1
|
Dennis CD, Dillon JT, Patel PH, Cohen DJ, Halquist MS, Pearcy AC, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Laryngeal Cancer Cells Metabolize 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 and Respond to 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 via a Mechanism Dependent on Estrogen Receptor Levels. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1635. [PMID: 38730587 PMCID: PMC11083835 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have evaluated vitamin D3's therapeutic potential in estrogen-responsive cancers, with conflicting findings. We have shown that the proliferation of breast cancer cells is regulated by 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24R,25(OH)2D3) depending on estrogen receptor alpha 66 (ERα66) expression, suggesting that this could also be the case for estrogen-sensitive laryngeal cancer cells. Accordingly, we examined levels of ERα isoforms in ERα66-positive UM-SCC-12 and ERα66-negative UM-SCC-11A cells and their response to 24R,25(OH)2D3. 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulated proliferation, increased the expression of metastatic markers, and inhibited apoptosis in UM-SCC-12 cells while having the opposite effect in UM-SCC-11A cells. To evaluate if vitamin metabolites could act via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, we assessed the expression, protein levels, and activity of vitamin D3 hydroxylases CYP24A1 and CYP27B1. Both cell types expressed both mRNAs; but the levels of the enzymes and their activities were differentially regulated by estrogen. ERα66-negative UM-SCC-11A cells produced more 24,25(OH)2D3 than UM-SCC-12 cells, but comparable levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 when treated with 25(OH)D3 These results suggest that the regulation of vitamin D3 metabolism in laryngeal cancer cells is modulated by ERα66 expression, and support a role for 24R,25(OH)2D3 as an autocrine/paracrine regulator of laryngeal cancer. The local metabolism of 25(OH)D3 should be considered when determining the potential of vitamin D3 in laryngeal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cydney D. Dennis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
| | - Jonathan T. Dillon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
| | - Prit H. Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
| | - David J. Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
| | - Matthew S. Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.H.); (A.C.P.)
- Bioanalytical Core Laboratory, Central Virginia Drug Abuse Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Adam C. Pearcy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (M.S.H.); (A.C.P.)
| | - Barbara D. Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; (C.D.D.); (J.T.D.); (P.H.P.); (D.J.C.); (B.D.B.)
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Kabariti AY, Abbas MA. Progress in the Understanding of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Signaling in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Reactivation of Silenced ER-α and Signaling through ER-α36. Mol Cancer Res 2023; 21:1123-1138. [PMID: 37462782 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-23-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive tumor that accounts for approximately 15% of total breast cancer cases. It is characterized by poor prognosis and high rate of recurrence compared to other types of breast cancer. TNBC has a limited range of treatment options that include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation due to the absence of estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) rendering hormonal therapy ineffective. However, possible targets for improving the clinical outcomes in TNBC exist, such as targeting estrogen signaling through membranous ER-α36 and reactivating silenced ER-α. It has been shown that epigenetic drugs such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors can restore the expression of ER-α. This reactivation of ER-α, presents a potential strategy to re-sensitize TNBC to hormonal therapy. Also, this review provides up-to-date information related to the direct involvement of miRNA in regulating the translation of ER-α mRNA. Specific epi-miRNAs can regulate ER-α expression indirectly by post-transcriptional targeting of mRNAs of enzymes that are involved in DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. Furthermore, ER-α36, an alternative splice variant of ER-α66, is highly expressed in ER-negative breast tumors and activates MAPK/ERK pathway, promoting cell proliferation, escaping apoptosis, and enhancing metastasis. In the future, these recent advances may be helpful for researchers working in the field to obtain novel treatment options for TNBC, utilizing epigenetic drugs and epi-miRNAs that regulate ER-α expression. Also, there is some evidence to suggest that drugs that decrease the expression of ER-α36 may be effective in treating TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Y Al-Kabariti
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wnuk A, Przepiórska K, Pietrzak BA, Kajta M. Emerging Evidence on Membrane Estrogen Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Central Nervous System Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044043. [PMID: 36835454 PMCID: PMC9968034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear- and membrane-initiated estrogen signaling cooperate to orchestrate the pleiotropic effects of estrogens. Classical estrogen receptors (ERs) act transcriptionally and govern the vast majority of hormonal effects, whereas membrane ERs (mERs) enable acute modulation of estrogenic signaling and have recently been shown to exert strong neuroprotective capacity without the negative side effects associated with nuclear ER activity. In recent years, GPER1 was the most extensively characterized mER. Despite triggering neuroprotective effects, cognitive improvements, and vascular protective effects and maintaining metabolic homeostasis, GPER1 has become the subject of controversy, particularly due to its participation in tumorigenesis. This is why interest has recently turned toward non-GPER-dependent mERs, namely, mERα and mERβ. According to available data, non-GPER-dependent mERs elicit protective effects against brain damage, synaptic plasticity impairment, memory and cognitive dysfunctions, metabolic imbalance, and vascular insufficiency. We postulate that these properties are emerging platforms for designing new therapeutics that may be used in the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Since mERs have the ability to interfere with noncoding RNAs and to regulate the translational status of brain tissue by affecting histones, non-GPER-dependent mERs appear to be attractive targets for modern pharmacotherapy for nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wnuk
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-12-662-3339 (A.W.); +48-12-662-3235 (M.K.); Fax: +48-12-637-4500 (A.W. & M.K.)
| | | | | | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-12-662-3339 (A.W.); +48-12-662-3235 (M.K.); Fax: +48-12-637-4500 (A.W. & M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sghaier I, Zidi S, El-Ghali RM, Daldoul A, Aimagambetova G, Almawi WY. Unique ESR1 and ESR2 estrogen receptor gene variants associated with altered risk of triple-negative breast cancer: A case-control study. Gene 2023; 851:146969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
5
|
Zhu L, Ma SJ, Liu MJ, Li KL, E S, Wang ZM, Li SN, Zhang SL, Cai W. Screening and characterization estrogen receptor ligands from Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst. via affinity ultrafiltration LC-MS and molecular docking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1012553. [PMID: 36420029 PMCID: PMC9676231 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arnebiae Radix (dried root of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johnst.) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) used to treat macular eruptions, measles, sore throat, carbuncles, burns, skin ulcers, and inflammations. The Arnebiae Radix extract can exert anti-breast cancer effects through various mechanisms of action. This study aimed to rapidly screen potential estrogen receptor (estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β) ligands from the Arnebiae Radix extract. In this study, an analytical method based on affinity ultrafiltration coupled with UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was established for rapidly screening and identifying estrogen receptor ligands. Then, bindings of the components to the active site of estrogen receptor (estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β) were investigated via molecular docking. Moreover, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments with six compounds were performed to verify the affinity. As a result, a total of 21 ligands were screened from Arnebiae Radix using affinity ultrafiltration. Among them, 14 and 10 compounds from Arnebiae Radix showed affinity with estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β, respectively. All of those ligands could have a good affinity for the multiple amino acid residues of the estrogen receptor based on molecular docking. In addition, six compounds display the great affinity by SPR. The method established in the study could be used to rapidly screen estrogen receptor ligands in Traditional Chinese medicine. The results demonstrated that the affinity ultrafiltration-UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry method not only aids in the interpretation of the potential bioactive components and possible mechanisms of action of Arnebiae Radix but also provides a further effective basis for the quality control of this valuable herb medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sheng-jun Ma
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ming-juan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Kai-lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Shuai E
