1
|
Kim YK, Collignon E, Martin SB, Ramalho-Santos M. Hypertranscription: the invisible hand in stem cell biology. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00182-3. [PMID: 39271397 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells are the fundamental drivers of growth during development and adult organ homeostasis. The properties that define stem cells - self-renewal and differentiation - are highly biosynthetically demanding. In order to fuel this demand, stem and progenitor cells engage in hypertranscription, a global amplification of the transcriptome. While standard normalization methods in transcriptomics typically mask hypertranscription, new approaches are beginning to reveal a remarkable range in global transcriptional output in stem and progenitor cells. We discuss technological advancements to probe global transcriptional shifts, review recent findings that contribute to defining hallmarks of stem cell hypertranscription, and propose future directions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyo Kim
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada.
| | - Evelyne Collignon
- Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Faculty of Medicine, ULB-Cancer Research Centre (U-CRC) and Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - S Bryn Martin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada.
| | - Miguel Ramalho-Santos
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu L, Xiao X, Huang W, Zhou T, Chen W, Zhang C, Ying QL. A novel chemical genetic approach reveals paralog-specific role of ERK1/2 in mouse embryonic stem cell fate control. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1415621. [PMID: 39071800 PMCID: PMC11272557 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1415621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal can be maintained through dual inhibition of GSK3 and MEK kinases. MEK has two highly homologous downstream kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). However, the exact roles of ERK1/2 in mouse ESC self-renewal and differentiation remain unclear. Methods: We selectively deleted or inhibited ERK1, ERK2, or both using genetic and chemical genetic approaches combined with small molecule inhibitors. The effects of ERK paralog-specific inhibition on mouse ESC self-renewal and differentiation were then assessed. Results: ERK1/2 were found to be dispensable for mouse ESC survival and self-renewal. The inhibition of both ERK paralogs, in conjunction with GSK3 inhibition, was sufficient to maintain mouse ESC self-renewal. In contrast, selective deletion or inhibition of only one ERK paralog did not mimic the effect of MEK inhibition in promoting mouse ESC self-renewal. Regarding ESC differentiation, inhibition of ERK1/2 prevented mesendoderm differentiation. Additionally, selective inhibition of ERK1, but not ERK2, promoted mesendoderm differentiation. Discussion: These findings suggest that ERK1 and ERK2 have both overlapping and distinct roles in regulating ESC self-renewal and differentiation. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ERK1/2 in governing ESC maintenance and lineage commitment, potentially informing future strategies for controlling stem cell fate in research and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wesley Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Weilu Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Qi-Long Ying
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sultana Z, Dorel M, Klinger B, Sieber A, Dunkel I, Blüthgen N, Schulz EG. Modeling unveils sex differences of signaling networks in mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Syst Biol 2023; 19:e11510. [PMID: 37735975 PMCID: PMC10632733 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
For a short period during early development of mammalian embryos, both X chromosomes in females are active, before dosage compensation is ensured through X-chromosome inactivation. In female mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), which carry two active X chromosomes, increased X-dosage affects cell signaling and impairs differentiation. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain poorly understood. To dissect X-dosage effects on the signaling network in mESCs, we combine systematic perturbation experiments with mathematical modeling. We quantify the response to a variety of inhibitors and growth factors for cells with one (XO) or two X chromosomes (XX). We then build models of the signaling networks in XX and XO cells through a semi-quantitative modeling approach based on modular response analysis. We identify a novel negative feedback in the PI3K/AKT pathway through GSK3. Moreover, the presence of a single active X makes mESCs more sensitive to the differentiation-promoting Activin A signal and leads to a stronger RAF1-mediated negative feedback in the FGF-triggered MAPK pathway. The differential response to these differentiation-promoting pathways can explain the impaired differentiation propensity of female mESCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeba Sultana
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Mathurin Dorel
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Bertram Klinger
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Anja Sieber
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Ilona Dunkel
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Computational Modelling in Medicine, Institute of PathologyCharité‐Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Edda G Schulz
- Systems Epigenetics, Otto‐Warburg‐LaboratoriesMax Planck Institute for Molecular GeneticsBerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jiang J, Qiu T, Yang C, Yuan Y, Qin L, Zhang P. Atypical cell cycle profile of mouse embryonic stem cell is regulated by classic oncogenic and tumor suppressive genes in vitro. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11979. [PMID: 36578422 PMCID: PMC9791322 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) exhibit an unusual cell cycle profile containing a short G1 phase. Whether this feature is required to maintain pluripotency is a matter of debate. Here, we report that the short G1 phase is a consequence of MEK1/2 kinase-mediated promotion of G1/S transition, but not necessarily coupled with pluripotency maintenance. We find that compared to primed ESCs, naïve ESCs exhibit a significantly longer G1 phase due to the inhibition of MEK1/2 kinases. MEK1/2 inhibition increases intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to the stabilization of p53 protein. The genetic ablation of p53 largely converts the cell cycle profile of naïve ESCs to that of primed ESCs. These results demonstrate that pluripotency and proliferation are separable cellular events, and the short G1 phase of primed ESCs is a manifestation of the intricate interplay between classical oncogenes MEK1/2 and tumor suppressor gene TP53 to promote G1/S transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital
| | - Tong Qiu
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital
| | - Chao Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China,Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Division of Bioinformatics, Sichuan Cunde Therapeutics, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College,Corresponding authors.
