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Bressan C, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Evaluation of sulfate metabolites as markers of topical testosterone administration in Caucasian and Asian populations. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38012839 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) have been shown to prolong the detection times compared with the conventional urinary markers of the steroid profile for oral and intramuscular administrations of testosterone (T). In this work, the sensitivity of sulfate EAAS markers for the detection of T gel administration has been evaluated in six Caucasian and six Asian male volunteers. Fourteen sulfate metabolites were measured in basal and post-administration samples after multiple doses of T gel (100 mg/day, three consecutive days), and the detection times based on individual thresholds for each volunteer were evaluated. Sulfate concentrations did not show adequate sensitivity, but the results of sulfate ratios were much more promising. Androsterone sulfate/testosterone sulfate (A-S/T-S), epiandrosterone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (epiA-S/E-S), epiA-S/T-S, and etiocholanolone sulfate/epitestosterone sulfate (Etio-S/E-S) provided the most consistent detectability for all volunteers and populations, with detection times ranging from 60 to 96 h since the first dose. Additional ratios improved detectability to up to 7 days, but only in particular volunteers. In general, sensitivity was similar to or better than the conventional testosterone/epitestosterone ratio (T/E) of the steroid profile, which further reinforces the conclusion that sulfate EAAS metabolites can be a good complement for the current steroid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bressan
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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A uniform sample preparation procedure for gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for all human doping control relevant anabolic steroids using online 2/3-dimensional liquid chromatography fraction collection. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1168:338610. [PMID: 34051993 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids are the most misused substances in sports because of their performance-enhancing effects. Often synthetic analogues of endogenously present steroids are administered. To determine their endogenous or exogenous origin, Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is used in the field of doping control. Compounds subjected to IRMS analysis must be interference-free, with liquid chromatography fraction collection (HPLC-FC) being the crucial clean-up step. However, this clean-up is challenging, particularly for compounds present at low concentrations in samples with pronounced matrix effects. The compounds of interests for IRMS analyses in doping control are testosterone (T) and its main metabolites (androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, 5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol), epitestosterone, 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), boldenone (B) and its main metabolite (BM), formestane (F) and 6αOH-androstenedione (6aOHADION). Currently, the available methods only deal with a selection of the above-mentioned compounds. Some of these compounds (e.g., 19-NA, B, BM, 6aOHADION) are present in very low concentrations, requiring an extensive and dedicated sample clean-up, and this makes it challenging to develop a universal clean-up procedure. Many of these methods require different and multiple offline HPLC-FC setups, which are labour-intensive and time-consuming. That is problematic during, e.g., large sports events, where reporting time is limited (e.g., 72 h). Therefore, in the current work, we developed a uniform online 2D/3D HPLC-FC method, capable of purifying all relevant target compounds in a single run, leading to the fastest clean-up procedure so far (i.e., 31 min for T and its main metabolites; 46 min for 19-NA, F and 6aOHADION; 48 min for B and BM).