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Zi-ming Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sha-ni Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Sheng-lan Zhang
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sino-Pakistan Center on Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li K, Zong D, Sun J, Chen D, Ma M, Jia L. Rewiring of the Endocrine Network in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830894. [PMID: 35847875 PMCID: PMC9280148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical definition of estrogen/progesterone receptors dictates endocrine feasibility in the treatment course of breast cancer. Characterized by the deficiency of estrogen receptor α, ERα-negative breast cancers are dissociated from any endocrine regimens in the routine clinical setting, triple-negative breast cancer in particular. However, the stereotype was challenged by triple-negative breast cancers’ retained sensitivity and vulnerability to endocrine agents. The interplay of hormone action and the carcinogenic signaling program previously underscored was gradually recognized along with the increasing investigation. In parallel, the overlooked endocrine-responsiveness in ERα-negative breast cancers attracted attention and supplied fresh insight into the therapeutic strategy in an ERα-independent manner. This review elaborates on the genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone actions and endocrine-related signals in triple-negative breast cancers attached to the hormone insensitivity label. We also shed light on the non-canonical mechanism detected in common hormone agents to showcase their pleiotropic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianrong Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danxiang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minkai Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, The Fourth Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Liqun Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jia,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang R, Chen J, Yu H, Wei Z, Ma M, Ye X, Wu W, Chen H, Fu Z. Downregulation of estrogen receptor-α36 expression attenuates metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1113-1123. [PMID: 35044086 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the role of estrogen receptor (ER)-α36 in the metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). HCC HepG2 and Huh7 cells with the knocked-down level of ER-α36 expression were established. Cell growth and migration of the HepG2 and Huh7 cell variants were studied using MTS, transwell, and wound-healing assays, and the metastatic abilities of HepG2 cell variants were examined using a tail-vein injection model in nude mice. Levels of EMT markers, Src phosphorylation in HepG2 and Huh7 cell variants, and tumors formed by HepG2 cell variants in the nude mice were examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry. We found that the growth and metastatic abilities of HepG2 and Huh7 cells with the knocked-down level of ER-α36 expression (HepG2/Si36 and Huh7/Si36) were significantly reduced, with increased levels of cytokeratin and E-Cadherin expression, and decreased levels of Vimentin, Snail, Slug and the Src phosphorylation, compared to the HCC cells transfected with an empty vector (HepG2/Vector and Huh7/Vector). We also found ER-α36 knockdown suppressed the lung metastasis of HepG2 cells with the involvement of EMT and the Src pathway in vivo. The Src inhibitor PP2 suppressed the growth and migration of HepG2/Vector and Huh7/Vector cells with decreased Vimentin, Snail, and Slug and increased cytokeratin and E-Cadherin expressions, but failed to induce the migration and the EMT markers in HepG2/Si36 and Huh7/Si36 cells. ER-α36 is involved in the metastasis of HCC cells through the regulation of EMT and the Src signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixuan Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Ma
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Jiangbei Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueyan Ye
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Wu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongfei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengqi Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Institute, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao B, Ye X, Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang R, Pan X, Wang M. Knockdown of ER-α36 expression inhibits glioma proliferation, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:321-332. [PMID: 34331393 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-α36 (ER-α36), a subtype of the estrogen receptor, is reported to play roles in tumorigenesis and tamoxifen resistance in several tumors, especially breast cancer. However, the role of ER-α36 in glioma proliferation and invasion remains unknown. Here, we explored the function of ER-α36 in glioma cells, using U87 and U251 cell lines. We found that ER-α36 was upregulated in glioma tissues compared to adjacent nontumor tissues. In U87 and U251 glioma cell lines, inhibition of ER-α36 expression by shRNA suppressed cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, the expression of an epithelial marker, ZO-1, was upregulated while that of one mesenchymal marker, N-cadherin, was downregulated with ER-α36 knockdown. We also found that inhibition of ER-α36 inactivated both PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK signals. Taken together, these data indicated that overexpression of ER-α36 is associated with glioma proliferation and progression but that inhibition of ER-α36 leads to suppressed invasion and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathway inactivation in glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Neurology, Cadre Clinic, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Notas G, Panagiotopoulos A, Vamvoukaki R, Kalyvianaki K, Kiagiadaki F, Deli A, Kampa M, Castanas E. ERα36-GPER1 Collaboration Inhibits TLR4/NFκB-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Activity in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147603. [PMID: 34299224 PMCID: PMC8303269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is important for the initiation and progression of breast cancer. We have previously reported that in monocytes, estrogen regulates TLR4/NFκB-mediated inflammation via the interaction of the Erα isoform ERα36 with GPER1. We therefore investigated whether a similar mechanism is present in breast cancer epithelial cells, and the effect of ERα36 expression on the classic 66 kD ERα isoform (ERα66) functions. We report that estrogen inhibits LPS-induced NFκB activity and the expression of downstream molecules TNFα and IL-6. In the absence of ERα66, ERα36 and GPER1 are both indispensable for this effect. In the presence of ERα66, ERα36 or GPER1 knock-down partially inhibits NFκB-mediated inflammation. In both cases, ERα36 overexpression enhances the inhibitory effect of estrogen on inflammation. We also verify that ERα36 and GPER1 physically interact, especially after LPS treatment, and that GPER1 interacts directly with NFκB. When both ERα66 and ERα36 are expressed, the latter acts as an inhibitor of ERα66 via its binding to estrogen response elements. We also report that the activation of ERα36 leads to the inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation. Our data support that ERα36 is an inhibitory estrogen receptor that, in collaboration with GPER1, inhibits NFκB-mediated inflammation and ERα66 actions in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Notas
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-3945-56; Fax: +30-2810-3945-81
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jayaseelan VP, Ramesh A, Arumugam P. Breast cancer and DDT: putative interactions, associated gene alterations, and molecular pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:27162-27173. [PMID: 33506412 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12489-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The global burden of cancer has recorded an ever-increasing trend in the developing world. The GLOBOCAN, 2018 report has ranked breast cancer (BC) as the second (11.6%) most common form of cancer afflicting the female population worldwide. BC presents as a multi-factorial trait with numerous risk factors associated with the disease phenotype. Besides, genetic predisposition, exposure to environmental chemicals, and pollutants are considered to increase the magnitude of disease in susceptible individuals. Hence, the present observational study aims to investigate those proteins in the host which interact with the persistent organic pollutant, 2,4-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and associated alterations in genes encoding these proteins using a computational approach. The genetic alterations were ascertained using the Breast Invasive Carcinoma dataset available in the cBioportal database. The possible functional consequences of mutations identified in the selected dataset were further assessed using tools such as I-Mutant and PROVEAN. The ERBB2 (14%) and FASLG (10%) genes were found to harbor the highest frequency of gene alterations. Gene amplification and deep deletions were the most commonly observed alteration in almost all the genes investigated. Additionally, several synonymous, non-synonymous, frameshift, splice site mutations were also documented. The gnomAD analysis revealed three polymorphic variants in HTR2A (rs539430264), ESR2 (rs905821436), and CYP2B6 (rs757834610), all of which had a minor allele frequency < 0.01. Population-wide screening of observed gene alterations can provide clues on the putative association of these gross and single nucleotide substitutions with the pathophysiology and progression of breast cancer. Experimental genotyping and functional analysis of mutations is warranted to further prove the adverse effects of organochlorine compounds on female health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijayashree Priyadharsini Jayaseelan
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre - Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 077, India.