| | - Peixuan Zhang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Center of Growth, Metabolism and Aging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China,Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim KT, Oh JY, Park S, Kim SM, Benjamin P, Park IH, Chun KH, Chang YT, Cha HJ. Live isolation of naïve ESCs via distinct glucose metabolism and stored glycogen. Metab Eng 2022; 72:97-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
6
|
Oikawa M, Kobayashi H, Sanbo M, Mizuno N, Iwatsuki K, Takashima T, Yamauchi K, Yoshida F, Yamamoto T, Shinohara T, Nakauchi H, Kurimoto K, Hirabayashi M, Kobayashi T. Functional primordial germ cell-like cells from pluripotent stem cells in rats. Science 2022; 376:176-179. [PMID: 35389778 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro generation of germ cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can have a substantial effect on future reproductive medicine and animal breeding. A decade ago, in vitro gametogenesis was established in the mouse. However, induction of primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) to produce gametes has not been achieved in any other species. Here, we demonstrate the induction of functional PGCLCs from rat PSCs. We show that epiblast-like cells in floating aggregates form rat PGCLCs. The gonadal somatic cells support maturation and epigenetic reprogramming of the PGCLCs. When rat PGCLCs are transplanted into the seminiferous tubules of germline-less rats, functional spermatids-that is, those capable of siring viable offspring-are generated. Insights from our rat model will elucidate conserved and divergent mechanisms essential for the broad applicability of in vitro gametogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mami Oikawa
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hisato Kobayashi
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Naoaki Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenyu Iwatsuki
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takashima
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan.,Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Fumika Yoshida
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Medical-risk Avoidance Based on iPS Cells Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kazuki Kurimoto
- Department of Embryology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634-0813, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Mammalian Embryology, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ando Y, Okeyo KO, Adachi T. Pluripotency state of mouse ES cells determines their contribution to self-organized layer formation by mesh closure on microstructured adhesion-limiting substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 590:97-102. [PMID: 34973536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of pluripotent stem cells to initiate self-organized tissue formation on engineered scaffolds is an important process in stem cell engineering. Pluripotent stem cells are known to exist in diverse pluripotency states, with heterogeneous subpopulations exhibiting differential gene expression levels, but how such diverse pluripotency states orchestrate tissue formation is still an unrevealed question. In this study, using microstructured adhesion-limiting substrates, we aimed to clarify the contribution to self-organized layer formation by mouse embryonic stem cells in different pluripotency states: ground and naïve state. We found that while ground state cells as well as sorted REX1-high expression cells formed discontinuous cell layers with limited lateral spread, naïve state cells could successfully self-organize to form a continuous layer by progressive mesh closure within 3 days. Using sequential immunofluorescence microscopy to examine the mesh closure process, we found that KRT8+ cells were particularly localized around unfilled holes, occasionally bridging the holes in a manner suggestive of their role in the closure process. These results highlight that compared with ground state cells, naïve state cells possess a higher capability to contribute to self-organized layer formation by mesh closure. Thus, this study provides insights with implications for the application of stem cells in scaffold-based tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Ando
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8530, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kennedy Omondi Okeyo
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8530, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Micro Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto Daigaku-katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8530, Japan; Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Division of Systemic Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martínez-Alarcón O, García-López G, Guerra-Mora JR, Molina-Hernández A, Diaz-Martínez NE, Portillo W, Díaz NF. Prolactin from Pluripotency to Central Nervous System Development. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:201-214. [PMID: 33934093 DOI: 10.1159/000516939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a versatile hormone that exerts more than 300 functions in vertebrates, mainly associated with physiological effects in adult animals. Although the process that regulates early development is poorly understood, evidence suggests a role of PRL in the early embryonic development regarding pluripotency and nervous system development. Thus, PRL could be a crucial regulator in oocyte preimplantation and maturation as well as during diapause, a reversible state of blastocyst development arrest that shares metabolic, transcriptomic, and proteomic similarities with pluripotent stem cells in the naïve state. Thus, we analyzed the role of the hormone during those processes, which involve the regulation of its receptor and several signaling cascades (Jak/Mapk, Jak/Stat, and PI3k/Akt), resulting in either a plethora of physiological actions or their dysregulation, a factor in developmental disorders. Finally, we propose models to improve the knowledge on PRL function during early development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Martínez-Alarcón
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Raúl Guerra-Mora
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Cirugia Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Nutrición, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Néstor Emmanuel Diaz-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular y Bioingeniería de Tejidos, Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica CONACYT, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Wendy Portillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Quéretaro, Mexico
