μl into the site of transection SCI. We found that high-dose NSPC transplantation exerted immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in the acute phase of severe SCI. In addition, one week later, a remarkable positive relationship was observed between the transplantation dose and the number of surviving NSPCs in severe SCI. At 8 weeks postgrafting, subjects that received the higher cell dose exhibited abundant nerve regeneration, extensive neuronal distribution, increased proportions of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and nascent functional neural network formation in the lesion area. Notably, a significant functional recovery was also observed. Our data suggest that it is important to consider potential dose-related effects on donor cell survival, neuronal distribution, and locomotor recovery in the development of preclinical NSPC transplantation therapy for severe SCI.
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18
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Duncan GJ, Manesh SB, Hilton BJ, Assinck P, Plemel JR, Tetzlaff W. The fate and function of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic spinal cord injury. Glia 2019; 68:227-245. [PMID: 31433109 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are the most proliferative and dispersed population of progenitor cells in the adult central nervous system, which allows these cells to rapidly respond to damage. Oligodendrocytes and myelin are lost after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), compromising efficient conduction and, potentially, the long-term health of axons. In response, OPCs proliferate and then differentiate into new oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to remyelinate axons. This culminates in highly efficient remyelination following experimental SCI in which nearly all intact demyelinated axons are remyelinated in rodent models. However, myelin regeneration comprises only one role of OPCs following SCI. OPCs contribute to scar formation after SCI and restrict the regeneration of injured axons. Moreover, OPCs alter their gene expression following demyelination, express cytokines and perpetuate the immune response. Here, we review the functional contribution of myelin regeneration and other recently uncovered roles of OPCs and their progeny to repair following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sohrab B Manesh
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brett J Hilton
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Peggy Assinck
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Departments of Zoology and Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Unal DB, Caliari SR, Lampe KJ. Engineering biomaterial microenvironments to promote myelination in the central nervous system. Brain Res Bull 2019; 152:159-174. [PMID: 31306690 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Promoting remyelination and/or minimizing demyelination are key therapeutic strategies under investigation for diseases and injuries like multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cord injury, stroke, and virus-induced encephalopathy. Myelination is essential for efficacious neuronal signaling. This myelination process is originated by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Resident OPCs are capable of both proliferation and differentiation, and also migration to demyelinated injury sites. OPCs can then engage with these unmyelinated or demyelinated axons and differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OLs). However this process is frequently incomplete and often does not occur at all. Biomaterial strategies can now be used to guide OPC and OL development with the goal of regenerating healthy myelin sheaths in formerly damaged CNS tissue. Growth and neurotrophic factors delivered from such materials can promote proliferation of OPCs or differentiation into OLs. While cell transplantation techniques have been used to replace damaged cells in wound sites, they have also resulted in poor transplant cell viability, uncontrollable differentiation, and poor integration into the host. Biomaterial scaffolds made from extracellular matrix (ECM) mimics that are naturally or synthetically derived can improve transplanted cell survival, support both transplanted and endogenous cell populations, and direct their fate. In particular, stiffness and degradability of these scaffolds are two parameters that can influence the fate of OPCs and OLs. The future outlook for biomaterials research includes 3D in vitro models of myelination / remyelination / demyelination to better mimic and study these processes. These models should provide simple relationships of myelination to microenvironmental biophysical and biochemical properties to inform improved therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz B Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Kyle J Lampe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
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20
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Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:125-151. [PMID: 31065801 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and formation of tripartite (axo-glial) junctions at damaged sites is a prerequisite for early repair of injured spinal cord. Transplantation of stem cells at such sites of damage which can generate both neuronal and glial population has gained impact in terms of recuperation upon infliction with spinal cord injury. In spite of the fact that a copious number of pre-clinical studies using different stem/progenitor cells have shown promising results at acute and subacute stages, at the chronic stages of injury their recovery rates have shown a drastic decline. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic strategies are the need of the hour in order to assuage secondary morbidity and effectuate improvement of the spinal cord injury (SCI)-afflicted patients' quality of life. The present review aims at providing an overview of the current treatment strategies and also gives an insight into the potential cell-based therapies for the treatment of SCI.