| | - Anita Ramesh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 602 105, India
| | - Paramasivam Arumugam
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre - Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Saveetha University, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 077, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mahboobifard F, Dargahi L, Jorjani M, Ramezani Tehrani F, Pourgholami MH. The role of ERα36 in cell type-specific functions of estrogen and cancer development. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Pathological Maintenance and Evolution of Breast Cancer: The Convergence of Irreversible Biological Actions of ER Alpha. ENDOCRINES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/endocrines2010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a modulator of breast cancer maintenance and evolution. Hence, analysis of underlying mechanisms by which ERα operates is of importance for the improvement of the hormonal therapy of the disease. This review focuses on the irreversible character of the mechanism of action of ERα, which also concerns other members of the steroid hormones receptors family. ERα moves in permanence between targets localized especially at the chromatin level to accomplish gene transcriptions imposed by the estrogenic ligands and specific antagonists. Receptor association as at the plasma membrane, where it interacts with other recruitment sites, extends its regulatory potency to growth factors and related peptides through activation of signal transductions pathways. If the latter procedure is suitable for the transcriptions in which the receptor operates as a coregulator of another transcription factor, it is of marginal influence with regard to the direct estrogenic regulation procedure, especially in the context of the present review. Irreversibility of the successive steps of the underlying transcription cycle guarantees maintenance of homeostasis and evolution according to vital necessities. To justify this statement, reported data are essentially described in a holistic view rather than in the context of exhaustive analysis of a molecular event contributing to a specific function as well as in a complementary perspective to elaborate new therapeutic approaches with antagonistic potencies against those tumors promoting ERα properties.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mahboobifard F, Bidari-Zerehpoosh F, Davoudi Z, Panahi M, Dargahi L, Pourgholami MH, Sharifi G, Izadi N, Jorjani M. Expression patterns of ERα66 and its novel variant isoform ERα36 in lactotroph pituitary adenomas and associations with clinicopathological characteristics. Pituitary 2020; 23:232-245. [PMID: 32026205 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The regulatory effects of estradiol on pituitary homeostasis have been well documented. However, the expression patterns of ERα66 and ERα36 and their correlations with the clinical course of postoperative prolactinoma tumors remain unclear. METHODS The expression of ERα36, ERα66, Ki67, p53, and CD31 were determined by immunohistochemistry in 62 prolactinoma patients. Snap-frozen tumors and normal pituitaries were also examined by western blotting for estrogen receptor detection. RESULTS A broad expression of ERα36 was identified in normal pituitaries. The median scores of ERα36 and ERα66 expression were 8 and 6 in normal pituitaries and 4 and 0 in tumors, respectively. Four phenotypes of ERα36 and ERα66 expression were explored in tumors with regard to sex, invasiveness, dopamine resistance, and recurrence. Low ERα36 expression was associated with tumor invasion and increased Ki67. Low ERα66 expression was associated with tumor invasion, dopamine-agonist resistance, and enhanced tumor size. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that low ERα36 expression is an independent risk factor for invasiveness. The significant inverse association of ERα66 with invasiveness, dopamine resistance, and tumor size remained significant after adjustment for sex as a potential confounder. After controlling for sex, the low ERα66/low ERα36 phenotype was 6.24 times more prevalent in invasive tumors than in noninvasive tumors. Although the decreasing trend of CD31 expression from surrounding nontumoral lactotroph adenomas to tumors was similar to that of the estrogen receptors, a significant correlation was not observed here. CONCLUSION The decreasing trends of ERα36 and ERα66 expression from normal pituitaries to tumors are associated with aggressive clinical behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mahboobifard
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Bidari-Zerehpoosh
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Davoudi
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Pourgholami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gieve Sharifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Izadi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurobiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Verma A, Schwartz N, Cohen DJ, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Estrogen signaling and estrogen receptors as prognostic indicators in laryngeal cancer. Steroids 2019; 152:108498. [PMID: 31539535 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) has been shown to respond to 17β-estradiol. However, the presence and characterization of estrogen receptors (ER) and other sex hormone receptors in LSCC are still being determined. Sex hormone receptors and the way sex hormones impact LSCC tumors are important for understanding which patients would benefit from hormone therapies, such as anti-estrogen therapies. This information also has prognostic value, as there may be a correlation between ER profiles and LSCC aggression. Recent work by our team and others has shown that the canonical ER, estrogen receptor α (ERα), and its splice variant ERα36, are important modulators of estrogen signaling in LSCC. This review describes some common 17β-estradiol signaling pathways, and explains how these signaling pathways might control LSCC tumor growth. We also show that loss of ERα, but not ERα36, imbues LSCC with enhanced aggression, a pattern which has previously only been observed in breast cancer. We make a case for using ERα as a tumorigenic modulator and pathogenic marker in LSCC on par with the use of ERα as a prognostic marker in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Verma A, Cohen DJ, Schwartz N, Muktipaty C, Koblinski JE, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 regulates breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:1498-1512. [PMID: 31125679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies indicate high serum 25(OH)D3 is associated with increased survival in breast cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies attributed this to anti-tumorigenic properties of its metabolite 1α,25(OH)2D3. However, 1α,25(OH)2D3 is highly calcemic and thus has a narrow therapeutic window. Here we propose another metabolite, 24R,25(OH)2D3, as an alternative non-calcemic vitamin D3 supplement. METHODS NOD-SCID-IL2γR null female mice with MCF7 breast cancer xenografts in the mammary fat pad were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3 and changes in tumor burden and metastases were assessed. ERα66+ MCF7 and T47D cells, and ERα66- HCC38 cells were treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3in vitro to assess effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Effects on migration and metastatic markers were assessed in MCF7. RESULTS 24R,25(OH)2D3 reduced MCF7 tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In vitro results indicate that this was not due to an anti-proliferative effect; 24R,25(OH)2D3 stimulated DNA synthesis in MCF7 and T47D. In contrast, markers of invasion and metastasis were decreased. 24R,25(OH)2D3 caused dose-dependent increases in apoptosis in MCF7 and T47D, but not HCC38 cells. Inhibitors to palmitoylation, caveolae integrity, phospholipase-D, and estrogen receptors (ER) demonstrate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 acts on MCF7 cells through caveolae-associated, phospholipase D-dependent mechanisms via cross-talk with ERs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 shows promise in treatment of breast cancer by stimulating tumor apoptosis and reducing metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE 24R,25(OH)2D3 regulates breast cancer cell survival through ER-associated mechanisms similar to 24R,25(OH)2D3 effects on chondrocytes. Thus, 24R,25(OH)2D3 may modulate cell survival in other estrogen-responsive cell types, and its therapeutic potential should be investigated in ER-associated pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - D Joshua Cohen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Tchernichovsky St 59, Kfar Saba 4428164, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, P.O. Box 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Caroline Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chandana Muktipaty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 N 13th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Massey Cancer Center, 401 College Street, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, 313 Ferst Drive NW, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, VA, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8210 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schwartz N, Verma A, Muktipaty C, Bivens C, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Estradiol receptor profile and estrogen responsiveness in laryngeal cancer and clinical outcomes. Steroids 2019; 142:34-42. [PMID: 29274403 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that laryngeal cancers are responsive to sex hormones, specifically 17β-estradiol (E2), despite controversy regarding the presence and characterization of E2 receptors (ER). Determination of sex hormone responsiveness impacts the prognosis of laryngeal cancer patients and the treatment modalities implemented by their clinicians. Discovery of membrane-associated steroid hormone receptors and rapid membrane signaling opened the possibility that cancers previously labeled 'non-hormone dependent' and 'ER negative' might in fact be susceptible to the effects of E2 via these membrane receptors. ERα66 and ERβ, the classical nuclear receptors, are present in the membranes of different cancer cells via a mechanism referred