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3
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Montes de Oca Porto R, Fernández_Hormiga MA, Correa_Vidal MT, Martínez_Brito D. Carbon isotope ratio of endogenous urinary steroids of the Cuban population of athletes studied for doping purposes. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1501-1507. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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De Wilde L, Van Renterghem P, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Development and validation of a fast gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the detection of epiandrosterone sulfate in urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1006-1018. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie De Wilde
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Michaël Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Ghent University (UGent) Technologiepark 30B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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5
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Martín-Escudero P, Muñoz-Guerra JA, García-Tenorio SV, Garde ES, Soldevilla-Navarro AB, Galindo-Canales M, Prado N, Fuentes-Ferrer ME, Fernández-Pérez C. Impact of the UGT2B17 polymorphism on the steroid profile. Results of a crossover clinical trial in athletes submitted to testosterone administration. Steroids 2019; 141:104-113. [PMID: 30503386 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article studies the genetic influence of polymorphism of the UGT2B17 gen on the urinary steroid profile and its implications for the anti-doping field. The study presents the results of a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial with healthy athletes submitted to a single dose of 250 mg of testosterone cypionate. Forty urine samples were collected from each participant. Mass spectrometry-based techniques commonly used in Anti-Doping laboratories, were employed to measure the urinary concentration and the Δδ13C values of a selection of target compounds for testosterone (T) administration together with LH. Twelve volunteers were included in the study; the polymorphism was evenly distributed among them. After T administration, the most meaningful change affected the Testosterone/Epitestosterone ratio (T/E) and the urinary concentration of LH. In relation with T/E, the wild type homozygous (ins/ins) group there was a mean relative increase of 30 (CI 95%: 25.2 to 36.7); in the heterozygous mutant (del/ins) group it was 19.8 (CI 95%:15.9 to 24.7); and in the homozygous mutant (del/del) group it was 19.7 (CI 95% 14.9 to 26.2). In the case of LH, it́s observed how LH values decrease significantly after the administration of Testex homogeneously among the three groups. The main outcome was related to the (del/del) group (homozygous mutant), where due to the depressed basal level of the steroid profile, if the longitudinal steroid profile of the athlete was not available, the analysis by GC/MS would not produce an "atypical" result according to the WADA TD2016EAAS despite the T administration. However, the genotyping of the UGT2B17 polymorphism, the follow up of LH and the use of GC-C-IRMS makes it possible to identify most of these samples as Adverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Martín-Escudero
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ester Serrano Garde
- Doping Control Laboratory of Madrid and Anti-Doping State Agency, AEPSAD, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Galindo-Canales
- Professional School of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nayade Prado
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel E Fuentes-Ferrer
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Fernández-Pérez
- Preventive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Buisson C, Frelat C, Privat K, Martinat N, Audran M, Collomp K. Metabolic and isotopic signature of short-term DHEA administration in women: Comparison with findings in men. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1744-1754. [PMID: 30315670 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The impact of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administration has been widely studied for anti-doping purposes in men, whereas only a few studies have been performed in women. In the present study, the impact of DHEA on the steroid profile parameters and their carbon isotopic ratios was explored. Eleven healthy young women and 10 healthy young men received two treatments: One with 100 mg/day of DHEA for 28 days and one with a placebo according to a double-blind crossover protocol. Urine and saliva (only in females) samples were collected before and for 72 hours after each short-term treatment. In all female subjects, concentrations of the urinary parameters of the steroid profile were highly impacted by short-term DHEA administration including epitestosterone (E). Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis was performed and positive results were observed for E in the four female subjects where E concentration was adequate for such analysis, whereas men results remained negative for E. Last, the ability of the Anti-Doping Administration and Management System (ADAMS) software used for the athlete biological passport to identify such doping was assessed. Of the 11 passports generated for female subjects, 10 were automatically classified as an atypical passport finding (ATPF). For the remaining passport with normal status in one woman, the variability of the concentrations prevented the ADAMS software from adjusting individual limits. The most impacted markers in women were T/E and 5αAdiol/E, with a detection window of 36 hours for 5αAdiol/E. In addition, good correlations were observed for DHEA and T concentrations in urine and saliva in females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Frelat
- AFLD - Département des Analyses, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Kévin Privat
- AFLD - Département des Analyses, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Michel Audran
- AFLD - Département des Analyses, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Katia Collomp
- AFLD - Département des Analyses, Chatenay-Malabry, France
- CIAMS - Université Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
- CIAMS - Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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7
