1
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Sun Y, Giacomello G, Girreser U, Steff J, Bureik M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK. Characterization and quantitation of a sulfoconjugated metabolite for detection of methyltestosterone misuse and direct identification by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106527. [PMID: 38710312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10 mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR). Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to facilitate further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jakob Steff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Lu, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome 00197, Italy,; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany,.
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2
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Angelis YS, Sakellariou P, Fragkaki AG, Karnava S, Goula O, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Georgakopoulos C, Loui S, Chlapana F, Kletsas D. New long-standing metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone are detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:604-615. [PMID: 37903531 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17β-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol that produce the known epimeric 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17β-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Karnava
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Goula
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stella Loui
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Chlapana
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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3
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Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Evaluation of alternative gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour of trimethylsilyl-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated anabolic steroids. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1344-1355. [PMID: 36843396 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated metabolites have shown to have potential as long-term markers (LTMs) of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse. The compatibility of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with trimethylsilyl (TMS)-derivatives of non-hydrolysed sulfated steroids has been demonstrated, where, after derivatisation, generally, two closely eluting isomers are formed that both have the same molecular ion [M-H2 SO4 ]•+ . Sulfated reference standards are in limited commercial availability, and therefore, the current knowledge of the GC-MS behaviour of these compounds is mainly based on sulfating and analysing the available standard reference material. This procedure can unfortunately not cover all of the current known LTMs as these are often not available as pure substance. Therefore, in theory, some metabolites could be missed as they exhibit alternative behaviour. To investigate the matter, in-house sulfated reference materials that bear resemblance to known sulfated LTMs were analysed on GC-MS in their TMS-derivatised non-hydrolysed state. The (alternative) gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric behaviour was mapped, evaluated and linked to the corresponding steroid structures. Afterwards, using fraction collection, known sulfated LTMs were isolated from excretion urine to confirm the observed findings. The categories that were selected were mono-hydroxy-diones, 17-methyl-3,17-diols and 17-keto-3,16-diols as these are commonly encountered AAS conformations. The ability to predict the GC-MS behaviour of non-hydrolysed sulfated AAS metabolites is the corner stone of finding new metabolites. This knowledge is also essential, for example, for understanding AAS detection analyses, for the mass spectrometric characterization of metabolites of new designer steroids or when one needs to characterize an unknown steroid structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory (DoCoLab), Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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5
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Detection time comparison of non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites of metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone analysed by four different mass spectrometric techniques. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:853-864. [PMID: 37055939 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The frequent detection of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) indicates their popularity among rule-breaking athletes. The so called long-term metabolites play a crucial role in their detection, and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites have gained renewed interest, as research has demonstrated their extended detection time compared to the more conventional markers (e.g., for metenolone and mesterolone). Their potential has been investigated using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC- and GC-MS). However, due to their complementary nature, chances are that the most promising metabolite on one technique does not necessarily exhibit the same behaviour on the other and vice versa. Therefore, a comparison was carried out where as a trial model, metenolone, mesterolone and 17α-methyltestosterone were selected and the most likely long-term sulphated metabolites identified on four mass spectrometric instruments. Additionally, using a modified sample preparation procedure, comparison between conventional and non-hydrolysed sulphated metabolites between different GC-MS instruments was also included. When focusing on each individual marker, no cases were observed where a single metabolite provided a superior detection time on all instruments. Furthermore, for each AAS, there were incidences where a metabolite provided the best detection time on one instrument but could only be detected for a shorter period or not at all on other instruments. This demonstrates that metabolite detection windows and hence their added-value as target substance are unique and dependent on the analytical technique and not only on their pharmacokinetic behaviour. Consequently, in each case, a metabolite versus instrument evaluation is needed to maximise the probabilities of detecting doping offences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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6
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Bowen C, Elbourne M, Cawley A, McLeod MD. Energy-Resolved Fragmentation Aiding the Structure Elucidation of Steroid Biomarkers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1276-1281. [PMID: 35791638 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification and confirmation of steroid sulfate metabolites in biological samples are essential to various fields, including anti-doping analysis and clinical sciences. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) is the leading method for the detection of intact steroid conjugates in biofluids, but because of the inherent complexity of biological samples and the low concentration of many targets of interest, metabolite identification based solely on mass spectrometry remains a major challenge. The confirmation of new metabolites typically depends on a comparison with synthetically derived reference materials that encompass a range of possible conjugation sites and stereochemistries. Herein, energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) is used as part of UHPLC-HRMS/MS analysis to distinguish between regio- and stereo-isomeric steroid sulfate compounds. This wholly MS-based approach was employed to guide the synthesis of reference materials to unambiguously confirm the identity of an equine steroid sulfate biomarker of testosterone propionate administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C J Fitzgerald