to as trafficking. Novel splice variants of these traditional receptors, a key example being ERα36, have also been found in the caveolae of cancer cells. Previous work demonstrated that ERα36 has a role in the tumorigenesis of laryngeal cancer, enhancing both proliferation and the anti-apoptotic effect of E2 against chemotherapeutics. The present study showed that expression of different membrane ERs in laryngeal cancer is not uniform, which may result in differential and even antagonistic responses to E2. E2 had protective or deleterious effects in different cancer cell lines, stimulating proliferation and conferring anti-apoptotic potential to the cancer cells according to their receptor profile. These findings stress the importance of establishing the molecular and clinical characterization of the specific laryngeal tumor in order to tailor treatment accordingly, thus optimizing care while reducing adverse effects for individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Chandana Muktipaty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Caroline Bivens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pelekanou V, Anastasiou E, Bakogeorgou E, Notas G, Kampa M, Garcia-Milian R, Lavredaki K, Moustou E, Chinari G, Arapantoni P, O'Grady A, Georgoulias V, Tsapis A, Stathopoulos EN, Castanas E. Estrogen receptor-alpha isoforms are the main estrogen receptors expressed in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Steroids 2019; 142:65-76. [PMID: 29454903 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The expression profile of estrogen receptors (ER) in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) remains contradictory. Here we investigated protein and transcriptome expression of ERα wild type and variants. Tissue Micro-Arrays of 200 cases of NSCLC (paired tumor/non-tumor) were assayed by immunohistochemistry using a panel of ERα antibodies targeting different epitopes (HC20, 6F11, 1D5, ERα36 and ERα17p). ERβ epitopes were also examined for comparison. In parallel we conducted a probe-set mapping (Affymetrix HGU133 plus 2 chip) meta-analysis of 12 NSCLC tumor public transcriptomic studies (1418 cases) and 39 NSCLC cell lines. Finally, we have investigated early transcriptional effects of 17β-estradiol, 17β-estradiol-BSA, tamoxifen and their combination in two NSCLC cell lines (A549, H520). ERα transcript and protein detection in NSCLC specimens and cell lines suggests that extranuclear ERα variants, like ERα36, prevail, while wild-type ERα66 is minimally expressed. In non-tumor lung, the wild-type ERα66 is quasi-absent. The combined evaluation of ERα isoform staining intensity and subcellular localization with sex, can discriminate NSCLC subtypes and normal lung. Overall ERα transcription decreases in NSCLC. ERα expression is sex-related in non-tumor tissue, but in NSCLC it is exclusively correlating with tumor histologic subtype. ERα isoform protein expression is higher than ERβ. ERα isoforms are functional and display specific early transcriptional effects following steroid treatment. In conclusion, our data show a wide extranuclear ERα-variant expression in normal lung and NSCLC that is not reported by routine pathology ER evaluation criteria, limited in the nuclear wild type receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
| | - Eleftheria Anastasiou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| | - Efstathia Bakogeorgou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| | | | - Katerina Lavredaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| | - Eleni Moustou
- Laboratory of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - Anthony O'Grady
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratory, Dept. of Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland (RCSI), Education & Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland; Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Andreas Tsapis
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion Greece
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sachdeva G, Desouza J, Gadkar S, Jagtap D. Size, site, and signaling: Three attributes of estrogen receptors. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/bmrj.bmrj_24_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
19
|
Szostakowska M, Trębińska-Stryjewska A, Grzybowska EA, Fabisiewicz A. Resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer: molecular mechanisms and future goals. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 173:489-497. [PMID: 30382472 PMCID: PMC6394602 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-5023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The majority of breast cancers (BCs) are characterized by the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα+). ERα acts as ligand-dependent transcription factor for genes associated with cell survival, proliferation, and tumor growth. Thus, blocking the estrogen agonist effect on ERα is the main strategy in the treatment of ERα+ BCs. However, despite the development of targeted anti-estrogen therapies for ER+ BC, around 30–50% of early breast cancer patients will relapse. Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy is a great challenge in ER+ BC patient treatment. Discussion Anti-estrogen resistance is a consequence of molecular changes, which allow for tumor growth irrespective of estrogen presence. Those changes may be associated with ERα modifications either at the genetic, regulatory or protein level. Additionally, the activation of alternate growth pathways and/or cell survival mechanisms can lead to estrogen-independence and endocrine resistance. Conclusion This comprehensive review summarizes molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to anti-estrogen therapy, focusing on genetic alterations, stress responses, cell survival mechanisms, and cell reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Szostakowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Trębińska-Stryjewska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Anna Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fabisiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maczis MA, Maceyka M, Waters MR, Newton J, Singh M, Rigsby MF, Turner TH, Alzubi MA, Harrell JC, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Sphingosine kinase 1 activation by estrogen receptor α36 contributes to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2297-2307. [PMID: 30315000 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer, 17β-estradiol (E2) plays critical roles mainly by binding to its canonical receptor, estrogen receptor (ER) α66, and eliciting genomic effects. E2 also triggers rapid, nongenomic responses. E2 activates sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), increasing sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) that binds to its receptors, leading to important breast cancer signaling. However, the E2 receptor responsible for SphK1 activation has not yet been identified. Here, we demonstrate in triple-negative breast cancer cells, which lack the canonical ERα66 but express the novel splice variant ERα36, that ERα36 is the receptor responsible for E2-induced activation of SphK1 and formation and secretion of S1P and dihydro-S1P, the ligands for S1PRs. Tamoxifen, the first-line endocrine therapy for breast cancer, is an antagonist of ERα66, but an agonist of ERα36, and, like E2, activates SphK1 and markedly increases secretion of S1P. A major problem with tamoxifen therapy is development of acquired resistance. We found that tamoxifen resistance correlated with increased SphK1 and ERα36 expression in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, in patient-derived xenografts, and in endocrine-resistant breast cancer patients. Our data also indicate that targeting this ERα36 and SphK1 axis may be a therapeutic option to circumvent endocrine resistance and improve patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Maczis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Michael Maceyka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Michael R Waters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Jason Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Manjulata Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Madisyn F Rigsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Tia H Turner
- Department of Pathology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mohammad A Alzubi
- Department of Pathology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - J Chuck Harrell
- Department of Pathology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Sheldon Milstien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyVirginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ghali RM, Al-Mutawa MA, Al-Ansari AK, Zaied S, Bhiri H, Mahjoub T, Almawi WY. Differential association of ESR1 and ESR2 gene variants with the risk of breast cancer and associated features: A case-control study. Gene 2018; 651:194-199. [PMID: 29414691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen is key to breast cancer pathogenesis, and acts by binding its receptor (ER), which exists as ERα and ERβ, encoded by ESR1 and ESR2 genes, respectively. Studies that investigated the association of ESR1 and ESR2 variants with breast cancer yielded mixed outcome, and ethnic contribution was proposed. We evaluated the association between ESR1 and ESR2 variants and breast cancer and associated features in Tunisian women. METHODS Retrospective case-control study involving 207 female breast cancer patients, and 284 control women. Genotyping was done by real-time PCR. RESULTS Minor allele frequencies (MAF) of tagging SNPs rs2234693 and rs3798577 (ESR1) were significantly higher, while MAF of rs1256049 (ESR2) was significantly lower in breast cancer patients vs. CONTROLS Patients carrying rs3798577 genotypes had higher risk, while rs1256049 genotype carriers had reduced risk of breast cancer. The association of ESR1 and ESR2 gene variants with breast cancer depended on ER and Her-2 status. ESR1 rs3798577 and ESR2 rs1256049 were associated with breast cancer in ER-positive cases, and ESR1 rs2234693, and rs3798577 were associated with breast cancer in Her-2-negative cases, while the association of ESR2 rs1256049 with breast cancer was seen in Her-2 positive cases. Haploview analysis identified 4-locus ESR1 haplotypes that were positively (CGTT, TACC, and TACT), and negatively (CGTC) associated with breast cancer. No ESR2 haplotypes associated with breast cancer were identified. CONCLUSION ESR1 alleles and genotypes, and specific 3-locus ESR1 haplotypes are related with increased breast cancer susceptibility in Tunisian women. However, ESR2 variant and specific 1-locus ESR1 haplotype have a protective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabeb M Ghali
- Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Sonia Zaied
- Department of Clinical Oncology, CHU Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Bhiri
- Department of Clinical Oncology, CHU Fattouma Bourguiba, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Touhami Mahjoub
- Laboratory of Human Genome and Multifactorial Diseases (LR12ES07), Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wassim Y Almawi
- Faculty of Sciences, Universite' de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia; School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yan Y, Yu L, Castro L, Dixon D. ERα36, a variant of estrogen receptor α, is predominantly localized in mitochondria of human uterine smooth muscle and leiomyoma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186078. [PMID: 29020039 PMCID: PMC5636123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
ERα36 is a naturally occurring, membrane-associated, isoform of estrogen receptor α. The expression of ERα36 is due to alternative splicing and different promoter usage. ERα36 is a dominant-negative effector of ERα66-mediated transactivational activities and has the potential to trigger membrane-initiated mitogenic, nongenomic, estrogen signaling; however, the subcellular localization of ERα36 remains controversial. To determine the cellular localization of ERα36 in estrogen-responsive human uterine smooth muscle (ht-UtSMC) and leiomyoma (fibroid; ht-UtLM) cells, we conducted systematic confocal microscopy and subcellular fractionation analysis using ERα36 antibodies. With Image J colocalizaton analysis plugin, confocal images were analyzed to obtain a Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (PCC) to quantify signal colocalization of ERα36 with mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeletal components in both cell lines. When cells were double-stained with an ERα36 antibody and a mitochondrial-specific dye, MitoTracker, the PCC for the two channel signals were both greater than 0.75, indicating strong correlation between ERα36 and mitochondrial signals in the two cell lines. A blocking peptide competition assay confirmed that the mitochondria-associated ERα36 signal detected by confocal analysis was specific for ERα36. In contrast, confocal images double-stained with an ERα36 antibody and endoplasmic reticulum or cytoskeletal markers, had PCCs that were all less than 0.4, indicating no or very weak signal correlation. Fractionation studies showed that ERα36 existed predominantly in membrane fractions, with minimal or undetected amounts in the cytosol, nuclear, chromatin, and cytoskeletal fractions. With isolated mitochondrial preparations, we confirmed that a known mitochondrial protein, prohibitin, was present in mitochondria, and by co-immunoprecipitation analysis that ERα36 was associated with prohibitin in ht-UtLM cells. The distinctive colocalization pattern of ERα36 with mitochondria in ht-UtSMC and ht-UtLM cells, and the association of ERα36 with a mitochondrial-specific protein suggest that ERα36 is localized primarily in mitochondria and may play a pivotal role in non-genomic signaling and mitochondrial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yitang Yan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Linda Yu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program Laboratory (NTPL), National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iyer JK, Kalra M, Kaul A, Payton ME, Kaul R. Estrogen receptor expression in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:6802-6816. [PMID: 29085224 PMCID: PMC5645614 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i37.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate gender-specific liver estrogen receptor (ER) expression in normal subjects and patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS Liver tissues from normal donors and patients diagnosed with HCV-related cirrhosis and HCV-related HCC were obtained from the NIH Liver Tissue and Cell Distribution System. The expression of ER subtypes, ERα and ERβ, were evaluated by Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR. The subcellular distribution of ERα and ERβ was further determined in nuclear and cytoplasmic tissue lysates along with the expression of inflammatory [activated NF-κB and IκB-kinase (IKK)] and oncogenic (cyclin D1) markers by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The expression of ERα and ERβ was correlated with the expression of activated NF-κB, activated IKK and cyclin D1 by Spearman’s correlation.
RESULTS Both ER subtypes were expressed in normal livers but male livers showed significantly higher expression of ERα than females (P < 0.05). We observed significantly higher mRNA expression of ERα in HCV-related HCC liver tissues as compared to normals (P < 0.05) and ERβ in livers of HCV-related cirrhosis and HCV-related HCC subjects (P < 0.05). At the protein level, there was a significantly higher expression of nuclear ERα in livers of HCV-related HCC patients and nuclear ERβ in HCV-related cirrhosis patients as compared to normals (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we observed a significantly higher expression of phosphorylated NF-κB and cyclin D1 in diseased livers (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the expression of nuclear ER subtypes and nuclear cyclin D1 and a negative correlation between cytoplasmic ER subtypes and cytoplasmic phosphorylated IKK in HCV-related HCC livers. These findings suggest that dysregulated expression of ER subtypes following chronic HCV-infection may contribute to the progression of HCV-related cirrhosis to HCV-related HCC.
CONCLUSION Gender differences were observed in ERα expression in normal livers. Alterations in ER subtype expression observed in diseased livers may influence gender-related disparity in HCV-related pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janaki K Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
- (Current Affiliation) Department of Natural Sciences, Northeastern State University, Tahlequah, OK 74464, United States
| | - Mamta Kalra
- Immatics US Inc, Houston, TX 77077, United States
| | - Anil Kaul
- Health Care Administration, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
| | - Mark E Payton
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Rashmi Kaul
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University-Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK 74107, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schwartz N, Verma A, Bivens CB, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. Rapid steroid hormone actions via membrane receptors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2289-98. [PMID: 27288742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate a wide variety of physiological and developmental functions. Traditional steroid hormone signaling acts through nuclear and cytosolic receptors, altering gene transcription and subsequently regulating cellular activity. This is particularly important in hormonally-responsive cancers, where therapies that target classical steroid hormone receptors have become clinical staples in the treatment and management of disease. Much progress has been made in the last decade in detecting novel receptors and elucidating their mechanisms, particularly their rapid signaling effects and subsequent impact on tumorigenesis. Many of these receptors are membrane-bound and lack DNA-binding sites, functionally separating them from their classical cytosolic receptor counterparts. Membrane-bound receptors have been implicated in a number of pathways that disrupt the cell cycle and impact tumorigenesis. Among these are pathways that involve phospholipase D, phospholipase C, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase. The crosstalk between these pathways has been shown to affect apoptosis and proliferation in cardiac cells, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes as well as cancer cells. This review focuses on rapid signaling by 17β-estradiol and 1α,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to examine the integrated actions of classical and rapid steroid signaling pathways both in contrast to each other and in concert with other rapid signaling pathways. This new approach lends insight into rapid signaling by steroid hormones and its potential for use in targeted drug therapies that maximize the benefits of traditional steroid hormone-directed therapies while mitigating their less desirable effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nofrat Schwartz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Anjali Verma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Caroline B Bivens
- School of Art, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang ZY, Yin L. Estrogen receptor alpha-36 (ER-α36): A new player in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:193-206. [PMID: 25917453 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Prevailing wisdom is that estrogen receptor (ER)-α mediated genomic estrogen signaling is responsible for estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation and development of ER-positive breast cancer. However, accumulating evidence indicates that another estrogen signaling pathway, non-genomic or rapid estrogen signaling, also plays an important role in mitogenic estrogen signaling. Previously, our laboratory cloned a 36 kDa variant of ER-α, ER-α36, and found that ER-α36 is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane. ER-α36 mediates rapid estrogen signaling and inhibits genomic estrogen signaling. In this review, we review and update the biological function of ER-α36 in ER-positive and -negative breast cancer, breast cancer stem/progenitor cells and tamoxifen resistance, potential interaction and cross-talk of ER-α36 with other ERs and growth factor receptors, and intracellular pathways of ER-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling. The potential function and underlying mechanism of ER-α in development of ER-positive breast cancer will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA.