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21
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Wang X, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Yuan J, Liu X. Combinational Treatment of Bioscaffolds and Extracellular Vesicles in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:81. [PMID: 31031590 PMCID: PMC6474389 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in an irreversible disability due to loss of sensorimotor function below the lesion. Presently, clinical treatments for SCI mainly include surgery, drugs and postoperative rehabilitation. The prospective roles of bioscaffolds and exosomes in several neurological diseases have been reported. Bioscaffolds can reconnect lesion gaps as well as transport cells and bioactive factors, which in turn can improve axonal and functional regeneration. Herein, we explicate the respective roles of bioscaffolds and exosomes in SCI, and elucidate on the usage of combinational therapy involving bioscaffolds and extracellular vesicles (EVs) in improving SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Yuan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Multifunctionalized hydrogels foster hNSC maturation in 3D cultures and neural regeneration in spinal cord injuries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7483-7492. [PMID: 30923117 PMCID: PMC6462084 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818392116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells reside in 3D microenvironments in living tissues; consequently, 3D cultures gained great interest because they better mimic the natural conditions of cells. Self-assembling peptides (SAPs) are synthetic bioabsorbable biomaterials that can provide customized 3D microenvironments regulating cell functionalities and tissue repair. Here we introduce a SAP-hydrogel designed to support human neural stem cell (hNSC) differentiation in 3D serum-free conditions, generating mature and active human neurons in vitro. We also demonstrate its functional neurorigenerative potential in rat spinal cord injuries, peaking when seeded with hNSCs progeny predifferentiated in vitro for 6 weeks. Despite these promising results, this approach should be confirmed in the future with medium-size animal models and with additional and refined behavioral tests before entering a clinical trial. Three-dimensional cell cultures are leading the way to the fabrication of tissue-like constructs useful to developmental biology and pharmaceutical screenings. However, their reproducibility and translational potential have been limited by biomaterial and culture media compositions, as well as cellular sources. We developed a construct comprising synthetic multifunctionalized hydrogels, serum-free media, and densely seeded good manufacturing practice protocol-grade human neural stem cells (hNSC). We tracked hNSC proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurons, showing entangled electrically active neural networks. The neuroregenerative potential of the “engineered tissue” was assessed in spinal cord injuries, where hNSC-derived progenitors and predifferentiated hNSC progeny, embedded in multifunctionalized hydrogels, were implanted. All implants decreased astrogliosis and lowered the immune response, but scaffolds with predifferentiated hNSCs showed higher percentages of neuronal markers, better hNSC engraftment, and improved behavioral recovery. Our hNSC-construct enables the formation of 3D functional neuronal networks in vitro, allowing novel strategies for hNSC therapies in vivo.
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23
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Crane AT, Voth JP, Shen FX, Low WC. Concise Review: Human-Animal Neurological Chimeras: Humanized Animals or Human Cells in an Animal? Stem Cells 2019; 37:444-452. [PMID: 30629789 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Blastocyst complementation is an emerging methodology in which human stem cells are transferred into genetically engineered preimplantation animal embryos eventually giving rise to fully developed human tissues and organs within the animal host for use in regenerative medicine. The ethical issues surrounding this method have caused the National Institutes of Health to issue a moratorium on funding for blastocyst complementation citing the potential for human cells to substantially contribute to the brain of the chimeric animal. To address this concern, we performed an in-depth review of the neural transplantation literature to determine how the integration of human cells into the nonhuman neural circuitry has altered the behavior of the host. Despite reports of widespread integration of human cell transplants, our review of 150 transplantation studies found no evidence suggestive of humanization of the animal host, and we thus conclude that, at present, concerns over humanization should not prevent research on blastocyst complementation to continue. We suggest proceeding in a controlled and transparent manner, however, and include recommendations for future research with careful consideration for how human cells may contribute to the animal host nervous system. Stem Cells 2019;37:444-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Crane
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Minnesota Craniofacial Research Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph P Voth
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Francis X Shen
- University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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24
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Beyer F, Samper Agrelo I, Küry P. Do Neural Stem Cells Have a Choice? Heterogenic Outcome of Cell Fate Acquisition in Different Injury Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020455. [PMID: 30669690 PMCID: PMC6359747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generally considered as repair restricted organ with limited capacities to regenerate lost cells and to successfully integrate them into damaged nerve tracts. Despite the presence of endogenous immature cell types that can be activated upon injury or in disease cell replacement generally remains insufficient, undirected, or lost cell types are not properly generated. This limitation also accounts for the myelin repair capacity that still constitutes the default regenerative activity at least in inflammatory demyelinating conditions. Ever since the discovery of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) residing within specific niches of the adult brain, as well as the description of procedures to either isolate and propagate or artificially induce NSCs from various origins ex vivo, the field has been