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher Bowen
- Mass Spectrometry Business Unit, Shimadzu Scientific Instruments (Australasia), Rydalmere, New South Wales 2116, Australia
| | - Madysen Elbourne
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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7
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Steinacher M, Forsdahl G. Detection of DHCMT long-term metabolite glucuronides with LC-MSMS as an alternative approach to conventional GC-MSMS analysis. Steroids 2022; 180:108979. [PMID: 35183566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is one of the most detected illicit used anabolic-androgenic steroids in professional sports. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis of this substance is of great importance for a constructive fight against doping abuse. The conventional method for the analysis of this drug, GC-MSMS, is very sensitive and selective but also very time- and resource-consuming. With the presented work, a new approach for simple detection with LC-HRMSMS without any sample preparation is introduced. The method is based on the direct analysis of two newly described phase-II metabolites of the DHCMT long-term metabolite 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol (M3). LC-HRMSMS, GC-MSMS, fractionation and derivatization experiments are combined to identify and characterize for the first time two different glucuronide-acid conjugates of this metabolite in positive human urine samples. In addition, a third glucuronide metabolite was identified, however without isomeric structure determination. The detection of these metabolites is particularly interesting for confirmation analyses, as the method is rapid and requires little sample material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Steinacher
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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8
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Fitzgerald CCJ, Hedman R, Uduwela DR, Paszerbovics B, Carroll AJ, Neeman T, Cawley A, Brooker L, McLeod MD. Profiling Urinary Sulfate Metabolites With Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:829511. [PMID: 35281273 PMCID: PMC8906285 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.829511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of urinary phase II sulfate metabolites is central to understanding the role and fate of endogenous and exogenous compounds in biological systems. This study describes a new workflow for the untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urine matrix. Analysis was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS) with data dependent acquisition (DDA) coupled to an automated script-based data processing pipeline and differential metabolite level analysis. Sulfates were identified through k-means clustering analysis of sulfate ester derived MS/MS fragmentation intensities. The utility of the method was highlighted in two applications. Firstly, the urinary metabolome of a thoroughbred horse was examined before and after administration of the anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) testosterone propionate. The analysis detected elevated levels of ten sulfated steroid metabolites, three of which were identified and confirmed by comparison with synthesised reference materials. This included 5α-androstane-3β,17α-diol 3-sulfate, a previously unreported equine metabolite of testosterone propionate. Secondly, the hydrolytic activity of four sulfatase enzymes on pooled human urine was examined. This revealed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatases (PaS) enzymes possessed higher selectivity for the hydrolysis of sulfated metabolites than the commercially available Helix pomatia arylsulfatase (HpS). This novel method provides a rapid tool for the systematic, untargeted metabolic profiling of sulfated metabolites in a urinary matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Hedman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Bettina Paszerbovics
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam J. Carroll
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Teresa Neeman
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory, National Measurement Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Malcolm D. McLeod,
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9
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Parr MK, Botrè F. Supercritical fluid chromatography mass spectrometry as an emerging technique in doping control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Fessner ND, Grimm C, Srdič M, Weber H, Kroutil W, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Natural Product Diversification by One‐Step Biocatalysis using Human P450 3A4. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Wuenschendorf 292 Hofstätten an der Raab 8200 Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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11
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Mueller JW, Vogg N, Lightning TA, Weigand I, Ronchi CL, Foster PA, Kroiss M. Steroid Sulfation in Adrenal Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3385-3397. [PMID: 33739426 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adrenal cortex produces specific steroid hormones including steroid sulfates such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), the most abundant steroid hormone in the human circulation. Steroid sulfation involves a multistep enzyme machinery that may be impaired by inborn errors of steroid metabolism. Emerging data suggest a role of steroid sulfates in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors and as potential biomarkers. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Selective literature search using "steroid," "sulfat*," "adrenal," "transport," "mass spectrometry" and related terms in different combinations. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A recent study highlighted the tissue abundance of estrogen sulfates to be of prognostic impact in adrenocortical carcinoma tissue samples using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging. General mechanisms of sulfate uptake, activation, and transfer to substrate steroids are reasonably well understood. Key aspects of this pathway, however, have not been investigated in detail in the adrenal; these include the regulation of substrate specificity and the secretion of sulfated steroids. Both for the adrenal and targeted peripheral tissues, steroid sulfates may have relevant biological actions beyond their cognate nuclear receptors after desulfation. Impaired steroid sulfation such as low DHEAS in Cushing adenomas is of diagnostic utility, but more comprehensive studies are lacking. In bioanalytics, the requirement of deconjugation for gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry has precluded the study of steroid sulfates for a long time. This limitation may be overcome by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS A role of steroid sulfation in the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors has been suggested and a diagnostic utility of steroid sulfates as biomarkers is likely. Recent analytical developments may target sulfated steroids specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nora Vogg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Thomas Alec Lightning