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Klinge CM. miRNAs regulated by estrogens, tamoxifen, and endocrine disruptors and their downstream gene targets. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:273-97. [PMID: 25659536 PMCID: PMC4523495 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short (22 nucleotides), single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that form complimentary base-pairs with the 3' untranslated region of target mRNAs within the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and block translation and/or stimulate mRNA transcript degradation. The non-coding miRBase (release 21, June 2014) reports that human genome contains ∼ 2588 mature miRNAs which regulate ∼ 60% of human protein-coding mRNAs. Dysregulation of miRNA expression has been implicated in estrogen-related diseases including breast cancer and endometrial cancer. The mechanism for estrogen regulation of miRNA expression and the role of estrogen-regulated miRNAs in normal homeostasis, reproduction, lactation, and in cancer is an area of great research and clinical interest. Estrogens regulate miRNA transcription through estrogen receptors α and β in a tissue-specific and cell-dependent manner. This review focuses primarily on the regulation of miRNA expression by ligand-activated ERs and their bona fide gene targets and includes miRNA regulation by tamoxifen and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in breast cancer and cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Klinge
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sołtysik K, Czekaj P. ERα36--Another piece of the estrogen puzzle. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:611-25. [PMID: 26522827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the nuclear action of estrogen receptors (ER) is a well-known fact, evidence supporting membrane estrogen receptors is steadily accumulating. New ER variants of unrecognized function have been discovered. ERα is a product of the ESR1 gene. It serves not only as a template for the full-length 66kDa protein, but also for smaller isoforms which exist as independent receptors. The recently discovered ERα36 (36kDa), consisting of 310 amino acids of total 595 ERα66 protein residues, is an example of that group. The transcription initiation site is identified in the first intron of the ESR1 gene. C-Terminal 27 amino acids are encoded by previously unknown exon 9. The presence of this unique C-terminal sequence creates an opportunity for the production of selective antibodies. ERα36 has been shown to have a high affinity to the cell membrane and as much as 90% of the protein can be bound with it. Post-translational palmitoylation is suspected to play a crucial role in ERα36 anchoring to the cell membrane. In silico analysis suggests the existence of a potential transmembrane domain in ERα36. ERα36 was found in most cells of animals at various ages, but its exact physiological function remains to be fully elucidated. It seems that cells traditionally considered as being deprived of ER are able to respond to hormonal stimulation via the ERα36 receptor. Moreover, ERα36 displays unique pharmacological properties and its action may be behind antiestrogen resistance. The use of ERα36 in cancer diagnosis gives rise to great expectations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sołtysik
- Students Scientific Society, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Czekaj
- Department of Cytophysiology, Chair of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pelekanou V, Kampa M, Kiagiadaki F, Deli A, Theodoropoulos P, Agrogiannis G, Patsouris E, Tsapis A, Castanas E, Notas G. Estrogen anti-inflammatory activity on human monocytes is mediated through cross-talk between estrogen receptor ERα36 and GPR30/GPER1. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:333-47. [PMID: 26394816 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0914-430rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are known modulators of monocyte/macrophage functions; however, the underlying mechanism has not been clearly defined. Recently, a number of estrogen receptor molecules and splice variants were identified that exert different and sometimes opposing actions. We assessed the expression of estrogen receptors and explored their role in mediating estrogenic anti-inflammatory effects on human primary monocytes. We report that the only estrogen receptors expressed are estrogen receptor-α 36-kDa splice variant and G-protein coupled receptor 30/G-protein estrogen receptor 1, in a sex-independent manner. 17-β-Estradiol inhibits the LPS-induced IL-6 inflammatory response, resulting in inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity. This is achieved via a direct physical interaction of ligand-activated estrogen receptor-α 36-kDa splice variant with the p65 component of NF-κB in the nucleus. G-protein coupled receptor 30/G-protein estrogen receptor 1, which also physically interacts with estrogen receptor-α 36-kDa splice variant, acts a coregulator in this process, because its inhibition blocks the effect of estrogens on IL-6 expression. However, its activation does not mimic the effect of estrogens, on neither IL-6 nor NF-κB activity. Finally, we show that the estrogen receptor profile observed in monocytes is not modified during their differentiation to macrophages or dendritic cells in vitro and is shared in vivo by macrophages present in atherosclerotic plaques. These results position estrogen receptor-α 36-kDa splice variant and G-protein coupled receptor 30 as important players and potential therapeutic targets in monocyte/macrophage-dependent inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Foteini Kiagiadaki
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Deli
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Panayiotis Theodoropoulos
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - George Agrogiannis
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Tsapis
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - George Notas
- Laboratories of *Experimental Endocrinology, Pathology, and Biochemistry, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; and University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Notas G, Pelekanou V, Kampa M, Alexakis K, Sfakianakis S, Laliotis A, Askoxilakis J, Tsentelierou E, Tzardi M, Tsapis A, Castanas E. Tamoxifen induces a pluripotency signature in breast cancer cells and human tumors. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1744-59. [PMID: 26115764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is the treatment of choice in estrogen receptor alpha breast cancer patients that are eligible for adjuvant endocrine therapy. However, ∼50% of ERα-positive tumors exhibit intrinsic or rapidly acquire resistance to endocrine treatment. Unfortunately, prediction of de novo resistance to endocrine therapy and/or assessment of relapse likelihood remain difficult. While several mechanisms regulating the acquisition and the maintenance of endocrine resistance have been reported, there are several aspects of this phenomenon that need to be further elucidated. Altered metabolic fate of tamoxifen within patients and emergence of tamoxifen-resistant clones, driven by evolution of the disease phenotype during treatment, appear as the most compelling hypotheses so far. In addition, tamoxifen was reported to induce pluripotency in breast cancer cell lines, in vitro. In this context, we have performed a whole transcriptome analysis of an ERα-positive (T47D) and a triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231), exposed to tamoxifen for a short time frame (hours), in order to identify how early pluripotency-related effects of tamoxifen may occur. Our ultimate goal was to identify whether the transcriptional actions of tamoxifen related to induction of pluripotency are mediated through specific ER-dependent or independent mechanisms. We report that even as early as 3 hours after the exposure of breast cancer cells to tamoxifen, a subset of ERα-dependent genes associated with developmental processes and pluripotency are induced and this is accompanied by specific phenotypic changes (expression of pluripotency-related proteins). Furthermore we report an association between the increased expression of pluripotency-related genes in ERα-positive breast cancer tissues samples and disease relapse after tamoxifen therapy. Finally we describe that in a small group of ERα-positive breast cancer patients, with disease relapse after surgery and tamoxifen treatment, ALDH1A1 (a marker of pluripotency in epithelial cancers which is absent in normal breast tissue) is increased in relapsing tumors, with a concurrent modification of its intra-cellular localization. Our data could be of value in the discrimination of patients susceptible to develop tamoxifen resistance and in the selection of optimized patient-tailored therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Notas
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece; Institute of Applied Computational Mathematics, Foundation of Research and Technology (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Vassiliki Pelekanou
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece; Laboratories of Pathology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Alexakis
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Stelios Sfakianakis
- Institute of Computer Science, Foundation of Research and Technology (FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aggelos Laliotis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Askoxilakis
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Maria Tzardi
- Laboratories of Pathology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Andreas Tsapis
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece; INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratories of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tamoxifen resistance: From cell culture experiments towards novel biomarkers. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:189-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
31
|
Tomao F, Papa A, Zaccarelli E, Rossi L, Caruso D, Minozzi M, Vici P, Frati L, Tomao S. Triple-negative breast cancer: new perspectives for targeted therapies. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:177-93. [PMID: 25653541 PMCID: PMC4303459 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s67673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, encompassing a large number of entities showing different morphological features and having clinical behaviors. It has became apparent that this diversity may be justified by distinct patterns of genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic aberrations. The identification of gene-expression microarray-based characteristics has led to the identification of at least five breast cancer subgroups: luminal A, luminal B, normal breast-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and basal-like. Triple-negative breast cancer is a complex disease diagnosed by immunohistochemistry, and it is characterized by malignant cells not expressing estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors at all, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Along with this knowledge, recent data show that triple-negative breast cancer has specific molecular features that could be possible targets for new biological targeted drugs. The aim of this article is to explore the use of new drugs in this particular setting, which is still associated with poor prognosis and high risk of distant recurrence and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Anselmo Papa
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Eleonora Zaccarelli
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Luigi Rossi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Davide Caruso
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Marina Minozzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vici
- Division of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Molecular Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Policlinico “Umberto I”, Rome, Italy
| | - Silverio Tomao
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Oncology Unit, Istituto Chirurgico Ortopedico Traumatologico, Latina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang S, Qiu C, Wang L, Liu Q, Du J. The elevated level of ERα36 is correlated with nodal metastasis and poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Steroids 2014; 87:39-45. [PMID: 24928730 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION ERα36 is a recently cloned variant of estrogen receptor-alpha which has been proved to play an active role in a series of malignant diseases. METHOD ERα36 expression was examined using immunohistochemical methods with sections from 126 resected NSCLC specimens. The immunoreactivity of ERα66 was also studied as a comparison. Kaplan-Meier method and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between ERα36 and survival. RESULT ERα36 was more highly expressed in NSCLC patients compared to ERα66. ERα36 expression has a strong correlation with histology (AC: 53/70, SCC: 16/56, P<0.000) and had a significantly positive correlation with lymphatic metastasis (P=0.014) in adenocarcinoma. High ERα36 expression was correlated with poorer overall survival (OS) (P=0.020) and disease-free survival (DFS) (P=0.024) in adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, ERα36 status was a significant independent prognostic factor of OS (P=0.018, HR: 3.142, 95% CI: 1.215-8.128) and DFS (P=0.024, HR: 2.720, 95% CI: 1.141-6.486) in lung adenocarcinoma patients. CONCLUSION ERα36 had a high expression mainly in adenocarcinoma and the high expression of ERα36 was strongly correlated with more advanced regional lymph node metastasis and poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuming Zhang
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Chen Qiu
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, PR China.