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lysophosphatidic acid shifts metabolic and transcriptional landscapes to induce a distinct cellular state in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110063. [PMID: 34852227 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be maintained in a continuum of cellular states with distinct features. Exogenous lipid supplements can relieve the dependence on de novo lipogenesis and shift global metabolism. However, it is largely unexplored how specific lipid components regulate metabolism and subsequently the pluripotency state. In this study, we report that the metabolic landscape of human PSCs (hPSCs) is shifted by signaling lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which naturally exists. LPA leads to a distinctive transcriptome profile that is not associated with de novo lipogenesis. Although exogenous lipids such as cholesterol, common free fatty acids, and LPA can affect cellular metabolism, they are not necessary for maintaining primed pluripotency. Instead, LPA induces distinct and reversible phenotypes in cell cycle, morphology, and mitochondria. This study reveals a distinct primed state that could be used to alter cell physiology in hPSCs for basic research and stem cell applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Balbasi E, Guven G, Terzi Cizmecioglu N. Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture in Serum-Containing or 2i Conditions. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2520:275-294. [PMID: 34661879 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With their unique capabilities of self-renewal and differentiation into three germ layers, mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are widely used as an in vitro cellular model for early mammalian developmental studies. mESCs are traditionally cultured in high-serum and LIF-containing medium on a growth-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblast layer. A more recent culturing system with two inhibitors (for GSK3β (CHIR99021) and MEK1/2 (PD0325901)) and LIF enables the derivation of mESC lines from various mouse strains. Here we describe methods for the mESC growth and maintenance in each medium composition as well as their adaptation to either condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emre Balbasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gozde Guven
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mao Y, Wang L, Zhong B, Yang N, Li Z, Cui T, Feng G, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhou Q. Continuous expression of reprogramming factors induces and maintains mouse pluripotency without specific growth factors and signaling inhibitors. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13090. [PMID: 34197016 PMCID: PMC8349648 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Derivation and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) generally require optimized and complex culture media, which hinders the derivation of PSCs from various species. Expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c‐Myc (OSKM) can reprogram somatic cells into induced PSCs (iPSCs), even for species possessing no optimal culture condition. Herein, we explored whether expression of OSKM could induce and maintain pluripotency without PSC‐specific growth factors and signaling inhibitors. Methods The culture medium of Tet‐On‐OSKM/Oct4‐GFP mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) was switched from N2B27 with MEK inhibitor, GSK3β inhibitor, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (2iL) to N2B27 with doxycycline. Tet‐On‐OSKM mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells were reprogrammed in N2B27 with doxycycline. Cell proliferation was traced. Pluripotency was assessed by expression of ESC marker genes, teratoma, and chimera formation. RNA‐Seq was conducted to analyze gene expression. Results Via continuous expression of OSKM, mouse ESCs (OSKM‐ESCs) and the resulting iPSCs (OSKM‐iPSCs) reprogrammed from MEF cells propagated stably, expressed pluripotency marker genes, and formed three germ layers in teratomas. Transcriptional landscapes of OSKM‐iPSCs resembled those of ESCs cultured in 2iL and were more similar to those of ESCs cultured in serum/LIF. Furthermore, OSKM‐iPSCs contributed to germline transmission. Conclusions Expression of OSKM could induce and maintain mouse pluripotency without specific culturing factors. Importantly, OSKM‐iPSCs could produce gene‐modified animals through germline transmission, with potential applications in other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University of China, Harbin, China
| | - Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhikun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guihai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
CloneSeq: A highly sensitive analysis platform for the characterization of 3D-cultured single-cell-derived clones. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1804-1817.e7. [PMID: 34010629 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell assays have revealed the importance of heterogeneity in many biological systems. However, limited sensitivity is a major hurdle for uncovering cellular variation. To overcome it, we developed CloneSeq, combining clonal expansion inside 3D hydrogel spheres and droplet-based RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). We show that clonal cells maintain similar transcriptional profiles and cell states. CloneSeq of lung cancer cells revealed cancer-specific subpopulations, including cancer stem-like cells, that were not revealed by scRNA-seq. Clonal expansion within 3D soft microenvironments supported cellular stemness of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) even without pluripotent media, and it improved epigenetic reprogramming efficiency of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. CloneSeq of ESCs revealed that the differentiation decision is made early during Oct4 downregulation and is maintained during early clonal expansion. Together, we show CloneSeq can be adapted to different biological systems to discover rare subpopulations by leveraging the enhanced sensitivity within clones.
Collapse
|
13
|
Transient Induction and Characterization of Mouse Epiblast-Like Cells from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2520:53-58. [PMID: 33945143 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2021_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and mouse epiblast-like cells (mEpiLCs) recapitulate in vitro the epiblast first cell lineage decision, providing a powerful tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pluripotent state transition. Here, we describe a defined and robust protocol to transiently induce mEpiLCs from mESCs, together with a concise overview for their unbiased characterization for subsequent downstream applications.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kim K, Min S, Kim D, Kim H, Roh S. A Rho Kinase (ROCK) Inhibitor, Y-27632, Inhibits the Dissociation-Induced Cell Death of Salivary Gland Stem Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092658. [PMID: 34062818 PMCID: PMC8124333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland stem cells (SGSCs) are potential cell sources for the treatment of salivary gland diseases. The control of cell survival is an essential factor for applying stem cells to regenerative medicine or stem cell-based research. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 on the survival of SGSCs and its underlying mechanisms. SGSCs were isolated from mouse submandibular glands and cultured in suspension. Treatment with Y-27632 restored the viability of SGSCs that was significantly decreased during isolation and the subsequent culture. Y-27632 upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 in SGSCs and, in the apoptosis assay, significantly reduced apoptotic and necrotic cell populations. Matrigel was used to mimic the extracellular environment of an intact salivary gland. The expression of genes regulating apoptosis and the ROCK signaling pathway was significantly reduced when SGSCs were embedded in Matrigel. SGSCs cultured in Matrigel and treated with Y-27632 showed no difference in the total numbers of spheroids and expression levels of apoptosis-regulating genes. Matrigel-embedded SGSCs treated with Y-27632 increased the number of spheroids with budding structures and the expression of acinar cell-specific marker AQP5. We demonstrate the protective effects of Y-27632 against dissociation-induced apoptosis of SGSCs during their culture in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Kim
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Sol Min
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3 Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sangho Roh
