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Lin JC, Daigle CL, Tang PC, Wang CK. Influence of sex hormones on the aggressive behavior during peck order establishment and stabilization in meat and egg type chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103669. [PMID: 38603931 PMCID: PMC11017360 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the poultry industry, broiler and layer strains are genetically selected for different purposes (e.g., high meat-yield and high egg-production). Genetic selection for productivity can have unintended consequences on the behavioral repertoire of the birds, including aggression. Alongside the increasing societal concern regarding the welfare of animal in agriculture, the number of countries that are advocating the prohibition of using battery cages for laying hens has resulted in the transition and adoption of cage-free or free-range systems. Thus, both broiler and layer chickens are housed in large flocks rather than housed individually in cages. Housing birds in groups increases the opportunity for birds to engage in social behaviors, including aggression, that are used to establish social status. Aggressive interactions are associated with the risk of injury and the potential for a subordinate animal to have unmet needs (e.g., access to feed). The aim of this study was to characterize the relationships among aggressive behavior, neurobiology, and hormones during peck order establishment and social hierarchy stabilization of 2 divergently selected strains (meat- and egg-type chicken). Meat-type strains performed more male on male (P < 0.001), male on female (P < 0.0001), and female on female (P < 0.0001) non-reciprocal aggression behavior (NRA) than egg-type strains. Greater serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations in the weeks after the peck order establishment were observed in meat-type birds compared those in egg-type birds for both males and females (all P < 0.05). Greater (P < 0.05) cellular densities of androgen receptors, but not estrogen receptors, were observed in the hypothalamus of meat-type birds compared to egg-type birds. These findings suggest that greater sex hormone concentrations in the meat-type birds may be a consequence of genetic selection for rapid growth resulting in more sex hormones-induced aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou-Ching Lin
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Courtney Lynd Daigle
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, Kleberg Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pin-Chi Tang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Kai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Shibuya T, Sato A, Nishimoto-Kusunose S, Yoshizawa K, Higashi T. Further evidence for blood-to-brain influx of unconjugated bile acids by passive diffusion: Determination of their brain-to-serum concentration ratios in rats by LC/MS/MS. Steroids 2024; 204:109397. [PMID: 38508483 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) reside in the brain and are probably involved in some neurological disorders. The view that most of unconjugated BAs in the brain are derived across the blood-brain barrier from the periphery by passive diffusion depending on their hydrophobicity is currently dominant, but some studies have made conflicting claims. In this study, the correlation analysis between the rat brain and serum levels of unconjugated BAs with a wider range of hydrophobicity was conducted to obtain further evidence about the blood-to-brain influx of unconjugated BAs by passive diffusion. We first developed the precise, accurate and matrix effect-free LC/ESI-MS/MS methods for quantifying eight major unconjugated BAs in the rat brain and serum. Derivatization was employed for increasing the assay sensitivity and specificity. The analysis using these methods reproduced the strong positive correlations between the brain and serum levels, and significant higher concentrations in the serum than in the brain for all the unconjugated BAs. The BA with the higher logPow (hydrophobicity) had the higher brain-to-serum concentration ratio (mono- > di- > trihydroxy BAs). Furthermore, the hydrophobicity was considered as the stronger factor for the blood-to-brain influx of the BAs than the serum protein binding ratio. Thus, this study provided further evidence supporting that passive diffusion is the major mechanism for the blood-to-brain influx of the unconjugated BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Shibuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Anri Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoich Nishimoto-Kusunose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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Zhang J, Sun M, Elmaidomy AH, Youssif KA, Zaki AMM, Hassan Kamal H, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Emerging trends and applications of metabolomics in food science and nutrition. Food Funct 2023; 14:9050-9082. [PMID: 37740352 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01770b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of all chemical processes involving metabolites is known as metabolomics. It has been developed into an essential tool in several disciplines, such as the study of plant physiology, drug development, human diseases, and nutrition. The field of food science, diagnostic biomarker research, etiological analysis in the field of medical therapy, and raw material quality, processing, and safety have all benefited from the