| | - Jiajun Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan 250021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Su X, Xu X, Li G, Lin B, Cao J, Teng L. ER-α36: a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1525-33. [PMID: 25210466 PMCID: PMC4155893 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s65345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha36 (ER-α36) is a 36-kDa variant of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) firstly identified and cloned by Wang et al in 2005. It lacks both transactivation domains (activation function 1 and activation function 2) and has different biological characteristics compared to traditional ER-α (ER-α66). ER-α36 primarily locates on plasma membrane and cytoplasm and functions as a mediator in the rapid membrane-initiated non-genomic signaling pathway. Additionally, it inhibits the traditional genomic signaling pathway mediated by ER-α66 in a dominant-negative pattern. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ER-α36 regulates the physiological function of various tissues. Thus, dysregulation of ER-α36 is closely associated with plenty of diseases including cancers. ER-α36 is recognized as a molecular abnormality which solidly correlates to carcinogenesis, aggressiveness, and therapeutic response of breast cancer. Additionally, special attention has been paid to the role of ER-α36 in endocrine therapy resistance. Therefore, ER-α36 provides a novel biomarker of great value for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer. It may also be a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer patients, especially for those who are resistant to endocrine therapy. In this review, we will overview and update the biological characteristics, underlying mechanism, and function of ER-α36, focusing on its biological function in breast cancer and endocrine therapy resistance. We will evaluate its application value in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyun Su
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China ; Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Clinical Research Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pan C, Hu Y, Li J, Wang Z, Huang J, Zhang S, Ding L. Estrogen receptor-α36 is involved in pterostilbene-induced apoptosis and anti-proliferation in in vitro and in vivo breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104459. [PMID: 25127034 PMCID: PMC4134202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4′-hudroxystilbene) is an antioxidant primarily found in blueberries. It also inhibits breast cancer regardless of conventional estrogen receptor (ER-α66) status by inducing both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis. However, the pterostilbene-induced apoptosis rate in ER-α66-negative breast cancer cells is much higher than that in ER-α66-positive breast cancer cells. ER-α36, a variant of ER-α66, is widely expressed in ER-α66-negative breast cancer, and its high expression mediates the resistance of ER-α66-positive breast cancer patients to tamoxifen therapy. The aim of the present study is to determine the relationship between the antiproliferation activity of pterostilbene and ER-α36 expression in breast cancer cells. Methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium (MTT) assay, apoptosis analysis, and an orthotropic xenograft mouse model were used to examine the effects of pterostilbene on breast cancer cells. The expressions of ER-α36 and caspase 3, the activation of ERK and Akt were also studied through RT-PCR, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. ER-α36 knockdown was found to desensitize ER-α66-negative breast cancer cells to pterostilbene treatment both in vitro and in vivo, and high ER-α36 expression promotes pterostilbene-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis data indicate that MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling in breast cancer cells with high ER-α36 expression are mediated by ER-α36, and are inhibited by pterostilbene. These results suggest that ER-α36 is a therapeutic target in ER-α36-positive breast cancer, and pterostilbene is an inhibitor that targets ER-α36 in the personalized therapy against ER-α36-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Pan
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Medical School of Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jianjin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (LD)
| | - Ling Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (SZ); (LD)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Estrogen receptor-alpha 36 mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of estradiol in triple negative breast cancer cells via a membrane-associated mechanism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2796-806. [PMID: 25108195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol can promote the growth and development of several estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers. The effects are rapid and non-genomic, suggesting that a membrane-associated ER is involved. ERα36 has been shown to mediate rapid, non-genomic, membrane-associated effects of 17β-estradiol in several cancer cell lines, including triple negative HCC38 breast cancer cells. Moreover, the effect is anti-apoptotic. The aim of this study was to determine if ERα36 mediates this anti-apoptotic effect, and to elucidate the mechanism involved. Taxol was used to induce apoptosis in HCC38 cells, and the effect of 17β-estradiol pre-treatment was determined. Antibodies to ERα36, signal pathway inhibitors, ERα36 deletion mutants, and ERα36-silencing were used prior to these treatments to determine the role of ERα36 in these effects and to determine which signaling molecules were involved. We found that the anti-apoptotic effect of 17β-estradiol in HCC38 breast cancer cells is in fact mediated by membrane-associated ERα36. We also showed that this signaling occurs through a pathway that requires PLD, LPA, and PI3K; Gαs and calcium signaling may also be involved. In addition, dynamic palmitoylation is required for the membrane-associated effect of 17β-estradiol. Exon 9 of ERα36, a unique exon to ERα36 not found in other identified splice variants of ERα with previously unknown function, is necessary for these effects. This study provides a working model for a mechanism by which estradiol promotes anti-apoptosis through membrane-associated ERα36, suggesting that ERα36 may be a potential membrane target for drug design against breast cancer, particularly triple negative breast cancer.