rejuvenated. Various sources of NSCs have been investigated and applied in current neuropathological paradigms aiming at the replacement of lost cells and the restoration of functionality based on successful integration. Whereas directing and supporting stem cells residing in brain niches constitutes one possible approach many investigations addressed their potential upon transplantation. Given the heterogeneity of these studies related to the nature of grafted cells, the local CNS environment, and applied implantation procedures we here set out to review and compare their applied protocols in order to evaluate rate-limiting parameters. Based on our compilation, we conclude that in healthy CNS tissue region specific cues dominate cell fate decisions. However, although increasing evidence points to the capacity of transplanted NSCs to reflect the regenerative need of an injury environment, a still heterogenic picture emerges when analyzing transplantation outcomes in injury or disease models. These are likely due to methodological differences despite preserved injury environments. Based on this meta-analysis, we suggest future NSC transplantation experiments to be conducted in a more comparable way to previous studies and that subsequent analyses must emphasize regional heterogeneity such as accounting for differences in gray versus white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Beyer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Iria Samper Agrelo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Zhou X, Shi G, Fan B, Cheng X, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu S, Hao Y, Wei Z, Wang L, Feng S. Polycaprolactone electrospun fiber scaffold loaded with iPSCs-NSCs and ASCs as a novel tissue engineering scaffold for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6265-6277. [PMID: 30349249 PMCID: PMC6186894 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s175914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic disease of the central nervous system, accompanied with high incidence and high disability rate. Tissue engineering scaffold can be used as therapeutic systems to provide effective repair for SCI. Purpose In this study, a novel tissue engineering scaffold has been synthesized in order to explore the effect of nerve repair on SCI. Patients and methods Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds loaded with actived Schwann cells (ASCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells -derived neural stem cells (iPSC-NSCs), a combined cell transplantation strategy, were prepared and characterized. The cell-loaded PCL scaffolds were further utilized for the treatment of SCI in vivo. Histological observation, behavioral evaluation, Western-blot and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the nerve repair of Wistar rats after scaffold transplantation. Results The iPSCs displayed similar characteristics to embryonic stem cells and were efficiently differentiated into neural stem cells in vitro. The obtained PCL scaffolds werê0.5 mm in thickness with biocompatibility and biodegradability. SEM results indicated that the ASCs and (or) iPS-NSCs grew well on PCL scaffolds. Moreover, transplantation reduced the volume of lesion cavity and improved locomotor recovery of rats. In addition, the degree of spinal cord recovery and remodeling maybe closely related to nerve growth factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor. In summary, our results demonstrated that tissue engineering scaffold treatment could increase tissue remodeling and could promote motor function recovery in a transection SCI model. Conclusion This study provides preliminary evidence for using tissue engineering scaffold as a clinically viable treatment for SCI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- XianHu Zhou
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - GuiDong Shi
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - BaoYou Fan
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin Cheng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - XiaoLei Zhang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xu Wang
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shen Liu
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yan Hao
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - ZhiJian Wei
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - LianYong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - ShiQing Feng
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
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26
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Abbaszadeh HA, Niknazar S, Darabi S, Ahmady Roozbahany N, Noori-Zadeh A, Ghoreishi SK, Khoramgah MS, Sadeghi Y. Stem cell transplantation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:180-188. [PMID: 30310710 PMCID: PMC6172584 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.3.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a significant cause of motor dysfunctions. There is no definite cure for it, and most of the therapeutic modalities are only symptomatic treatment. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the effectiveness of stem cell therapy in the treatment of the spinal cord injuries in animal models was studied and evaluated. A systematic search through medical databases by using appropriate keywords was conducted. The relevant reports were reviewed in order to find out cases in which inclusion and exclusion criteria had been fulfilled. Finally, 89 articles have been considered, from which 28 had sufficient data for performing statistical analyses. The findings showed a significant improvement in motor functions after cell therapy. The outcome was strongly related to the number of transplanted cells, site of injury, chronicity of the injury, type of the damage, and the induction of immune-suppression. According to our data, improvements in functional recovery after stem cell therapy in the treatment of spinal cord injury in animal models was noticeable, but its outcome is strongly related to the site of injury, number of transplanted cells, and type of transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat-Allah Abbaszadeh
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center and Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Niknazar
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Navid Ahmady Roozbahany
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,G. Raymond Chang School, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Sadat Khoramgah