use of metabolomics recently. Food metabolomics includes the use of metabolomics in food production, processing, and human diets. As a result of changing consumer habits and the rising of food industries all over the world, there is a remarkable increase in interest in food quality and safety. It requires the employment of various technologies for the food supply chain, processing of food, and even plant breeding. This can be achieved by understanding the metabolome of food, including its biochemistry and composition. Additionally, Food metabolomics can be used to determine the similarities and differences across crop kinds, as an indicator for tracking the process of ripening to increase crops' shelf life and attractiveness, and identifying metabolites linked to pathways responsible for postharvest disorders. Moreover, nutritional metabolomics is used to investigate the connection between diet and human health through detection of certain biomarkers. This review assessed and compiled literature on food metabolomics research with an emphasis on metabolite extraction, detection, and data processing as well as its applications to the study of food nutrition, food-based illness, and phytochemical analysis. Several studies have been published on the applications of metabolomics in food but further research concerning the use of standard reproducible procedures must be done. The results published showed promising uses in the food industry in many areas such as food production, processing, and human diets. Finally, metabolome-wide association studies (MWASs) could also be a useful predictor to detect the connection between certain diseases and low molecular weight biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianye Zhang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Mingna Sun
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Khayrya A Youssif
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Saleheya El Gadida University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Adham M M Zaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hossam Hassan Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, 62513 Beni-Suef, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Almaaqal University, 61014 Basra, Iraq
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
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Duong P, Tenkorang MAA, Trieu J, McCuiston C, Rybalchenko N, Cunningham RL. Neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes of androgens and estrogens in an oxidative stress environment. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:12. [PMID: 32223745 PMCID: PMC7104511 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-0283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of sex hormones on cellular function is unclear. Studies show androgens and estrogens are protective in the CNS, whereas other studies found no effects or damaging effects. Furthermore, sex differences have been observed in multiple oxidative stress-associated CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, depression, and Parkinson's disease. The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between sex hormones (i.e., androgens and estrogens) and oxidative stress on cell viability. METHODS N27 and PC12 neuronal and C6 glial phenotypic cell lines were used. N27 cells are female rat derived, whereas PC12 cells and C6 cells are male rat derived. These cells express estrogen receptors and the membrane-associated androgen receptor variant, AR45, but not the full-length androgen receptor. N27, PC12, and C6 cells were exposed to sex hormones either before or after an oxidative stressor to examine neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, respectively. Estrogen receptor and androgen receptor inhibitors were used to determine the mechanisms mediating hormone-oxidative stress interactions on cell viability. Since the presence of AR45 in the human brain tissue was unknown, we examined the postmortem brain tissue from men and women for AR45 protein expression. RESULTS Neither androgens nor estrogens were protective against subsequent oxidative stress insults in glial cells. However, these hormones exhibited neuroprotective properties in neuronal N27 and PC12 cells via the estrogen receptor. Interestingly, a window of opportunity exists for sex hormone neuroprotection, wherein temporary hormone deprivation blocked neuroprotection by sex hormones. However, if sex hormones are applied following an oxidative stressor, they exacerbated oxidative stress-induced cell loss in neuronal and glial cells. CONCLUSIONS Sex hormone action on cell viability is dependent on the cellular environment. In healthy neuronal cells, sex hormones are protective against oxidative stress insults via the estrogen receptor, regardless of sex chromosome complement (XX, XY). However, in unhealthy (e.g., high oxidative stress) cells, sex hormones exacerbated oxidative stress-induced cell loss, regardless of cell type or sex chromosome complement. The non-genomic AR45 receptor, which is present in humans, mediated androgen's damaging effects, but it is unknown which receptor mediated estrogen's damaging effects. These differential effects of sex hormones that are dependent on the cellular environment, receptor profile, and cell type may mediate the observed sex differences in oxidative stress-associated CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Duong
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Mavis A A Tenkorang