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Potential of saliva steroid profiling for the detection of endogenous steroid abuse: Reference thresholds for oral fluid steroid concentrations and ratios. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Mullen J, Börjesson A, Hopcraft O, Schulze JJ, Ericsson M, Rane A, Lehtihet M, Ekström L. Sensitivity of doping biomarkers after administration of a single dose testosterone gel. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:839-848. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Annica Börjesson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Hopcraft
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Jenny J. Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge; Huddinge Sweden
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Torre X, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F. Fast IRMS screening of pseudoendogenous steroids in doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1804-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Cristiana Colamonici
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio AntidopingFederazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Largo Giulio Onesti 1 00197 Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale‘Sapienza’ Università di Roma Viale Regina Elena 324 00161 Rome Italy
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10
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Anneleen D, Anita VL, Lynn V. Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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11
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Bailly-Chouriberry L, Loup B, Popot MA, Dreau ML, Garcia P, Bruyas JF, Bonnaire Y. Two complementary methods to control gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccination (Improvac®) misuse in horseracing: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test in plasma and steroidomics in urine. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1432-1440. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benoit Loup
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Marie-Agnès Popot
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Marie-Laure Dreau
- Laboratoire de Sécurité Sanitaire des Biotechnologies de la Reproduction; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes; ONIRIS BP 40706 44307 Nantes cedex 03 France
| | - Patrice Garcia
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
| | - Jean-François Bruyas
- Laboratoire de Sécurité Sanitaire des Biotechnologies de la Reproduction; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes; ONIRIS BP 40706 44307 Nantes cedex 03 France
| | - Yves Bonnaire
- Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques; 15 rue de Paradis 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson France
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12
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Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
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13
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Polet M, Van Eenoo P. GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4397-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Gårevik N, Rane A, Björkhem-Bergman L, Ekström L. Effects of different doses of testosterone on gonadotropins, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and blood lipids in healthy men. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2014; 5:121-7. [PMID: 25525405 PMCID: PMC4266340 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s71285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect and time profile of different doses of testosterone enanthate on the blood lipid profile and gonadotropins. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-five healthy male volunteers aged 27-43 years were given 500 mg, 250 mg, and 125 mg of testosterone enanthate as single intramuscular doses of Testoviron(®) Depot. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, plasma [p-] low-density lipoprotein, p-high-density lipoprotein [HDL], p-apolipoprotein A1 [ApoA1], p-apolipoprotein B, p-triglycerides, p-lipoprotein(a), serum [s-] testosterone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3) were analyzed prior to, and 4 and 14 days after dosing. Testosterone and epitestosterone in urine (testosterone/epitestosterone ratio) were analyzed prior to each dose after a washout period of 6-8 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All doses investigated suppressed the LH and FSH concentrations in serum. LH remained suppressed 6 weeks after the 500 mg dose. These results indicate that testosterone has a more profound endocrine effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis than was previously thought. There was no alteration in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels after testosterone administration compared to baseline levels. The 250 and 500 mg doses induced decreased concentrations of ApoA1 and HDL, whereas the lowest dose (125 mg) did not have any effect on the lipid profile. CONCLUSION The single doses of testosterone produced a dose-dependent increase in serum testosterone concentrations together with suppression of s-LH and s-FSH. Alterations in ApoA1 and HDL were observed after the two highest single doses. It is possible that long-time abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids will lead to alteration in vitamin D status. Knowledge and understanding of the side effects of anabolic androgenic steroids are important to the treatment and care of abusers of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Sobolevsky T, Krotov G, Dikunets M, Nikitina M, Mochalova E, Rodchenkov G. Anti-doping analyses at the Sochi Olympic and Paralympic Games 2014. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1087-101. [PMID: 25312500 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory anti-doping services during XXII Winter Olympic and XI Paralympic games in Sochi in 2014 were provided by a satellite laboratory facility located within the strictly secured Olympic Park. This laboratory, established and operated by the personnel of Antidoping Center, Moscow, has been authorized by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to conduct doping control analyses. The 4-floor building accommodated the most advanced analytical instrumentation and became a place of attraction for more than 50 Russian specialists and 25 foreign experts, including independent observers. In total, 2134 urine and 479 blood samples were delivered to the laboratory and analyzed during the Olympic Games (OG), and 403 urine and 108 blood samples - during the Paralympic Games (PG). The number of erythropoietin tests requested in urine was 946 and 166 at the OG and PG, respectively. Though included in the test distribution plan, a growth hormone analysis was cancelled by the Organizing Committee just before the Games. Several adverse analytical findings have been reported including pseudoephedrine (1 case), methylhexaneamine (4 cases), trimetazidine (1 case), dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (1 case), clostebol (1 case), and a designer stimulant N-ethyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine (1 case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre, 105005 Moscow, Elizavetinsky per. 10, Russia