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Sadeghi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Won JS, Nam H, Lee HW, Hwang JY, Noh YJ, Nam DH, Lee SH, Joo KM. In vivo distribution of U87MG cells injected into the lateral ventricle of rats with spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202307. [PMID: 30114270 PMCID: PMC6095526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells could be the next generation therapeutic option for neurodegenerative diseases including spinal cord injury (SCI). However, several critical factors such as delivery method should be determined before their clinical applications. Previously, we have demonstrated that lateral ventricle (LV) injection as preclinical simulation could be used for intrathecal administration in clinical trials using rodent animal models. In this study, we further analyzed in vivo distribution of cells that were injected into LVs of rats with SCI at thoracic level using in vivo imaging techniques. When 5 × 106 U87MG cells labelled with fluorescent magnetic nanoparticle (FMNP-labelled U87MG) were administrated into LVs at 7 days after SCI, FMNP-labelled U87MG cells were observed in all regions of the spinal cord at 24 hours after the injection. Compared to water-soluble Cy5.5 fluorescent dye or rats without SCI, in vivo distribution pattern of FMNP-labelled U87MG cells was not different, although migration to the spinal cord was significantly reduced in both Cy5.5 fluorescent dye and FMNP-labelled U87MG cells caused by the injury. The presence of FMNP-labelled U87MG cells in the spinal cord was confirmed by quantitative PCR for human specific sequence and immunohistochemistry staining using antibody against human specific antigen. These data indicate that LV injection could recapitulate intrathecal administration of stem cells for SCI patients. Results of this study might be applied further to the planning of optimal preclinical and clinical trials of stem cell therapeutics for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Seob Won
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Nam
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Hwang
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yu-Jeong Noh
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Ho Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KMJ); (SHL)
| | - Kyeung Min Joo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Single Cell Network Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (KMJ); (SHL)
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28
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Führmann T, Anandakumaran PN, Payne SL, Pakulska MM, Varga BV, Nagy A, Tator C, Shoichet MS. Combined delivery of chondroitinase ABC and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroepithelial cells promote tissue repair in an animal model of spinal cord injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:024103. [PMID: 29083317 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa96dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lack of tissue regeneration after traumatic spinal cord injury in animal models is largely attributed to the local inhibitory microenvironment. To overcome this inhibitory environment while promoting tissue regeneration, we investigated the combined delivery of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs). ChABC was delivered to the injured spinal cord at the site of injury by affinity release from a crosslinked methylcellulose (MC) hydrogel by injection into the intrathecal space. NESCs were distributed in a hydrogel comprised of hyaluronan and MC and injected into the spinal cord tissue both rostral and caudal to the site of injury. Cell transplantation led to reduced cavity formation, but did not improve motor function. While few surviving cells were found 2 weeks post injury, the majority of live cells were neurons, with only few astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and progenitor cells. At 9 weeks post injury, there were more progenitor cells and a more even distribution of cell types compared to those at 2 weeks post injury, suggesting preferential survival and differentiation. Interestingly, animals that received cells and chABC had more neurons than animals that received cells alone, suggesting that chABC influenced the injury environment such that neuronal differentiation or survival was favoured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Führmann
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada. Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3E1, Canada
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29
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Recent advances in regenerative medicine approaches for spinal cord injuries. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Piltti KM, Avakian SN, Funes GM, Hu A, Uchida N, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ. Transplantation dose alters the dynamics of human neural stem cell engraftment, proliferation and migration after spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:341-53. [PMID: 26298025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of transplantation dose on the spatiotemporal dynamics of human neural stem cell (hNSC) engraftment has not been quantitatively evaluated in the central nervous system. We investigated changes over time in engraftment/survival, proliferation, and migration of multipotent human central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (hCNS-SCns) transplanted at doses ranging from 10,000 to 500,000 cells in spinal cord injured immunodeficient mice. Transplant dose was inversely correlated with measures of donor cell proliferation at 2 weeks post-transplant (WPT) and dose-normalized engraftment at 16 WPT. Critically, mice receiving the highest cell dose exhibited an engraftment plateau, in which the total number of engrafted human cells never exceeded the initial dose. These data suggest that donor cell expansion was inversely regulated by target niche parameters and/or transplantation density. Investigation of the response of donor cells to the host microenvironment should be a key variable in defining target cell dose in pre-clinical models of CNS disease and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Piltti
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Sabrina N Avakian
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gabriella M Funes
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antoinette Hu
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Aileen J Anderson
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Brian J Cummings
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Center, USA; Physical & Medical Rehabilitation, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, USA; Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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