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Jenny Trieu
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Clayton McCuiston
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Nataliya Rybalchenko
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3400 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
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Hojo Y, Kawato S. Neurosteroids in Adult Hippocampus of Male and Female Rodents: Biosynthesis and Actions of Sex Steroids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:183. [PMID: 29740398 PMCID: PMC5925962 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is not only the target of steroid hormones but also is able to locally synthesize steroids de novo. Evidence of the local production of steroids in the brain has been accumulating in various vertebrates, including teleost fish, amphibia, birds, rodents, non-human primates, and humans. In this review, we mainly focus on the local production of sex steroids in the hippocampal neurons of adult rodents (rats and mice), a center for learning and memory. From the data of the hippocampus of adult male rats, hippocampal principal neurons [pyramidal cells in CA1-CA3 and granule cells in dentate gyrus (DG)] have a complete system for biosynthesis of sex steroids. Liquid chromatography with tandem-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enabled us to accurately determine the levels of hippocampal sex steroids including 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which are much higher than those in blood. Next, we review the steroid synthesis in the hippocampus of female rats, since previous knowledge had been biased toward the data from males. Recently, we clarified that the levels of hippocampal steroids fluctuate in adult female rats across the estrous cycle. Accurate determination of hippocampal steroids at each stage of the estrous cycle is of importance for providing the account for the fluctuation of female hippocampal functions, including spine density, long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), and learning and memory. These functional fluctuations in female had been attributed to the level of circulation-derived steroids. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the dendritic spine density in CA1 of adult female hippocampus correlates with the levels of hippocampal progesterone and 17β-E2. Finally, we introduce the direct evidence of the role of hippocampus-synthesized steroids in hippocampal function including neurogenesis, LTP, and memory consolidation. Mild exercise (2 week of treadmill running) elevated synthesis of DHT in the hippocampus, but not in the testis, of male rats, resulting in enhancement of neurogenesis in DG. Concerning synaptic plasticity, hippocampus-synthesized E2 is required for LTP induction, whereas hippocampus-synthesized DHT is required for LTD induction. Furthermore, hippocampus-synthesized E2 is involved in memory consolidation tested by object recognition and object placement tasks, both of which are hippocampus-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yasushi Hojo,
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Higashi T, Watanabe S, Tomaru K, Yamazaki W, Yoshizawa K, Ogawa S, Nagao H, Minato K, Maekawa M, Mano N. Unconjugated bile acids in rat brain: Analytical method based on LC/ESI-MS/MS with chemical derivatization and estimation of their origin by comparison to serum levels. Steroids 2017; 125:107-113. [PMID: 28689738 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies have revealed the implication of bile acids (BAs) and neurological diseases, the levels and origin of the BAs in the brain are not fully understood. In this study, we first developed and validated a sensitive and specific method for the determination of three unconjugated BAs [cholic acid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA)] in the rat brain by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry combined with chemical derivatization. The measured brain concentrations (mean±standard deviation, n=10) of normal rats were 58.7±48.8, 14.2±11.7 and 13.2±8.7ng/g tissue for CA, CDCA and DCA, respectively. For their origin, we developed the hypothesis that they might be mostly derived from the periphery. To test this hypothesis, the brain BA levels were compared with the serum levels. The brain levels had high correlations with the serum levels, and were always lower than the serum levels for the three unconjugated BAs. Furthermore, the higher brain-to-serum concentration ratios were found for the BAs with higher logD values (higher lipophilicity). Moreover, the brains of the rats intraperitoneally administered with deuterium-labeled CA and CDCA were also analyzed; the deuterium-labeled BAs were detected in the brain of the rats administered with these compounds. Based on all the results, we concluded that the BAs found in the brain are mostly derived from the periphery and the major mechanism for the transportation of the unconjugated BAs to the brain is by passive diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Shui Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Koki Tomaru
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Nagao
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
| | - Kouichi Minato
- Pharmacokinetics Research Department, ASKA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 5-36-1, Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki 213-8522, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Maekawa
- Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nariyasu Mano
- Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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New analytical method for determination of epimer metabolites in rat plasma after oral administration of Paeoniflorin by UPLC-TOF-MS following picolinoyl derivatization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:173-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Qi BL, Liu P, Wang QY, Cai WJ, Yuan BF, Feng YQ. Derivatization for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Possible involvement of nitric oxide mechanism in the neuroprotective effect of rutin against immobilization stress induced anxiety like behaviour, oxidative damage in mice. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang S, Tang S, Sun Y, Wang H, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Z. Highly sensitive determination of new metabolite in rat plasma after oral administration of swertiamarin by liquid chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry following picolinoyl derivatization. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:939-46. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Shuhan Tang
- Institute of Natural Medicine; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
- Harbin Children Hospital; Youyi road 57 Harbin China
| | - Yujia Sun
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Xijun Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine; Heping Road 24 Harbin 150040 China
- Institute of Natural Medicine; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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Hojo Y, Higo S, Kawato S, Hatanaka Y, Ooishi Y, Murakami G, Ishii H, Komatsuzaki Y, Ogiue-Ikeda M, Mukai H, Kimoto T. Hippocampal synthesis of sex steroids and corticosteroids: essential for modulation of synaptic plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:43. [PMID: 22701110 PMCID: PMC3356120 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids play essential roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection in the hippocampus. Accumulating evidence shows that hippocampal neurons synthesize both estrogen and androgen. Recently, we also revealed the hippocampal synthesis of corticosteroids. The accurate concentrations of these hippocampus-synthesized steroids are determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry in combination with novel derivatization. The hippocampal levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and corticosterone (CORT), are 5-15 nM, and these levels are sufficient to modulate synaptic plasticity. Hippocampal E2 modulates memory-related synaptic plasticity not only slowly/genomically but also rapidly/non-genomically. Slow actions of E2 occur via classical nuclear receptors (ERα or ERβ), while rapid E2 actions occur via synapse-localized or extranuclear ERα or ERβ. Nanomolar concentrations of E2 change rapidly the density and morphology of spines in hippocampal neurons. ERα, but not ERβ, drives this enhancement/suppression of spinogenesis in adult animals. Nanomolar concentrations of androgens (T and DHT) and CORT also increase the spine density. Kinase networks are involved downstream of ERα and androgen receptor. Newly developed Spiso-3D mathematical analysis is useful to distinguish these complex effects by sex steroids and kinases. Significant advance has been achieved in investigations of rapid modulation by E2 of the long-term depression or the long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hojo
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Shimpei Higo
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Kawato
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Suguru Kawato, Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan. e-mail:
| | - Yusuke Hatanaka
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ooishi
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Gen Murakami
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishii
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Komatsuzaki
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ogiue-Ikeda
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Project of Special Coordinate Funds for Promoting Science and Technology, The University of TokyoJapan
| | - Hideo Mukai
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kimoto
- Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
- Bioinformatics Project of Japan Science and Technology Agency, The University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
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Santa T. Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Jäntti SE, Tammimäki A, Raattamaa H, Piepponen P, Kostiainen R, Ketola RA. Determination of Steroids and Their Intact Glucuronide Conjugates in Mouse Brain by Capillary Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3168-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902321z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sirkku E. Jäntti
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anne Tammimäki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Helena Raattamaa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Petteri Piepponen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Risto Kostiainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Raimo A. Ketola
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014, Finland
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16