- Cellular Reprogramming and Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 08826, Korea; (K.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2333
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ter Huurne M, Stunnenberg HG. G1-phase progression in pluripotent stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4507-4519. [PMID: 33884444 PMCID: PMC8195903 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03797-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
During early embryonic development both the rapid increase in cell number and the expression of genes that control developmental decisions are tightly regulated. Accumulating evidence has indicated that these two seemingly independent processes are mechanistically intertwined. The picture that emerges from studies on the cell cycle of embryonic stem cells is one in which proteins that promote cell cycle progression prevent differentiation and vice versa. Here, we review which transcription factors and signalling pathways play a role in both maintenance of pluripotency as well as cell cycle progression. We will not only describe the mechanism behind their function but also discuss the role of these regulators in different states of mouse pluripotency. Finally, we elaborate on how canonical cell cycle regulators impact on the molecular networks that control the maintenance of pluripotency and lineage specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menno Ter Huurne
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, 6525GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Princess Maxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
In the past several decades, the establishment of in vitro models of pluripotency has ushered in a golden era for developmental and stem cell biology. Research in this arena has led to profound insights into the regulatory features that shape early embryonic development. Nevertheless, an integrative theory of the epigenetic principles that govern the pluripotent nucleus remains elusive. Here, we summarize the epigenetic characteristics that define the pluripotent state. We cover what is currently known about the epigenome of pluripotent stem cells and reflect on the use of embryonic stem cells as an experimental system. In addition, we highlight insights from super-resolution microscopy, which have advanced our understanding of the form and function of chromatin, particularly its role in establishing the characteristically "open chromatin" of pluripotent nuclei. Further, we discuss the rapid improvements in 3C-based methods, which have given us a means to investigate the 3D spatial organization of the pluripotent genome. This has aided the adaptation of prior notions of a "pluripotent molecular circuitry" into a more holistic model, where hotspots of co-interacting domains correspond with the accumulation of pluripotency-associated factors. Finally, we relate these earlier hypotheses to an emerging model of phase separation, which posits that a biophysical mechanism may presuppose the formation of a pluripotent-state-defining transcriptional program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eran Meshorer
- Department of Genetics, the Institute of Life Sciences
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel 9190400
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yu L, Wei Y, Sun HX, Mahdi AK, Pinzon Arteaga CA, Sakurai M, Schmitz DA, Zheng C, Ballard ED, Li J, Tanaka N, Kohara A, Okamura D, Mutto AA, Gu Y, Ross PJ, Wu J. Derivation of Intermediate Pluripotent Stem Cells Amenable to Primordial Germ Cell Specification. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 28:550-567.e12. [PMID: 33271070 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic pluripotent stem cell (PSC) states are in vitro adaptations of pluripotency continuum in vivo. Previous studies have generated a number of PSCs with distinct properties. To date, however, no known PSCs have demonstrated dual competency for chimera formation and direct responsiveness to primordial germ cell (PGC) specification, a unique functional feature of formative pluripotency. Here, by modulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and WNT pathways, we derived PSCs from mice, horses, and humans (designated as XPSCs) that are permissive for direct PGC-like cell induction in vitro and are capable of contributing to intra- or inter-species chimeras in vivo. XPSCs represent a pluripotency state between naive and primed pluripotency and harbor molecular, cellular, and phenotypic features characteristic of formative pluripotency. XPSCs open new avenues for studying mammalian pluripotency and dissecting the molecular mechanisms governing PGC specification. Our method may be broadly applicable for the derivation of analogous stem cells from other mammalian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leqian Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yulei Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute, Jiangmen 529040, China
| | - Hai-Xi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ahmed K Mahdi
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carlos A Pinzon Arteaga
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Masahiro Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daniel A Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microsurgery, Orthopaedic Trauma and Hand Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Emily D Ballard
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Aoi Kohara
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Adrian A Mutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas IIB-INTECH Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde, UNSAM-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina
| | - Ying Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pecori F, Akimoto Y, Hanamatsu H, Furukawa JI, Shinohara Y, Ikehara Y, Nishihara S. Mucin-type O-glycosylation controls pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells via Wnt receptor endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs245845. [PMID: 32973111 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.245845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate into a range of cell types during development, and this pluripotency is regulated by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Mucin-type O-glycosylation has been suggested to be a potential factor in the control of ESC pluripotency, and is characterized by the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) to serine or threonine residues of membrane-anchored proteins and secreted proteins. To date, the relationship between mucin-type O-glycosylation and signaling in ESCs remains undefined. Here, we identify the elongation pathway via C1GalT1 that synthesizes T antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAc) as the most prominent among mucin-type O-glycosylation modifications in ESCs. Moreover, we show that mucin-type O-glycosylation on the Wnt signaling receptor frizzled-5 (Fzd5) regulates its endocytosis via galectin-3 binding to T antigen, and that reduction of T antigen results in the exit of the ESCs from pluripotency via canonical Wnt signaling activation. Our findings reveal a novel regulatory mechanism that modulates Wnt signaling and, consequently, ESC pluripotency.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pecori
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Akimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Hanamatsu
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Advanced Clinical Glycobiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 463-8521, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ikehara
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