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel Weigand
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthias Kroiss
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Würzburg, University of Würzburg, Würzburg(Germany)
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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12
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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13
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Davis DE, Leaptrot KL, Koomen DC, May JC, Cavalcanti GDA, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, McLean JA. Multidimensional Separations of Intact Phase II Steroid Metabolites Utilizing LC-Ion Mobility-HRMS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10990-10998. [PMID: 34319704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection and unambiguous identification of anabolic-androgenic steroid metabolites are essential in clinical, forensic, and antidoping analyses. Recently, sulfate phase II steroid metabolites have received increased attention in steroid metabolism and drug testing. In large part, this is because phase II steroid metabolites are excreted for an extended time, making them a potential long-term chemical marker of choice for tracking steroid misuse in sports. Comprehensive analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been used to detect and identify glucuronide and sulfate steroids in human urine with high sensitivity and reliability. However, LC-MS/MS identification strategies can be hindered by the fact that phase II steroid metabolites generate nonselective ion fragments across the different metabolite markers, limiting the confidence in metabolite identifications that rely on exact mass measurement and MS/MS information. Additionally, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is sometimes insufficient at fully resolving the analyte peaks from the sample matrix (commonly urine) chemical noise, further complicating accurate identification efforts. Therefore, we developed a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IM-HRMS) method to increase the peak capacity and utilize the IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) values as an additional molecular descriptor for increased selectivity and to improve identifications of intact steroid analyses at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don E Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L Leaptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David C Koomen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Gustavo de A Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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14
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Stadler G, Enev V, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Guddat S, Forsdahl G. Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1668-1677. [PMID: 34089570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stadler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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15
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Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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16
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Enabling the inclusion of non-hydrolysed sulfated long term anabolic steroid metabolites in a screening for doping substances by means of gas chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1642:462039. [PMID: 33735641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) publishes yearly their prohibited list, and sets a minimum required performance limit for each substance. To comply with these stringent requirements, the anti-doping laboratories have at least two complementary methods for their initial testing procedure (ITP), one using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the other using liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS). Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have in previous years consistently been listed as the most frequently detected class of compounds. Over the last decade, evidence has emerged where a longer detection time is attained by focusing on sulfated metabolites of AAS instead of the conventional gluco-conjugated metabolites. Despite a decade of research on sulphated AAS using LC-MS, no LC-MS ITP has been developed that combines this class of compounds with the other mandatory targets. Such combination is essential for economical purposes. Recently, it was demonstrated that the direct injection of non-hydrolysed sulfates is compatible with GC-MS. Using this approach and by taking full use of the open screening capabilities of the quadrupole time of flight MS (QTOF-MS), this work describes for the first time a validated ITP that allows the detection of non-hydrolysed sulfated metabolites of AAS while, simultaneously, remaining capable of detecting a vast range of other classes of compounds, as well as the quantification of endogenous steroids, as required for an ITP compliant with the applicable WADA regulations. The method contains 263 compounds from 9 categories, including stimulants, narcotics, anabolic androgenic steroids and beta-blockers. Additionally, the advantages of the new method were illustrated by analysing excretion samples of drostanolone, mesterolone and metenolone. No negative effects were observed for the conventional markers and the detection time for mesterolone and metenolone increased by up to 150% and 144%, respectively compared to conventional markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aðalheiður Dóra Albertsdóttir
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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17
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Loke S, Liu L, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Keiler AM, Bureik M, Parr MK. New Insights into the Metabolism of Methyltestosterone and Metandienone: Detection of Novel A-Ring Reduced Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:1354. [PMID: 33802606 PMCID: PMC7961831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metandienone and methyltestosterone are orally active anabolic-androgenic steroids with a 17α-methyl structure that are prohibited in sports but are frequently detected in anti-doping analysis. Following the previously reported detection of long-term metabolites with a 17ξ-hydroxymethyl-17ξ-methyl-18-nor-5ξ-androst-13-en-3ξ-ol structure in the chlorinated metandienone analog dehydrochloromethyltestosterone ("oral turinabol"), in this study we investigated the formation of similar metabolites of metandienone and 17α-methyltestosterone with a rearranged D-ring and a fully reduced A-ring. Using a semi-targeted approach including the synthesis of reference compounds, two diastereomeric substances, viz. 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol and its 5α-analog, were identified following an administration of methyltestosterone. In post-administration urines of metandienone, only the 5β-metabolite was detected. Additionally, 3α,5β-tetrahydro-epi-methyltestosterone was identified in the urines of both administrations besides the classical metabolites included in the screening procedures. Besides their applicability for anti-doping analysis, the results provide new insights into the metabolism of 17α-methyl steroids with respect to the order of reductions in the A-ring, the participation of different enzymes, and alterations to the D-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Grenstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