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Hojo Y, Higo S, Ishii H, Ooishi Y, Mukai H, Murakami G, Kominami T, Kimoto T, Honma S, Poirier D, Kawato S. Comparison between hippocampus-synthesized and circulation-derived sex steroids in the hippocampus. Endocrinology 2009; 150:5106-12. [PMID: 19589866 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) and other sex steroids play essential roles in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection in the hippocampus. To clarify the mechanisms for these events, it is important to determine the respective role of circulating vs. locally produced sex steroids in the male hippocampus. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in combination with novel derivatization was employed to determine the concentration of sex steroids in adult male rat hippocampus. The hippocampal levels of 17beta-E2, testosterone (T), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were 8.4, 16.9, and 6.6 nm, respectively, and these levels were significantly higher than circulating levels. The hippocampal estrone (E1) level was, in contrast, very low around 0.015 nm. After castration to deplete circulating high level T, hippocampal levels of T and DHT decreased considerably to 18 and 3%, respectively, whereas E2 level only slightly decreased to 83%. The strong reduction in hippocampal DHT resulting from castration implies that circulating T may be a main origin of DHT. In combination with results obtained from metabolism analysis of [(3)H]steroids, we suggest that male hippocampal E2 synthesis pathway may be androstenedione --> T --> E2 or dehydroepiandrosterone --> androstenediol --> T --> E2 but not androstenedione --> E1 --> E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Hojo
- Professor, Department of Biophysics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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17
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Nie J, Wu H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Yu R. Determination of testosterone propionate in cosmetics using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence based on oxidation derivatization with the aid of second-order calibration methods. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Capillary liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry for the study of neurosteroids and oxysterols in brain. Neurochem Int 2008; 52:506-21. [PMID: 17850923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurosteroids and neurosterols are found in brain at low levels (ng/g-microg/g) against a high background of cholesterol (mg/g). As such their analysis can be challenging. Traditionally, these molecules have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS), however, the absence of molecular ions in GC-MS spectra, even from derivatised molecules, can make the discovery and identification of novel neurosteroids/sterols difficult. To avoid this scenario, liquid chromatography (LC) combined with desorption ionisation methods are employed. In this review we discuss the application of LC-MS and LC-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for the identification of neurosteroids/sterols, paying particular attention to the use of low-flow-rate LC to maximise chromatographic and mass spectrometric performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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19
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KIM SJ, KUMAR AP, LEE YI. Enhanced Detection and Structural Characterization of Flavonoids by Complexation with N,O-Bis(trimethysilyl)trifluoroacetamide Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:1177-82. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Jin KIM
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University
| | | | - Yong-Ill LEE
- Department of Chemistry, Changwon National University
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20
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Yamashita K, Okuyama M, Watanabe Y, Honma S, Kobayashi S, Numazawa M. Highly sensitive determination of estrone and estradiol in human serum by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Steroids 2007; 72:819-27. [PMID: 17716700 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and specific quantification method of estrone and estradiol in human serum was described based upon the use of picolinoyl derivatization and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) in a positive mode. Estrogens were treated with picolinoyl chloride hydrochloride or picolinic acid and 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride followed by a solid-phase extraction with ODS cartridge. Picolinoyl derivatization proceeded quantitatively even in a microscale, and the picolinoyl esters provided simple positive ESI-mass spectra showing [M+H](+) as base peaks for these estrogens. The picolinoyl derivatives of these estrogens showed 100-fold higher detection response compared to underivatized intact molecules by LC-ESI-MS (selected reaction monitoring). Using this derivatization, estrogens spiked in the charcoal treated human serum samples were analyzed with limit of quantification (LOQ), intra-day accuracy and precision of 1.0pg/ml, 96.0% and 9.9% for estrone, and 0.5pg/ml, 84.4% and 12.8% for estradiol, respectively. Estrone and estradiol added to the crude serum samples were recovered with comparable LOQ and accuracy obtained for the charcoal treated serum samples as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouwa Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-Chome, Sendai, Japan.