Collapse
|
36
|
Deng H, Zhang XT, Wang ML, Zheng HY, Liu LJ, Wang ZY. ER-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling positively regulates ER-positive breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88034. [PMID: 24558373 PMCID: PMC3928099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) play important roles in breast cancer occurrence, recurrence and metastasis. However, the role of estrogen signaling, a signaling pathway important in development and progression of breast cancer, in regulation of BCSC has not been well established. Previously, we identified and cloned a variant of estrogen receptor α, ER-α36, with a molecular weight of 36 kDa. ER-α36 lacks both transactivation domains AF-1 and AF-2 of the 66 kDa full-length ER-α (ER-α66) and mediates rapid estrogen signaling to promote proliferation of breast cancer cells. In this study, we aim to investigate the function and the underlying mechanism of ER-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling in growth regulation of the ER-positive breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. ER-positive breast cancer cells MCF7 and T47D as well as the variants with different levels of ER-α36 expression were used. The effects of estrogen on BCSC's abilities of growth, self-renewal, differentiation and tumor-seeding were examined using tumorsphere formation, flow cytometry, indirect immunofluorence staining and in vivo xenograft assays. The underlying mechanisms were also studied with Western-blot analysis. We found that 17-β-estradiol (E2β) treatment increased the population of ER-positive breast cancer stem/progenitor cells while failed to do so in the cells with knocked-down levels of ER-α36 expression. Cells with forced expression of recombinant ER-α36, however, responded strongly to E2β treatment by increasing growth in vitro and tumor-seeding efficiency in vivo. The rapid estrogen signaling via the AKT/GSK3β pathway is involved in estrogen-stimulated growth of ER-positive breast cancer stem/progenitor cells. We concluded that ER-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling plays an important role in regulation and maintenance of ER-positive breast cancer stem/progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Jiangda Pathology Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Mo-Lin Wang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Zheng
- Jiangda Pathology Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Li-Jiang Liu
- Jiangda Pathology Center, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Yi Wang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University Medical School, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gu Y, Chen T, López E, Wu W, Wang X, Cao J, Teng L. The therapeutic target of estrogen receptor-alpha36 in estrogen-dependent tumors. J Transl Med 2014; 12:16. [PMID: 24447535 PMCID: PMC3899443 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha36 (ER-α36) is a new isoform of estrogen receptors without transcriptional activation domains of the classical ER-α(ER - α66). ER-α36 is mainly located in cytoplasm and plasma membrane. ER-α36 mediates non-genomic signaling and is involved in genomic signaling of other ERs. Recently ER-α36 is found to play a critical role in the development of estrogen-dependent cancers and endocrine resistance of breast cancer. The present article overviews and updates the biological nature and function of ER-α36, potential interaction of ER-α36 with other estrogen receptors and growth factor receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, potential mechanism by which ER-α36 may play an important role in the development of tumor resistance to endocrine therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79, Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003 Zhejiang Province, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo M, Wang M, Deng H, Zhang X, Wang ZY. A novel anticancer agent Broussoflavonol B downregulates estrogen receptor (ER)-α36 expression and inhibits growth of ER-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
39
|
Garrido P, Morán J, Alonso A, González S, González C. 17β-estradiol activates glucose uptake via GLUT4 translocation and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1979-89. [PMID: 23546602 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between estrogen and some types of breast cancer has been clearly established. However, although several studies have demonstrated the relationship between estrogen and glucose uptake via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in other tissues, not too much is known about the possible cross talk between them for development and maintenance of breast cancer. This study was designed to test the rapid effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) or its membrane-impermeable form conjugated with BSA (E2BSA) on glucose uptake in a positive estrogen receptor (ER) breast cancer cell line, through the possible relationship between key components of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and acute steroid treatment. MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were cultured in standard conditions. Then 10 nM E2 or E2BSA conjugated were administered before obtaining the cell lysates. To study the glucose uptake, the glucose fluorescent analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose was used. We report an ER-dependent activation of some of the key steps of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway cascade that leads cells to improve some mechanisms that finally increase glucose uptake capacity. Our data suggest that both E2 and E2BSA enhance the entrance of the fluorescent glucose analog 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose, and also activates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, leading to translocation of glucose transporter 4 to the plasma membrane in an ERα-dependent manner. E2 enhances ER-dependent rapid signaling triggered, partially in the plasma membrane, allowing ERα-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells to increase glucose uptake, which could be essential to meet the energy demands of the high rate of proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido
- Department of Functional Biology, Physiology Area, University of Oviedo, c/ Julian Claveria s/n, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Notas G, Kampa M, Pelekanou V, Troullinaki M, Jacquot Y, Leclercq G, Castanas E. Whole transcriptome analysis of the ERα synthetic fragment P295-T311 (ERα17p) identifies specific ERα-isoform (ERα, ERα36)-dependent and -independent actions in breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2013; 7:595-610. [PMID: 23474223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ERα17p is a peptide corresponding to the sequence P295LMIKRSKKNSLALSLT311 of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and initially found to interfere with ERα-related calmodulin binding. ERα17p was subsequently found to elicit estrogenic responses in E2-deprived ERα-positive breast cancer cells, increasing proliferation and ERE-dependent gene transcription. Surprisingly, in E2-supplemented media, ERα17p-induced apoptosis and modified the actin network, influencing cell motility. Here, we report that ERα17p internalizes in breast cancer cells (T47D, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3) and induces a massive early (3 h) transcriptional activity. Remarkably, about 75% of significantly modified transcripts were also modified by E2, confirming the pro-estrogenic profile of ERα17p. The different ER spectra of the used cell lines allowed us to identify a specific ERα17p signature related to ERα as well as its variant ERα36. With respect to ERα, the peptide activates nuclear (cell cycle, cell proliferation, nucleic acid and protein synthesis) and extranuclear signaling pathways. In contrast, through ERα36, it mainly triggers inhibitory actions on inflammation. This is the first work reporting a detailed ERα36-specific transcriptional signature. In addition, we report that ERα17p-induced transcripts related to apoptosis and actin modifying effects of the peptide are independent from its estrogen receptor(s)-related actions. We discuss our findings in view of the potential use of ERα17p as a selective peptidomimetic estrogen receptor modulator (PERM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kampa M, Pelekanou V, Notas G, Stathopoulos EN, Castanas E. The estrogen receptor: two or more molecules, multiple variants, diverse localizations, signaling and functions. Are we undergoing a paradigm-shift as regards their significance in breast cancer? Hormones (Athens) 2013; 12:69-85. [PMID: 23624133 DOI: 10.1007/bf03401288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Kampa
- Department of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shi H, Kumar SPDS, Liu X. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in energy homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 114:193-250. [PMID: 23317786 PMCID: PMC3632385 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic diseases have reached a pandemic level worldwide. There are sex differences in the prevalence of obesity and its related metabolic diseases, with men being more vulnerable than women; however, the prevalence of these disorders increases dramatically in women after menopause, suggesting that sex steroid hormone estrogens play key protective roles against development of obesity and metabolic diseases. Estrogens are important regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including body weight and body fat, caloric intake and energy expenditure, and glucose and lipid metabolism in both males and females. Estrogens act in complex ways on their nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ and transmembrane ERs such as G protein-coupled estrogen receptor. Genetic tools, such as different lines of knockout mouse models, and pharmacological agents, such as selective agonists and antagonists, are available to study function and signaling mechanisms of ERs. We provide an overview of the evidence for the physiological and cellular actions of ERs in estrogen-dependent processes in the context of energy homeostasis and body fat regulation and discuss its pathology that leads to obesity and related metabolic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Center for Physiology and Neuroscience, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Barton M. Position paper: The membrane estrogen receptor GPER--Clues and questions. Steroids 2012; 77:935-42. [PMID: 22521564 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rapid signaling of estrogen involves membrane estrogen receptors (ERs), including membrane subpopulations of ERα and ERβ. In the mid-1990s, several laboratories independently reported the cloning of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor from vascular and cancer cells that was named GPR30. Research published between 2000 and 2005 provided evidence that GPR30 binds and signals via estrogen indicating that this intracellular receptor is involved in rapid, non-genomic estrogen signaling. The receptor has since been designated as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) by the International Union of Pharmacology. The availability of genetic tools such as different lines of GPER knock-out mice, as well as GPER-selective agonists and antagonists has advanced our understanding, but also added some confusion about the new function of this receptor. GPER not only binds estrogens but also other substances, including SERMs, SERDs, and environmental ER activators (endocrine disruptors; xenoestrogens) and also interacts with other proteins. This article represents a summary of a lecture given at the 7(th) International Meeting on Rapid Responses to Steroid Hormones in September 2011 in Axos, Crete, and reviews the current knowledge and questions about GPER-dependent signaling and function. Controversies that have complicated our understanding of GPER, including interactions with human ERα-36 and aldosterone as a potential ligand, will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, LTK Y44 G22, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang J, Li G, Li Z, Yu X, Zheng Y, Jin K, Wang H, Gong Y, Sun X, Teng X, Cao J, Teng L. Estrogen-independent effects of ER-α36 in ER-negative breast cancer. Steroids 2012; 77:666-73. [PMID: 22402113 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-alpha 36 (ER-α36) is a variant of ER-α that has been found to be expressed in conventional ER (ER-α66)-negative breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer samples. In this study, we found that, using immunohistochemical study, ER-α36 expression was significantly higher in ER-negative tumors than in ER-positive tumors although the expression was not associated with other clinicopathological characteristics. We then constructed an ER-α36-specific microRNA hairpin vector and established stable ER-α36 knockdown cells, and found that the knockdown cells were more sensitive to paclitaxel; the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway appeared to be involved in the mechanism. Downregulation of ER-α36 also resulted in decreased migration and invasion. These changes were estrogen independent. Our findings indicated that target ER-α36 may be a strategy for treating ER-negative breast cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|