- Glycan & Life System Integration Center (GaLSIC), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu W, Deng C, Godoy-Parejo C, Zhang Y, Chen G. Developments in cell culture systems for human pluripotent stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:968-981. [PMID: 31768223 PMCID: PMC6851012 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are important resources for cell-based therapies and pharmaceutical applications. In order to realize the potential of hPSCs, it is critical to develop suitable technologies required for specific applications. Most hPSC technologies depend on cell culture, and are critically influenced by culture medium composition, extracellular matrices, handling methods, and culture platforms. This review summarizes the major technological advances in hPSC culture, and highlights the opportunities and challenges in future therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Bioimaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chunhao Deng
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Carlos Godoy-Parejo
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
McLaughlin K, Flyamer IM, Thomson JP, Mjoseng HK, Shukla R, Williamson I, Grimes GR, Illingworth RS, Adams IR, Pennings S, Meehan RR, Bickmore WA. DNA Methylation Directs Polycomb-Dependent 3D Genome Re-organization in Naive Pluripotency. Cell Rep 2019; 29:1974-1985.e6. [PMID: 31722211 PMCID: PMC6856714 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The DNA hypomethylation that occurs when embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are directed to the ground state of naive pluripotency by culturing in two small molecule inhibitors (2i) results in redistribution of polycomb (H3K27me3) away from its target loci. Here, we demonstrate that 3D genome organization is also altered in 2i, with chromatin decompaction at polycomb target loci and a loss of long-range polycomb interactions. By preventing DNA hypomethylation during the transition to the ground state, we are able to restore to ESC in 2i the H3K27me3 distribution, as well as polycomb-mediated 3D genome organization that is characteristic of primed ESCs grown in serum. However, these cells retain the functional characteristics of 2i ground-state ESCs. Our findings demonstrate the central role of DNA methylation in shaping major aspects of 3D genome organization but caution against assuming causal roles for the epigenome and 3D genome in gene regulation and function in ESCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy McLaughlin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ilya M Flyamer
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John P Thomson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Heidi K Mjoseng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Framlington Place, Medical Faculty, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Iain Williamson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Graeme R Grimes
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert S Illingworth
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sari Pennings
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Wendy A Bickmore
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ritter A, Kreis NN, Roth S, Friemel A, Jennewein L, Eichbaum C, Solbach C, Louwen F, Yuan J. Restoration of primary cilia in obese adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting Aurora A or extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:255. [PMID: 31412932 PMCID: PMC6694567 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1373-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity impairs a variety of cell types including adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). ASCs are indispensable for tissue homeostasis/repair, immunomodulation, and cell renewal. It has been demonstrated that obese ASCs are defective in differentiation, motility, immunomodulation, and replication. We have recently reported that some of these defects are linked to impaired primary cilia, which are unable to properly convey and coordinate a variety of signaling pathways. We hypothesized that the rescue of the primary cilium in obese ASCs would restore their functional properties. METHODS Obese ASCs derived from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues were treated with a specific inhibitor against Aurora A or with an inhibitor against extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Multiple molecular and cellular assays were performed to analyze the altered functionalities and their involved pathways. RESULTS The treatment with low doses of these inhibitors extended the length of the primary cilium, restored the invasion and migration potential, and improved the differentiation capacity of obese ASCs. Associated with enhanced differentiation ability, the cells displayed an increased expression of self-renewal/stemness-related genes like SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG, mediated by reduced active glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β). CONCLUSION This work describes a novel phenomenon whereby the primary cilium of obese ASCs is rescuable by the low-dose inhibition of Aurora A or Erk1/2, restoring functional ASCs with increased stemness. These cells might be able to improve tissue homeostasis in obese patients and thereby ameliorate obesity-associated diseases. Additionally, these functionally restored obese ASCs could be useful for novel autologous mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ritter
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Nina-Naomi Kreis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Roth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friemel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Jennewein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Eichbaum
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Solbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank Louwen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juping Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, J. W. Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Warrier S, Taelman J, Tilleman L, Van der Jeught M, Duggal G, Lierman S, Popovic M, Van Soom A, Peelman L, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Deforce D, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM, De Sutter P, Heindryckx B. Transcriptional landscape changes during human embryonic stem cell derivation. Mol Hum Reprod 2019; 24:543-555. [PMID: 30239859 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gay039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What are the transcriptional changes occurring during the human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivation process, from the inner cell mass (ICM) to post-ICM intermediate stage (PICMI) to hESC stage, that have downstream effects on pluripotency states and differentiation? SUMMARY ANSWER We reveal that although the PICMI is transcriptionally similar to the hESC profile and distinct from ICM, it exhibits upregulation of primordial germ cell (PGC) markers, dependence on leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) signaling, upregulation of naïve pluripotency-specific signaling networks and appears to be an intermediate switching point from naïve to primed pluripotency. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY It is currently known that the PICMI exhibits markers of early and late-epiblast stage. It is suggested that hESCs acquire primed pluripotency features due to the upregulation of post-implantation genes in the PICMI which renders them predisposed towards differentiation cues. Despite this current knowledge, the transcriptional landscape changes during hESC derivation from ICM to hESC and the effect of PICMI on pluripotent state is still not well defined. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION To gain insight into the signaling mechanisms that may govern the ICM to PICMI to hESC transition, comparative RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed on preimplantation ICMs, PICMIs and hESCs in biological and technical triplicates (n = 3). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, AND METHODS Primed hESCs (XX) were maintained in feeder-free culture conditions on Matrigel for two passages and approximately 50 cells were collected in biological and technical triplicates (n = 3). For ICM sample collection, Day 3, frozen-thawed human embryos were cultured up to day five blastocyst stage and only good quality blastocysts were subjected to laser-assisted micromanipulation for ICM collection (n = 3). Next, day six expanded blastocysts were cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts and manual dissection was performed on the PICMI outgrowths between post-plating Day 6 and Day 10 (n = 3). Sequencing of these samples was performed on NextSeq500 and statistical analysis was performed using edgeR (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Comparative RNA-seq data analysis revealed that 634 and 560 protein-coding genes were significantly up and downregulated in hESCs compared to ICM (FDR < 0.05), respectively. Upon ICM to PICMI transition, 471 genes were expressed significantly higher in the PICMI compared to ICM, while 296 genes were elevated in the ICM alone (FDR < 0.05). Principle component analysis showed that the ICM was completely distinct from the PICMI and hESCs while the latter two clustered in close proximity to each other. Increased expression of E-CADHERIN1 (CDH1) in ICM and intermediate levels in the PICMI was observed, while CDH2 was higher in hESCs, suggesting a role of extracellular matrix components in facilitating pluripotency transition during hESC derivation. The PICMI also showed regulation of naïve-specific LIF and bone morphogenetic protein signaling, differential regulation of primed pluripotency-specific fibroblast growth factor and NODAL signaling pathway components, upregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTORC), as well as predisposition towards the germ cell lineage, further confirmed by gene ontology analysis. Hence, the data suggest that the PICMI may serve as an intermediate pluripotency stage which, when subjected to an appropriate culture niche, could aid in enhancing naïve hESC derivation and germ cell differentiation efficiency. LARGE-SCALE DATA Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Accession number GSE119378. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Owing to the limitation in sample availability, the sex of ICM and PICMI have not been taken into consideration. Obtaining cells from the ICM and maintaining them in culture is not feasible as it will hamper the formation of PICMI and hESC derivation. Single-cell quantitative real-time PCR on low ICM and PICMI cell numbers, although challenging due to limited availability of human embryos, will be advantageous to further corroborate the RNA-seq data on transcriptional changes during hESC derivation process. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS We elucidate the dynamics of transcriptional network changes from the naïve ICM to the intermediate PICMI stage and finally the primed hESC lines. We provide an in-depth understanding of the PICMI and its role in conferring the type of pluripotent state which may have important downstream effects on differentiation, specifically towards the PGC lineage. This knowledge contributes to our limited understanding of the true nature of the human pluripotent state in vitro. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This research is supported by the Concerted Research Actions funding from Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds University Ghent (BOF GOA 01G01112).The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Warrier
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - J Taelman
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - L Tilleman
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Van der Jeught
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - G Duggal
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Lierman
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Popovic
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Peelman
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Deforce
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - S M Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P De Sutter
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - B Heindryckx
- Ghent-Fertility and Stem cell Team (G-FaST), Department for Reproductive Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Protein Kinases and Their Inhibitors in Pluripotent Stem Cell Fate Regulation. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1569740. [PMID: 31428157 PMCID: PMC6681599 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1569740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases modulate the reversible postmodifications of substrate proteins to their phosphorylated forms as an essential process in regulating intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Moreover, phosphorylation has recently been shown to tightly control the regulatory network of kinases responsible for the induction and maintenance of pluripotency, defined as the particular ability to differentiate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into every cell type in the adult body. In particular, emerging evidence indicates that the balance between the self-renewal and differentiation of PSCs is regulated by the small molecules that modulate kinase signaling pathways. Furthermore, new reprogramming technologies have been developed using kinase modulators, which have provided novel insight of the mechanisms underlying the kinase regulatory networks involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this review, we highlight the recent progress made in defining the roles of protein kinase signaling pathways and their small molecule modulators in regulating the pluripotent states, self-renewal, reprogramming process, and lineage differentiation of PSCs.
Collapse
|
24
|
Fico A, Fiorenzano A, Pascale E, Patriarca EJ, Minchiotti G. Long non-coding RNA in stem cell pluripotency and lineage commitment: functions and evolutionary conservation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1459-1471. [PMID: 30607432 PMCID: PMC6439142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-3000-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LncRNAs have recently emerged as new and fundamental transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators acting at multiple levels of gene expression. Indeed, lncRNAs participate in a wide variety of stem cell and developmental processes, acting in cis and/or in trans in the nuclear and/or in the cytoplasmic compartments, and generating an intricate network of interactions with RNAs, enhancers, and chromatin-modifier complexes. Given the versatility of these molecules to operate in different subcellular compartments, via different modes of action and with different target specificity, the interest in this research field is rapidly growing. Here, we review recent progress in defining the functional role of lncRNAs in stem cell biology with a specific focus on the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss recent findings on a new family of evolutionary conserved lncRNAs transcribed from ultraconserved elements, which show perfect conservation between human, mouse, and rat genomes, and that are emerging as new player in this complex scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Fico
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy.