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21
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:266-277. [PMID: 17262881 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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22
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Higashi T, Nagahama A, Mukai Y, Shimada K. Studies on neurosteroids XXII. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for profiling rat brain 3-oxo-4-ene-neuroactive steroids. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 22:34-43. [PMID: 17624919 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of five 3-oxo-4-ene-neuroactive steroids, i.e. androstenedione, testosterone (T), progesterone (PROG), 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 20beta-dihydroprogesterone, in rat brain has been developed and validated. The brain steroids were extracted with methanol-acetic acid, purified using solid-phase extraction cartridges and subjected to LC-ESI-MS/MS. The method does not require derivatization. Deuterium-labeled T and PROG were used as the internal standards, and quantification was based on the selected reaction monitoring mode. This method allowed the reproducible and accurate quantification of the brain neuroactive steroids using 100 mg of tissue; the intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations were below 4.7 and 4.3%, respectively, and the accuracy values were 97.6-103.2% for all the steroids. The limits of quantitation were 0.1 ng/g tissue for all the steroids. The application of this developed method for the analysis of changes in the brain neuroactive steroid levels by immobilization stress is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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23
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Yamashita K, Kobayashi S, Tsukamoto S, Numazawa M. Synthesis of pyridine-carboxylate derivatives of hydroxysteroids for liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Steroids 2007; 72:50-9. [PMID: 17141289 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Revised: 10/03/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS) behaviors of the picolinoyl, 6-methylpicolinoyl, nicotinoyl, 2-methoxynicotinoyl and isonicotinoyl derivatives of the hydroxysteroids estrone, estradiol, 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (dehydroepiandrosterone) and testosterone in positive mode were investigated. Each steroid was converted to the corresponding pyridine-carboxylate derivative by the acyl chloride method or the mixed anhydride method using the corresponding free acids and 2-methyl-6-nitrobenzoic anhydride; in each case, the latter method principally gave a better yield. The pyridine-carboxylate derivative of each steroid exhibited a clear single peak in liquid chromatography with a reversed phase column and CH(3)CN-0.1% CH(3)COOH as a mobile phase. The positive-ESI-mass spectra of the picolinoyl, 6-methylpicolinoyl and 2-methoxynicotinoyl derivatives showed a predominance of [M+H](+), whereas [M+H+CH(3)CN](+) was observed with high intensity in the nicotinoyl and isonicotinoyl derivatives. Even in the case of estradiol, with its two hydroxyl groups, a single charged ion of [M+H](+) or [M+H+CH(3)CN](+) was observed in the positive-ESI-mass spectrum of each derivative. The results revealed that picolinoyl derivatization is a simple and versatile method suitable for the sensitive and specific determination of hydroxysteroids by LC-ESI-MS (selected reaction monitoring).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouwa Yamashita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, 4-1 Komatsushima 4-Chome, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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24
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Higashi T, Nishio T, Yokoi H, Ninomiya Y, Shimada K. Studies on Neurosteroids XXI: An Improved Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Determination of 5.ALPHA.-Androstane-3.ALPHA.,17.BETA.-diol in Rat Brains. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:1015-9. [PMID: 17690439 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method for the determination of the rat brain 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol (3alpha,5alpha-Adiol) has been developed and validated. The brain extract was purified using solid-phase extraction cartridges, derivatized with isonicotinoyl azide, and subjected to LC-MS/MS. The method was accurate and reproducible, and the limit of quantitation was 0.1 ng/g tissue when a 100-mg tissue sample was used. The change in the brain 3alpha,5alpha-Adiol level by immobilization stress was also analyzed using the developed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan.
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25
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Wang Y, Karu K, Griffiths WJ. Analysis of neurosterols and neurosteroids by mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2006; 89:182-91. [PMID: 17126470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In man the brain represents about 2% of the body weight, but contains 25% of the body's cholesterol. Cholesterol itself does not cross the blood-brain barrier and is synthesised in situ. Excess cholesterol from brain is exported in the form of oxysterols, or metabolised to steroids, which in contrast to cholesterol can cross the blood-brain barrier. Steroids and oxysterols may be synthesised in brain, but can also be transported into brain from peripheral tissue. Both oxysterols and steroids have biological activity in brain. They can behave as ligands for classical nuclear receptors, and exert their effects over hours to days, or interact with neurotransmitter gated ion channels and modulate neural transmission exerting their effects in milliseconds. The exact sterol and steroid content of brain has yet to be thoroughly characterised. In this mini-review we will discuss mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of steroids and sterols in brain, and propose methods suitable for the profiling of different brain regions with high sensitivity (sub pg) and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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