- REDs–Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL–Institute del Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis & Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany;
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
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18
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Martinez-Brito D, Iannone M, Tatangelo MA, Molaioni F, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A further insight into methyltestosterone metabolism: New evidences from in vitro and in vivo experiments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8870. [PMID: 32570291 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although the metabolism of methyltestosterone (MT) has been extensively studied since the 1950s using different techniques, the aim of this study was to investigate the hydroxylation in positions C2, C4 and C6 after in vitro experiments and in vivo excretion studies using gas chromatography time-of-flight (GC/TOF) and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The results could be influenced by the mass spectrometric analyser used. METHODS Incubations were carried out with human liver microsomes and six enzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 family using MT as a substrate. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of the samples were analysed using GC/TOF and GC/MS/MS once the correct MS/MS transitions had been selected, mainly for 6-hydroxymethyltestosterone (6-OH-MT) to avoid artefact interferences. A urinary excretion study was then performed after the administration of a 10 mg single oral dose of MT to a volunteer. RESULTS The formation of hydroxylated metabolites of MT in the C6, C4 and C2 positions after both in vitro and in vivo experiments was observed. Sample evaluation using GC/TOF showed an interference for 6-OH-MT that could only be resolved in GC/MS/MS by monitoring specific transitions. The transitory detection of these hydroxylated metabolites in urine agrees with previous investigations that had described this metabolic route as being of little significance. CONCLUSIONS In doping analysis, the formation of 4-hydroxymethyltestosterone (oxymesterone) from MT cannot be underestimated. Although it is only detected as a minor and short-term excretion metabolite, it cannot be overlooked as it was found in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The use of a combination of different mass spectrometric instruments allowed reliable conclusions to be reached, and it was shown that special attention must be given to artefact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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19
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Lyris E, Petrou M, Georgakopoulos C, Angelis YS. Alternative markers for Methylnortestosterone misuse in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1544-1553. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
- Faculty of Biology, Schoole of Science National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, Zografou Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Argyro G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
| | - Emmanouil Lyris
- Novartis Technical Operations, Biotechnology & Aseptics, Sandoz GmbH, Schaftenau site Biochemiestrasse 10, Bau 531, 6336 Langkampfen Langkampfen AT Austria
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti‐Doping Authority Makarion Athletic Center Avenue, Engomi Nicosia CY 2400 Cyprus
| | | | - Yiannis S. Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens Institute of Biosciences & Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" Neratziotissis & Amaryssias Artemidos Str Athens 15123 Greece
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20
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Albertsdóttir AD, Van Gansbeke W, Coppieters G, Balgimbekova K, Van Eenoo P, Polet M. Searching for new long‐term urinary metabolites of metenolone and drostanolone using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with a focus on non‐hydrolysed sulfates. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1041-1053. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Kyzylkul Balgimbekova
- The Athletes' Anti‐Doping Laboratory, Committee for Sport and Physical Education, Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan Almaty Kazakhstan
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Michael Polet
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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21
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Enev V, Kratena N, Gärtner P, Forsdahl G. Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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22
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Forsdahl G, Zanitzer K, Erceg D, Gmeiner G. Quantification of endogenous steroid sulfates and glucuronides in human urine after intramuscular administration of testosterone esters. Steroids 2020; 157:108614. [PMID: 32097612 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For an effective detection of doping with pseudo-endogenous anabolic steroids, the urinary steroid profile is of high value. In this work, the aim was to investigate steroid metabolism disruption after exogenous intramuscular administration of different testosterone esters. The investigation focused on both sulfo - and glucoro conjugated androgens. A single intramuscular injection of either 1000 mg testosterone undecanoate (Nebido®) or a mixture of 30 mg testosterone propionate, 60 mg testosterone phenylpropionate, 60 mg testosterone isocaproate, and 100 mg testosterone decanoate (Sustanone®), was given to six healthy volunteers. Urine was collected throughout a testing period of 60 days. A LC-MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of eight conjugated steroids in their intact form. The results show that urinary changes in both sulfo - and glucuro conjugated steroid levels are prominent after the injection of testosterone esters. A promising potential marker for the intake of exogenous testosterone is the combined ratio of epitestosterone sulfate/epitestosterone glucuronide to testosterone sulfate/testosterone glucuronide ((ES/EG)/(TS/TG)) as a complementary biomarker for testosterone abuse. This represents a new piece of evidence to detect testosterone doping, representing a new approach and being independent from the metabolic connections of the markers in the steroid passport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Damir Erceg
- Childrens Hospital Srebrnjak, Clinical Trials Unit, Zagreb, Croatia; St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zabok/Zagreb, Croatia; Medical School, University "Josip Juraj Strossmayer", Osijek, Croatia; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, University "Josip Juraj Strossmayer", Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Catholic University, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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23
