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Zhang E, Ma X, Guo T, Wu Y, Zhang L. Comparative Analysis and Phylogeny of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of Nine Cynanchum (Apocynaceae) Species. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:884. [PMID: 39062662 PMCID: PMC11275380 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cynanchum belongs to the Apocynaceae family and is a morphologically diverse genus that includes around 200 shrub or perennial herb species. Despite the utilization of CPGs, few molecular phylogenetic studies have endeavored to elucidate infrafamilial relationships within Cynanchum through extensive taxon sampling. In this research, we constructed a phylogeny and estimated divergence time based on the chloroplast genomes (CPGs) of nine Cynanchum species. We sequenced and annotated nine chloroplast (CP) genomes in this study. The comparative analysis of these genomes from these Cynanchum species revealed a typical quadripartite structure, with a total sequence length ranging from 158,283 to 161,241 base pairs (bp). The CP genome (CPG) was highly conserved and moderately differentiated. Through annotation, we identified a total of 129-132 genes. Analysis of the boundaries of inverted repeat (IR) regions showed consistent positioning: the rps19 gene was located in the IRb region, varying from 46 to 50 bp. IRb/SSC junctions were located between the trnN and ndhF genes. We did not detect major expansions or contractions in the IR region or rearrangements or insertions in the CPGs of the nine Cynanchum species. The results of SSR analysis revealed a variation in the number of SSRs, ranging from 112 to 150. In five types of SSRs, the largest number was mononucleotide repeats, and the smallest number was hexanucleotide repeats. The number of long repeats in the cp genomes of nine Cynanchum species was from 35 to 80. In nine species of Cynanchum, the GC3s values ranged from 26.80% to 27.00%, indicating a strong bias towards A/U-ending codons. Comparative analyses revealed four hotspot regions in the CPG, ndhA-ndhH, trnI-GAU-rrn16, psbI-trnS-GCU, and rps7-ndhB, which could potentially serve as molecular markers. In addition, phylogenetic tree construction based on the CPG indicated that the nine Cynanchum species formed a monophyletic group. Molecular dating suggested that Cynanchum diverged from its sister genus approximately 18.87 million years ago (Mya) and species diversification within the Cynanchum species primarily occurred during the recent Miocene epoch. The divergence time estimation presented in this study will facilitate future research on Cynanchum, aid in species differentiation, and facilitate diverse investigations into this economically and ecologically important genus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, College of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (E.Z.); (X.M.); (T.G.); (Y.W.)
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Zhang E, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wei Y, Zhang L. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Cynanchum acutum subsp. s ibiricum (Apocynaceae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2023; 8:993-997. [PMID: 37746032 PMCID: PMC10512800 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2023.2256496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assembled the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of Cynanchum acutum subsp. sibiricum using high-throughput Illumina sequencing reads. The resulting chloroplast genome assembly displayed a typical quadripartite structure with a total length of 158,283 bp, which contained a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 24,459 bp. These two IRs were separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (SSC) of 89,424 bp and 19,941 bp in length, respectively. The C. acutum subsp. sibiricum cp genome contained 130 genes, and its overall GC content was 37.87%. Phylogenetic analysis among C. acutum subsp. sibiricum and nine other Cynanchum species demonstrated that C. acutum subsp. sibiricum was closely related to C. chinense. The C. acutum subsp. sibiricum cp genome presented in this study lays a good foundation for further genetic and genomic studies of the Cynanchum as well as Apocynaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, School of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Operation Management Department, Yinchuan Hedong International Airport, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, School of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Xuedan Zhang
- Operation Management Department, Yinchuan Hedong International Airport, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, School of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, School of Biological Science & Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Zhang D. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Cynanchum forrestii Schltr. (Asclepiadaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:3675-3676. [PMID: 33366138 PMCID: PMC7707393 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1678437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynanchum forrestii is a folk medicinal plant in southwest China. In this study, we sequenced complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of C. forrestii to investigate its phylogenetic relationship. The whole cp genome of C. forrestii was 159,917 bp in length with 43.5% overall GC content, including a large single-copy (LSC) region of 91,189 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,972 bp, which were separated by a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,378 bp. The cp genome contained 112 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The phylogenetic analysis based on cp genome sequences showed that Cynanchum was closely related with Asclepias and Calotropis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, PR China
| | - Dequan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Dali University, Dali, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Development of Yunnan Daodi Medicinal Materials Resources, Yunnan, PR China
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Mohamed Youssef A, Said El-Swaify Z, Al-Saraireh Y, Al-Dalain S. Anticancer effect of different extracts of Cynanchum acutum L. seeds on cancer cell lines. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_676_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Han L, Zhou X, Yang M, Zhou L, Deng X, Wei S, Wang W, Wang Z, Qiao X, Bai C. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects of Plants in Genus Cynanchum Linn. (Asclepiadaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1194. [PMID: 29772722 PMCID: PMC6099929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genus Cynanchum L. belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, which comprise more than 200 species distributed worldwide. In Chinese medical practice, numerous drugs (such as tablets and powders) containing different parts of plants of this genus are used to treat snake bites, bruises, osteoblasts, rheumatoid arthritis and tumors. A search for original articles published on the cynanchum genus was performed by using several resources, including Flora of China Official Website and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). Advances in the botanical, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of this genus are reviewed in this paper. Results showed that more than 440 compounds, including C21 steroids, steroidal saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpene, have been isolated and identified from Cynanchum plants up to now. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that plants possess an array of biological activities, including anti-tumor, neuroprotective and anti-fungal effects. Popular traditional prescription of Cynanchum sp. was also summed up in this paper. However, many Cynanchum species have received little or no attention. Moreover, few reports on the clinical use and toxic effects of Cynanchum sp. are available. Further attention should be focused on the study of these species to gather information on their respective toxicology data and relevant quality-control measures and clinical value of the crude extracts, active compounds, and bioactive metabolites from this genus. Further research on Cynanchum sp. should be conducted, and bioactivity-guided isolation strategies should be emphasized. In addition, systematic studies of the chemical composition of plants should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xinxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Shijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Wenping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Changcai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Immunosuppressive C21 steroidal glycosides from the root of Cynanchum atratum. Fitoterapia 2015; 105:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Huang LJ, Wang B, Zhang JX, Yan C, Mu SZ, Hao XJ. Studies on cytotoxic pregnane sapogenins from Cynanchum wilfordii. Fitoterapia 2015; 101:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yu JQ, Deng AJ, Qin HL. Nine new steroidal glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum stauntonii. Steroids 2013; 78:79-90. [PMID: 23127820 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nine new steroidal glycosides, named as stauntosides C-K (2, 5, 7-10, 13, 14, and 16), along with seven known compounds (1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, and 15) were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Cynanchum stauntonii. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, mainly 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESI-MS, and qualitative chemical methods. Their significance in terms of the chemotaxonomy of C. stauntonii is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Teng HL, Lu Y, Li J, Yang GZ, Mei ZN. Two new steroidal glycosides from the root of Cynanchum auriculatum. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Liu Y, Li J, Yu S, Abliz Z, Liu Y, Qu J, Liu J, Hu Y. Rapid structural determination of modified pregnane glycosides from Cynanchum forrestii by liquid chromatography–diode-array detection/electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 611:187-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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