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16
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Stable carbon isotope ratio profiling of illicit testosterone preparations - domestic and international seizures. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:996-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Raro M, Portolés T, Sancho JV, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Marcos J, Ventura R, Gómez C, Segura J, Pozo OJ. Mass spectrometric behavior of anabolic androgenic steroids using gas chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Part I: ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:509-521. [PMID: 24913403 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is one of the most important topics in doping control analysis. Gas chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS(/MS)) with electron ionization and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry have been traditionally applied for this purpose. However, both approaches still have important limitations, and, therefore, detection of all AAS is currently afforded by the combination of these strategies. Alternative ionization techniques can minimize these drawbacks and help in the implementation of a single method for the detection of AAS. In the present work, a new atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source commercialized for gas chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer has been tested to evaluate the ionization of 60 model AAS. Underivatized and trimethylsylil (TMS)-derivatized compounds have been investigated. The use of GC-APCI-MS allowed for the ionization of all AAS assayed irrespective of their structure. The presence of water in the source as modifier promoted the formation of protonated molecules ([M+H](+)), becoming the base peak of the spectrum for the majority of studied compounds. Under these conditions, [M+H](+), [M+H-H2O](+) and [M+H-2·H2O](+) for underivatized AAS and [M+H](+), [M+H-TMSOH](+) and [M+H-2·TMSOH](+) for TMS-derivatized AAS were observed as main ions in the spectra. The formed ions preserve the intact steroid skeleton, and, therefore, they might be used as specific precursors in MS/MS-based methods. Additionally, a relationship between the relative abundance of these ions and the AAS structure has been established. This relationship might be useful in the structural elucidation of unknown metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
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18
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Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Studies on the minor metabolite 6a-hydroxy-androstenedione for doping control purposes and its contribution to the steroid profile. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:978-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Renterghem
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory; Technologiepark 30 B B-9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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19
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Polet M, Van Renterghem P, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P. Profiling of urinary formestane and confirmation by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Steroids 2013; 78:1103-9. [PMID: 23933120 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Formestane (F, androst-4-en-4-ol-3,17-dione) is an irreversible aromatase inhibitor with the ability to suppress the estrogen production from anabolic steroids. Consequently, F is mentioned on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list and because studies have shown that F is produced endogenously in small amounts, a threshold for urinary excreted F of 150 ng/mL was introduced. Lower concentrations could be due to endogenous production and need further investigation to prove the exact origin through determination of the carbon isotope ratio. However, because the current screening methods are a lot more sensitive, F is detected in practically every urine sample. A strict implementation of this WADA rule would imply that almost every urine sample needs additional investigation to verify an exogenous or endogenous origin. The main aim of this study was to propose and introduce a lower concentration limit of 25 ng/mL beneath which the detected F is considered as being endogenous and no further investigation is needed. The data presented in this paper suggests that this threshold provides a good balance between a sufficiently large detection window and not having to perform isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analyses on negative urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
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20
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Kaabia Z, Dervilly-Pinel G, Hanganu F, Cesbron N, Bichon E, Popot M, Bonnaire Y, Le Bizec B. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry based identification of steroid esters in serum and plasma: An efficient strategy to detect natural steroids abuse in breeding and racing animals. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1284:126-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Van Renterghem P, Sottas PE, Saugy M, Van Eenoo P. Statistical discrimination of steroid profiles in doping control with support vector machines. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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23
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Chromatography-Based Determination of Anabolic Steroids in Biological Fluids: Future Prospects Using Electrochemistry and Miniaturized Microchip Device. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Development of a sensitive GC-C-IRMS method for the analysis of androgens. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:259-66. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University; Technologiepark 30; Zwijnaarde; Belgium
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