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Albertsdóttir AD, Coppieters G, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Gas chromatography−mass spectrometry analysis of non‐hydrolyzed sulfated steroids by degradation product formation. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1656-1665. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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24
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Fabian E, Gomes C, Birk B, Williford T, Hernandez TR, Haase C, Zbranek R, van Ravenzwaay B, Landsiedel R. In vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) by PBTK modeling for animal-free risk assessment approaches of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:401-416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Uduwela DR, Pabis A, Stevenson BJ, Kamerlin SCL, McLeod MD. Enhancing the Steroid Sulfatase Activity of the Arylsulfatase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimanthi R. Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anna Pabis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradley J. Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Shina C. L. Kamerlin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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26
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Esquivel A, Alechaga É, Monfort N, Ventura R. Direct quantitation of endogenous steroid sulfates in human urine by liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1734-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Monfort
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
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27
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Kim Y, Jeon M, Min H, Son J, Lee J, Kwon OS, Moon MH, Kim KH. Development of a multi-functional concurrent assay using weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (WCX-SPE) and reconstitution with a diluted sample aliquot for anti-doping analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:897-905. [PMID: 29572989 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In addition to the development of adequate screening methods for multiple compounds, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) requires anti-doping laboratories to analyze prohibited substances and their metabolites from various classes. This task presents a difficult challenge for all agencies and interests involved in the field of doping control. METHODS A screening method is reported in which hybrid sample preparation was performed using a combination of weak cation-exchange solid-phase extraction (WCX-SPE) and the 'Dilute and Shoot' strategy in order to take advantage of both the methodologies. Target substances were extracted using a WCX cartridge and reconstituted with a diluted sample aliquot that included 20% of an untreated urine sample. The target substances were further analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS). RESULTS The SPE procedure was optimized using a cartridge-washing step, elution conditions, and elution volume. The cartridge-washing step, which was performed using 10% methanol, improved the overall recovery of target substances. Since the recovery was observed to vary according to the pH of the eluting solution, we applied an elution step using both an acid and a basic organic solvent to achieve complementary recovery. Reconstitution of the diluted aliquot sample was performed to recover the polar substances. CONCLUSIONS The method was validated and applied to real samples in accordance with the external quality assessment scheme of WADA and to the previously reported samples that had provided positive test results. This novel method using hybrid sample preparation and LC/MS could be useful to screen multiple classes of the 264 targeted substances in anti-doping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Jeon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Son
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh-Seung Kwon
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
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28
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Viljanto M, Pita CH, Scarth J, Walker CJ, Kicman AT, Parkin MC. Important considerations for the utilisation of methanolysis in steroid analysis. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1469-1473. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Viljanto
- LGC, Fordham; Cambridgeshire UK
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, King's College London; UK
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Walker
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, King's College London; UK
| | - Andrew T. Kicman
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, King's College London; UK
| | - Mark C. Parkin
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical and Environmental Sciences Research Division, King's College London; UK
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29
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Esquivel A, Matabosch X, Kotronoulas A, Balcells G, Joglar J, Ventura R. Ionization and collision induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:759-769. [PMID: 28732133 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on steroid metabolism are of utmost importance to improve the detection capabilities of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) misuse in sports drug testing. In humans, glucuronoconjugates are the most abundant phase II metabolites of AAS. Bisglucuronidation is a reaction where two separated functional groups on the same molecule are conjugated with glucuronic acid. These metabolites have not been studied in depth for steroids and could be interesting markers for doping control. The aim of the present work was to study the ionization and collision-induced dissociation of steroid bisglucuronides to be able to develop mass spectrometric analytical strategies for their detection in urine samples after AAS administration. Because steroid bisglucuronides are not commercially available, 19 of them were qualitatively synthesized to study their mass spectrometric behavior. Bisglucuronides ionized as [M+NH4 ]+ in positive mode, and as [M-H]- and [M-2H]2- in negative mode. The most specific product ions of steroid bisglucuronides in positive mode resulted from the neutral losses of 387 and 405 Da (corresponding to [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-H2 O]+ and [M+NH4 -NH3 -2gluc-2H2 O]+ , respectively, being "gluc" a dehydrated glucuronide moiety), and in negative mode, the fragmentation of [M-2H]2- showed ion losses of m/z 175 and 75 (gluc- and HOCH2 CO2- , respectively). On the basis of the common behavior, a selected reaction monitoring method was developed to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples. As a proof of concept, urines obtained after administration of norandrostenediol were studied, and a bisglucuronide metabolite was detected in those urines. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the analytical strategy to detect bisglucuronide metabolites in urine samples, and the formation of these metabolites after administration of AAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurocience Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Barcelona Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Weththasinghe SA, Waller CC, Fam HL, Stevenson BJ, Cawley AT, McLeod MD. Replacing PAPS: In vitro phase II sulfation of steroids with the liver S9 fraction employing ATP and sodium sulfate. Drug Test Anal 2017. [PMID: 28635171 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro technologies provide the capacity to study drug metabolism where in vivo studies are precluded due to ethical or financial constraints. The metabolites generated by in vitro studies can assist anti-doping laboratories to develop protocols for the detection of novel substances that would otherwise evade routine screening efforts. In addition, professional bodies such as the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) currently permit the use of in-vitro-derived reference materials for confirmation purposes providing additional impetus for the development of cost effective in vitro metabolism platforms. In this work, alternative conditions for in vitro phase II sulfation using human, equine or canine liver S9 fraction were developed, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sodium sulfate in place of the expensive and unstable co-factor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and employed for the generation of six representative steroidal sulfates. Using these conditions, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic or so-called designer steroid furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) was investigated, with ATP and Na2 SO4 providing comparable metabolism to reactions using PAPS. The major in vitro metabolites of furazadrol matched those observed in a previously reported equine in vivo study. Finally, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic steroid superdrol (methasterone, 17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstan-3-one) was performed as a prediction of the in vivo metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu A Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Han Ling Fam
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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31
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McLeod MD, Waller CC, Esquivel A, Balcells G, Ventura R, Segura J, Pozo ÓJ. Constant Ion Loss Method for the Untargeted Detection of Bis-sulfate Metabolites. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1602-1609. [PMID: 27982580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The untargeted detection of phase II metabolites is a key issue for the study of drug metabolism in biological systems. Sensitive and selective mass spectrometric (MS) techniques coupled to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatographic (UHPLC) systems are the most effective for this purpose. In this study, we evaluate different MS approaches with a triple quadrupole instrument for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites. Bis-sulfates of 23 steroid metabolites were synthesized and their MS behavior was comprehensively studied. Bis-sulfates ionized preferentially as the dianion ([M - 2H]2-) with a small contribution of the monoanion ([M - H]-). Product ion spectra generated from the [M - 2H]2- precursor ions were dominated by the loss of HSO4- to generate two product ions, that is, the ion at m/z 97 (HSO4-) and the ion corresponding to the remaining monosulfate fragment. Other product ions were found to be specific for some structures. As an example, the loss of [CH3 + SO3]- was found to be important for several compounds with unsaturation adjacent to the sulfate. On the basis of the common behavior of the bis-sulfate metabolites two alternatives were evaluated for the untargeted detection of bis-sulfate metabolites (i) a precursor ion scan method using the ion at m/z 97 and (ii) a constant ion loss (CIL) method using the loss of HSO4-. Both methods allowed for the untargeted detection of the model compounds. Eight steroid bis-sulfates were synthesized in high purity in order to quantitatively evaluate the developed strategies. Lower limits of detection (2-20 ng/mL) were obtained using the CIL method. Additionally, the CIL method was found to be more specific in the detection of urinary bis-sulfates. The applicability of the CIL approach was demonstrated by determining progestogens altered during pregnancy and by detecting the bis-sulfate metabolites of tibolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Argitxu Esquivel
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar , Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Balcells G, Matabosch X, Ventura R. Detection of stanozolol O-
and N-
sulfate metabolites and their evaluation as additional markers in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
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33
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Balcells G, Gómez C, Garrostas L, Pozo ÓJ, Ventura R. Sulfate metabolites as alternative markers for the detection of 4-chlorometandienone misuse in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:983-993. [PMID: 27686240 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites have been described as long-term metabolites for some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). 4-chlorometandienone (4Cl-MTD) is one of the most frequently detected AAS in sports drug testing and it is commonly detected by monitoring metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid. Sulfation reactions of 4Cl-MTD have not been studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulfate fraction of 4Cl-MTD metabolism by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to establish potential long-term metabolites valuable for doping control purposes. 4Cl-MTD was administered to two healthy male volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 8 days after administration. A theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method working in negative mode was developed. Ion transitions were based on ionization and fragmentation behaviour of sulfate metabolites as well as specific neutral losses (NL of 15 Da and NL of 36 Da) of compounds with related chemical structure. Six sulfate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples. Three of the identified metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results showed that five out of the six identified sulfate metabolites were detected in urine up to the last collected samples from both excretion studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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34
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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35
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Analytical progresses of the World Anti-Doping Agency Olympic laboratories: a 2016 update from London to Rio. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:2265-2279. [PMID: 27665839 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the biggest event in human sports, was held in Rio de Janeiro with more than 10,500 athletes from 206 countries over the world competing for the highest of sports honors, an Olympic medal. With the hope that the Olympic ideal accompanies all aspects of the XXXI Olympiad, WADA accredited antidoping laboratories use the spearhead of analytical technology as a powerful tool in the fight against doping. This review summarizes the main analytical developments applied in antidoping testing methodology combined with the main amendments on the WADA regulations regarding analytical testing starting from the 2012 London Olympics until the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.