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Fiorenzano
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Centre, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emilia Pascale
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Jorge Patriarca
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Minchiotti
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang D, Wang Y, Liu H, Tong C, Ying Q, Sachinidis A, Li L, Peng L. Laminin promotes differentiation of rat embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes by activating the integrin/FAK/PI3K p85 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3629-3640. [PMID: 30907509 PMCID: PMC6484303 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of germline competent rat embryonic stem cells (rESCs) allows the study of their lineage commitment. Here, we developed a highly efficient system for rESC-derived cardiomyocytes, and even the formation of three-dimensional (3D)-like cell clusters with cTNT and α-Actinin. We have validated that laminin can interact with membrane integrin to promote the phosphorylation of both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 and the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In parallel, GATA4 was up-regulated. Upon inhibiting the integrin, laminin loses the effect on cardiomyocyte differentiation, accompanied with a down-regulation of phosphorylation level of PI3K p85 and FAK. Meanwhile, the expression of Gata4 was inhibited as well. Taken together, laminin is a crucial component in the differentiation of rESCs into cardiomyocytes through increasing their proliferation via interacting with integrin pathway. These results provide new insights into the pathways mediated by extracellular laminin involved in the fate of rESC-derived cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Tong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qilong Ying
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luying Peng
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Herrera SC, Bach EA. JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration: from Drosophila to vertebrates. Development 2019; 146:dev167643. [PMID: 30696713 PMCID: PMC6361132 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is a conserved metazoan signaling system that transduces cues from extracellular cytokines into transcriptional changes in the nucleus. JAK/STAT signaling is best known for its roles in immunity. However, recent work has demonstrated that it also regulates critical homeostatic processes in germline and somatic stem cells, as well as regenerative processes in several tissues, including the gonad, intestine and appendages. Here, we provide an overview of JAK/STAT signaling in stem cells and regeneration, focusing on Drosophila and highlighting JAK/STAT pathway functions in proliferation, survival and cell competition that are conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schlesinger S, Meshorer E. Open Chromatin, Epigenetic Plasticity, and Nuclear Organization in Pluripotency. Dev Cell 2019; 48:135-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
28
|
Sutherland L, Ruhe M, Gattegno-Ho D, Mann K, Greaves J, Koscielniak M, Meek S, Lu Z, Waterfall M, Taylor R, Tsakiridis A, Brown H, Maciver SK, Joshi A, Clinton M, Chamberlain LH, Smith A, Burdon T. LIF-dependent survival of embryonic stem cells is regulated by a novel palmitoylated Gab1 signalling protein. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.222257. [PMID: 30154213 PMCID: PMC6176924 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.222257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytokine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) through activation of the transcription factor Stat3. However, the contribution of other ancillary pathways stimulated by LIF in ESCs, such as the MAPK and PI3K pathways, is less well understood. We show here that naive-type mouse ESCs express high levels of a novel effector of the MAPK and PI3K pathways. This effector is an isoform of the Gab1 (Grb2-associated binder protein 1) adaptor protein that lacks the N-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) membrane-binding domain. Although not essential for rapid unrestricted growth of ESCs under optimal conditions, the novel Gab1 variant (Gab1β) is required for LIF-mediated cell survival under conditions of limited nutrient availability. This enhanced survival is absolutely dependent upon a latent palmitoylation site that targets Gab1β directly to ESC membranes. These results show that constitutive association of Gab1 with membranes through a novel mechanism promotes LIF-dependent survival of murine ESCs in nutrient-poor conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sutherland
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Madeleine Ruhe
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Daniela Gattegno-Ho
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Karanjit Mann
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Jennifer Greaves
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Magdalena Koscielniak
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stephen Meek
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Zen Lu
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Martin Waterfall
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ryan Taylor
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Anagha Joshi
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michael Clinton
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Luke H. Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen KG, Mallon BS, Park K, Robey PG, McKay RDG, Gottesman MM, Zheng W. Pluripotent Stem Cell Platforms for Drug Discovery. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:805-820. [PMID: 30006147 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their differentiated derivatives have led to recent proof-of-principle drug discoveries, defining a pathway to the implementation of hPSC-based drug discovery (hPDD). Current hPDD strategies, however, have inevitable conceptual biases and technological limitations, including the dimensionality of cell-culture methods, cell maturity and functionality, experimental variability, and data reproducibility. In this review, we dissect representative hPDD systems via analysis of hPSC-based 2D-monolayers, 3D culture, and organoids. We discuss mechanisms of drug discovery and drug repurposing, and roles of membrane drug transporters in tissue maturation and hPDD using the example of drugs that target various mutations of CFTR, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, in patients with cystic fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Chen
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Barbara S Mallon
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kyeyoon Park
- NIH Stem Cell Characterization Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald D G McKay
- The Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- The Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
VE-Cadherin regulates the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells via LIF/Stat3 signaling pathway. Biomaterials 2018; 158:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
31
|