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36
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Görgens C, Guddat S, Thomas A, Wachsmuth P, Orlovius AK, Sigmund G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Simplifying and expanding analytical capabilities for various classes of doping agents by means of direct urine injection high performance liquid chromatography high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 131:482-496. [PMID: 27693991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
So far, in sports drug testing compounds of different classes are processed and measured using different screening procedures. The constantly increasing number of samples in doping analysis, as well as the large number of substances with doping related, pharmacological effects require the development of even more powerful assays than those already employed in sports drug testing, indispensably with reduced sample preparation procedures. The analysis of native urine samples after direct injection provides a promising analytical approach, which thereby possesses a broad applicability to many different compounds and their metabolites, without a time-consuming sample preparation. In this study, a novel multi-target approach based on liquid chromatography and high resolution/high accuracy mass spectrometry is presented to screen for more than 200 analytes of various classes of doping agents far below the required detection limits in sports drug testing. Here, classic groups of drugs as diuretics, stimulants, β2-agonists, narcotics and anabolic androgenic steroids as well as various newer target compounds like hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), plasma volume expanders and other doping related compounds, listed in the 2016 WADA prohibited list were implemented. As a main achievement, growth hormone releasing peptides could be implemented, which chemically belong to the group of small peptides (<2kDa) and are commonly determined by laborious and time-consuming stand-alone assays. The assay was fully validated for qualitative purposes considering the parameters specificity, robustness (rRT: <2%), intra- (CV: 1.7-18.4 %) and inter-day precision (CV: 2.3-18.3%) at three concentration levels, linearity (R2>0.99), limit of detection (0.1-25ng/mL; 3'OH-stanozolol glucuronide: 50pg/mL; dextran/HES: 10μg/mL) and matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Görgens
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Wachsmuth
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Orlovius
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gerd Sigmund
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
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37
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Rzeppa S, Viet L. Analysis of sulfate metabolites of the doping agents oxandrolone and danazol using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Detection and characterization of clostebol sulfate metabolites in Caucasian population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1022:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Esquivel A, Pozo OJ, Garrostas L, Balcells G, Gómez C, Kotronoulas A, Joglar J, Ventura R. LC-MS/MS detection of unaltered glucuronoconjugated metabolites of metandienone. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:534-544. [PMID: 27237125 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct detection of glucuronoconjugated metabolites of metandienone (MTD) and their detection times. Metabolites resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis were also evaluated. Based on the common mass spectrometric behaviour of steroid glucuronides, three liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) strategies were applied for the detection of unpredicted and predicted metabolites: precursor ion scan (PI), neutral loss scan (NL), and theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) methods. Samples from four excretion studies of MTD were analyzed for both the detection of metabolites and the establishment of their detection times. Using PI and NL methods, seven metabolites were observed in post-administration samples. SRM methods allowed for the detection of 13 glucuronide metabolites. The detection times, measured by analysis with an SRM method, were between 1 and 22 days. The metabolite detected for the longest time was 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androsta-1,4,13-triene-3-one-17-glucuronide. One metabolite was resistant to hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase; however it was only detected in urine up to four days after administration. The three glucuronide metabolites with the highest retrospectivity were identified by chemical synthesis or mass spectrometric data, and although they were previously reported, this is the first time that analytical data of the intact phase II metabolites are presented for some of them. The LC-MS/MS strategies applied have demonstrated to be useful for detecting glucuronoconjugated metabolites of MTD, including glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis which cannot be detected by conventional approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argitxu Esquivel
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ((IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas ((IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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Potential of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the screening of urinary exogenous androgenic anabolic steroids. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 906:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kiousi P, Angelis YS, Fragkaki AG, Abushareeda W, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C, Lyris E. Markers of mesterolone abuse in sulfate fraction for doping control in human urine. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:1409-1419. [PMID: 26634976 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the direct detection of mesteroloe sulfo-conjugated metabolites by liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (LC/Q/TOFMS) with special focus on evaluation of their retrospective detectability and their structure elucidation. A comparison of their long-term detectability, with the mesterolone main metabolite (1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted in glucuronide fraction and detected by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (GC/HRMS), is also presented. Studies on mesterolone were performed with samples obtained from two excretion studies after single oral administration of Proviron© by healthy volunteers. Potential sulfate metabolites were detected in post administration samples after liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate and LC/TOFMS analysis, in negative mode. Twelve mesterolone sulfate metabolites from the first excretion study and nine from the second were subsequently confirmed by LC/Q/TOFMS. Finally, six mesterolone sulfate metabolites were considered important taking into account their abundance and long-term detectability, encoded as M1, M2, M4, M5, M6 and M7. The proposed mesterolone sulfate metabolites M1, M2, M4 and M5 (excreted as sulfates) have the same retrospectivity with the main mesterolone metabolite, excreted in glucuronide fraction. For metabolite characterization, LC fractionation was performed. The metabolites were identified and characterized by GC/MS, after solvolysis and derivatization. Combined mass spectra data from trimethyl-silyl (TMS), TMS-enolTMS and methoxime-TMS derivatives were taken into account for the characterization of these metabolites. It was concluded that M1 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3β-ol-17 one, M2 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17 one, M4 is 1α-methyl-5a-androstan-3β, 16z-diol-17-one, M5 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-17z,4ξ-diol-3one, M6 is 1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3z,6z-diol-17-one and M7 is 4z-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3,17-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - W Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | - M Alsayrafi
- Anti-Doping Laboratory of Qatar, PO Box 27775, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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Rzeppa S, Heinrich G, Hemmersbach P. Analysis of anabolic androgenic steroids as sulfate conjugates using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rzeppa
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
| | - G. Heinrich
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- University of Münster; Institute of Food Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - P. Hemmersbach
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Norway
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Kotronoulas A, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R, Joglar J, Pozo OJ. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric detection of glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis: Implications to doping control analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 895:35-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Kiousi P, Georgakopoulos CG, Lyris E. Comparison of sulfo-conjugated and gluco-conjugated urinary metabolites for detection of methenolone misuse in doping control by LC-HRMS, GC-MS and GC-HRMS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:740-748. [PMID: 26259657 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Methenolone (17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-5α-androst-1-en-3-one) misuse in doping control is commonly detected by monitoring the parent molecule and its metabolite (1-methylene-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) excreted conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the parent molecule, after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the sulfate fraction of methenolone metabolism by LC-high resolution (HR)MS and the estimation of the long-term detectability of its sulfate metabolites analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMSMS) compared with the current practice for the detection of methenolone misuse used by the anti-doping laboratories. Methenolone was administered to two healthy male volunteers, and urine samples were collected up to 12 and 26 days, respectively. Ethyl acetate extraction at weak alkaline pH was performed and then the sulfate conjugates were analyzed by LC-HRMS using electrospray ionization in negative mode searching for [M-H](-) ions corresponding to potential sulfate structures (comprising structure alterations such as hydroxylations, oxidations, reductions and combinations of them). Eight sulfate metabolites were finally detected, but four of them were considered important as the most abundant and long term detectable. LC clean up followed by solvolysis and GC/MS analysis of trimethylsilylated (TMS) derivatives reveal that the sulfate analogs of methenolone as well as of 1-methylene-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one, 3z-hydroxy-1β-methyl-5α-androstan-17-one and 16β-hydroxy-1-methyl-5α-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione were the major metabolites in the sulfate fraction. The results of the present study also document for the first time the methenolone sulfate as well as the 3z-hydroxy-1β-methyl-5α-androstan-17-one sulfate as metabolites of methenolone in human urine. The time window for the detectability of methenolone sulfate metabolites by LC-HRMS is comparable with that of their hydrolyzed glucuronide analogs analyzed by GC-MS. The results of the study demonstrate the importance of sulfation as a phase II metabolic pathway for methenolone metabolism, proposing four metabolites as significant components of the sulfate fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Marousi, Greece
| | - Y S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Marousi, Greece
| | - P Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Marousi, Greece
| | | | - E Lyris
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spyros Louis', 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Marousi, Greece
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Screening for anabolic steroids in sports: Analytical strategy based on the detection of phase I and phase II intact urinary metabolites by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1389:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Stevenson BJ, Waller CC, Ma P, Li K, Cawley AT, Ollis DL, McLeod MD. Pseudomonas aeruginosaarylsulfatase: a purified enzyme for the mild hydrolysis of steroid sulfates. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:903-11. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J. Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Paul Ma
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kunkun Li
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Adam T. Cawley
- Racing New South Wales - Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Sydney NSW 1465 Australia
| | - David L. Ollis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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