Nakamura S, Maruyama A, Kondo Y, Kano A, De Sousa OM, Iwahashi M, Hexig B, Akaike T, Li J, Hayashi Y, Ohnuma K. Asymmetricity Between Sister Cells of Pluripotent Stem Cells at the Onset of Differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:347-354. [PMID: 29336219 PMCID: PMC5833898 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Various somatic stem cells divide asymmetrically; however, it is not known whether embryonic stem cells (ESCs) divide symmetrically or asymmetrically, not only while maintaining an undifferentiated state but also at the onset of differentiation. In this study, we observed single ESCs using time-lapse imaging and compared sister cell pairs derived from the same mother cell in either the maintenance or differentiation medium. Mouse ESCs were cultured on E-cadherin-coated glass-based dishes, which allowed us to trace single cells. The undifferentiated cell state was detected by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression driven by the Nanog promoter, which is active only in undifferentiated cells. Cell population analysis using flow cytometry showed that the peak width indicating distribution of GFP expression broadened when cells were transferred to the differentiation medium compared to when they were in the maintenance medium. This finding suggested that the population of ESCs became more heterogeneous at the onset of differentiation. Using single-cell analysis by time-lapse imaging, we found that although the total survival ratio decreased by changing to differentiation medium, the one-live-one-dead ratio of sister cell pairs was smaller compared with randomly chosen non-sister cell pairs, defined as an unsynchronized cell pair control, in both media. This result suggested that sister cell pairs were more positively synchronized with each other compared to non-sister cell pairs. The differences in interdivision time (the time interval between mother cell division and the subsequent cell division) between sister cells was smaller than that between non-sister cell pairs in both media, suggesting that sister cells divided synchronously. Although the difference in Nanog-GFP intensity between sister cells was smaller than that between non-sister cells in the maintenance medium, it was the same in differentiation medium, suggesting asymmetrical Nanog-GFP intensity. These data suggested that ESCs may divide asymmetrically at the onset of differentiation resulting in heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakamura
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Maruyama
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kondo
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Ayumu Kano
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Olga M De Sousa
- 2 Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iwahashi
- 2 Department of Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| | - Bayar Hexig
- 3 Tokyo Institute of Technology , Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Jingyue Li
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- 4 Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ohnuma
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan .,5 Department of Science of Technology Innovation, Nagaoka University of Technology , Nagaoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Amlani B, Liu Y, Chen T, Ee LS, Lopez P, Heguy A, Apostolou E, Kim SY, Stadtfeld M. Nascent Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Efficiently Generate Entirely iPSC-Derived Mice while Expressing Differentiation-Associated Genes. Cell Rep 2018; 22:876-884. [PMID: 29420174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to differentiate into all adult cell types makes them attractive for research and regenerative medicine; however, it remains unknown when and how this capacity is established. We characterized the acquisition of developmental pluripotency in a suitable reprogramming system to show that iPSCs prior to passaging become capable of generating all tissues upon injection into preimplantation embryos. The developmental potential of nascent iPSCs is comparable to or even surpasses that of established pluripotent cells. Further functional assays and genome-wide molecular analyses suggest that cells acquiring developmental pluripotency exhibit a unique combination of properties that distinguish them from canonical naive and primed pluripotency states. These include reduced clonal self-renewal potential and the elevated expression of differentiation-associated transcriptional regulators. Our observations close a gap in the understanding of induced pluripotency and provide an improved roadmap of cellular reprogramming with ramifications for the use of iPSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhishma Amlani
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yiyuan Liu
- Edward and Sandra Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Taotao Chen
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ly-Sha Ee
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Peter Lopez
- Cytometry and Cell Sorting Laboratory, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Department of Pathology and Office for Collaborative Science, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Effie Apostolou
- Edward and Sandra Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology and Office for Collaborative Science, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wei J, Fan Z, Yang Z, Zhou Y, Da F, Zhou L, Tao W, Wang D. Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Is Essential for the Self-Renewal of Embryonic Stem Cells from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Through Stat3 Signaling. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:123-132. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Da
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Regulation of human and mouse telomerase genes by genomic contexts and transcription factors during embryonic stem cell differentiation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16444. [PMID: 29180668 PMCID: PMC5703907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) genes contribute to distinct aging and tumorigenic processes in humans and mice. To study TERT regulation, we generated mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines containing single-copy bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) reporters, covering hTERT and mTERT genes and their neighboring loci, via recombinase-mediated BAC targeting. ESC lines with chimeric BACs, in which two TERT promoters were swapped, were also generated. Using these chromatinized BACs, we showed that hTERT silencing during differentiation to embryoid bodies (EBs) and to fibroblast-like cells was driven by the human-specific genomic context and accompanied by increases of repressive epigenetic marks, H3K9me3 and H3K27me3, near its promoter. Conversely, the mouse genomic context did not repress TERT transcription until late during differentiation. The hTERT promoter was more active than its mouse counterpart when compared in the same genomic contexts. Mutations of E-box and E2F consensus sites at the promoter had little effect on hTERT transcription in ESCs. However, the mutant promoters were rapidly silenced upon EB differentiation, indicating that transcription factors (TFs) bound to these sites were critical in maintaining hTERT transcription during differentiation. Together, our study revealed a dynamic hTERT regulation by chromatin environment and promoter-bound TFs during ESC differentiation.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tatapudy S, Aloisio F, Barber D, Nystul T. Cell fate decisions: emerging roles for metabolic signals and cell morphology. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:2105-2118. [PMID: 29158350 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cell fate decisions are regulated is a fundamental goal of developmental and stem cell biology. Most studies on the control of cell fate decisions address the contributions of changes in transcriptional programming, epigenetic modifications, and biochemical differentiation cues. However, recent studies have found that other aspects of cell biology also make important contributions to regulating cell fate decisions. These cues can have a permissive or instructive role and are integrated into the larger network of signaling, functioning both upstream and downstream of developmental signaling pathways. Here, we summarize recent insights into how cell fate decisions are influenced by four aspects of cell biology: metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular pH (pHi), and cell morphology. For each topic, we discuss how these cell biological cues interact with each other and with protein-based mechanisms for changing gene transcription. In addition, we highlight several questions that remain unanswered in these exciting and relatively new areas of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Tatapudy
- Departments of Anatomy and OB-GYN/RS, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesca Aloisio
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Diane Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd Nystul
- Departments of Anatomy and OB-GYN/RS, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Temple S. Cultivating a Robust Stem Cell Field. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1455-1456. [PMID: 28591646 PMCID: PMC5470339 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|