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Angelis YS, Sakellariou P, Fragkaki AG, Karnava S, Goula O, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Georgakopoulos C, Loui S, Chlapana F, Kletsas D. New long-standing metabolites of 17α-methyltestosterone are detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:604-615. [PMID: 37903531 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel metabolites of the anabolic androgenic steroid 17α-methyltestosterone have been detected in HepG2 cell in vitro metabolic model and in human urine. Their detection was accomplished through targeted gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry analysis that has been based on microscale synthesized standards. The related synthesis and the gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry characterization of the analytical standards are described. All newly presented metabolites have a fully reduced steroid A-ring with either an 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure or they have been further oxidized at position 16 of the steroid backbone. Metabolites with 17,17-dimethyl-18-nor-Δ13 structure may be considered as side products of phase II metabolic sulfation of the 17β-hydroxy group of methyltestosterone or its reduced tetrahydro-methyltestosterone metabolites 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol that produce the known epimeric 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol and 17β-methyl-5α-androstane-3α,17α-diol metabolites. The prospective of these new metabolites to increase detection time windows and improve identification was investigated by applying the World Anti-doping Agency TD2021IDCR criteria. The new metabolites, presented herein, complement the current knowledge on the 17α-methyltestosterone metabolism and in some cases can be used as additional long-term markers in the frame of sport doping drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Karnava
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Goula
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stella Loui
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Fotini Chlapana
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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Fragkaki AG, Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Tsivou M, Petrou M, Angelis Y. Human in vivo metabolism study of LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:164. [PMID: 31984662 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fragkaki AG, Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Kioukia-Fougia N, Tsivou M, Petrou M, Angelis Y. Human in vivo metabolism study of LGD-4033. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1635-1645. [PMID: 30255601 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are an emerging class of therapeutics targeted to cachexia, sarcopenia, and hypogonadism treatment. LGD-4033 is a SARM which has been included on the Prohibited List annually released by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The aim of the present work was the investigation of the metabolism of LGD-4033 in a human excretion study after administration of an LGD-4033 supplement, the determination of the metabolites' excretion profiles with special interest in the determination of its long-term metabolites, and the comparison of the excretion time of the phase I and phase II metabolites. The results were also compared to those derived from previous LGD-4033 studies concerning both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Supplement containing LGD-4033 was administered to one human male volunteer and urine samples were collected up to almost 21 days. Analysis of the hydrolyzed (with β-glucuronidase) as well as of the non-hydrolyzed samples was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in negative ionization mode and revealed that, in both cases, the two isomers of the dihydroxylated metabolite (M5) were preferred target metabolites. The gluco-conjugated parent LGD-4033 and its gluco-conjugated metabolites M1 and M2 can be also considered as useful target analytes in non-hydrolyzed samples. The study also presents two trihydroxylated metabolites (M6) identified for the first time in human urine; one of them was recently reported in an LGD-4033 metabolism study in horse urine and plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece.,Faculty of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Maria Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus Anti-Doping Authority, Makarion Athletic Centre Avenue, Engomi, Nicosia, CY, 2400, Cyprus
| | - Yiannis Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", 37 Kifisias Avenue, 15123, Maroussi, Greece
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Tsarouhas K, Kioukia-Fougia N, Papalexis P, Tsatsakis A, Kouretas D, Bacopoulou F, Tsitsimpikou C. Use of nutritional supplements contaminated with banned doping substances by recreational adolescent athletes in Athens, Greece. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:447-450. [PMID: 29621580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of nutritional supplements by adult athletes has been extensively studied, information on supplements consumption by adolescent athletes is still limited. The present study reports on the use of nutritional supplements contaminated with banned doping substances among 170 recreational adolescent athletes from eleven, randomly selected, gym centres, in Athens, Greece. Nutritional supplements consumption was reported by almost 60% of the study population, with proteins/amino acids and vitamins being the most popular. Nine per cent of the users were found to consume nutritional supplements contaminated with anabolic steroids, prohormones, selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and aromatase inhibitors, all pharmacological substances with endocrine modulating properties not stated on the label. None of these individuals had previously consulted a physician or a nutritionist. A representative sample (ca 15%) of the protein/aminoacids and creatine preparations used by the study population were also tested and found free from doping substances. The majority (63%) of adolescents purchased products from the internet. In conclusion, exercising adolescents can have easy access to contaminated nutritional supplements and "black market" products, which could constitute a risk for public health. Low level of awareness and low involvement of medical care professionals among recreational adolescent athletes is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tsarouhas
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, Larissa 41110, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, OAKA "Sp.Louis", Kiffisias 37, Maroussi 15223, Greece
| | - Petros Papalexis
- Spiliopoulio General Hospital "Agia Eleni", 21st Dim. Soutsou Str., Ampelokipi, Athens 11521, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens 11527, Greece
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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Kioukia-Fougia N, Georgiadis N, Tsarouhas K, Vasilaki F, Fragiadaki P, Meimeti E, Tsitsimpikou C. Synthetic and Natural Nutritional Supplements: Health "Allies" or Risks to Public Health? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 10:72-85. [DOI: 10.2174/1872213x10666160923163700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Baume N, Geyer H, Vouillamoz M, Grisdale R, Earl M, Aguilera R, Cowan DA, Ericsson M, Gmeiner G, Kwiatkowska D, Kioukia-Fougia N, Molina A, Ruivo J, Segura J, Van Eenoo P, Jan N, Robinson N, Saugy M. Evaluation of longitudinal steroid profiles from male football players in UEFA competitions between 2008 and 2013. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:603-12. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Baume
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne; Chemin des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry - Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | | | | | - Mike Earl
- Union of European Football Associations; Nyon Switzerland
| | - Rodrigo Aguilera
- Madrid Anti-Doping Laboratory; AEPSAD c/ El Greco, s/n Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug Control Centre; King's College London; Franklin-Wilkins Building London SE1 9NH United Kingdom
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory; Karolinska University Hospital; C2-66 Stockholm S-141 86 Sweden
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Anti-Doping Research; Institute of Sport; Trylogii 2/16 Warsaw 01-982 Poland
| | | | - Adeline Molina
- Agence Française de Lutte contre le Dopage (AFLD); Département des Analyses; 143 avenue Roger Salengro Châtenay-Malabry 92290 France
| | - João Ruivo
- Laboratório de Análises de Dopagem (LAD); Autoridade Antidopagem de Portugal (ADoP); Av. Professor Egas Moniz Lisboa 1600-190 Portugal
| | - Jordi Segura
- Fundació Institut Mar D'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM); c/ Doctor Aiguader, 88 Barcelona 08003 Spain
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Doping Control Laboratory; Ghent University (UGent); Technologiepark 30 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Nicolas Jan
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne; Chemin des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne; Chemin des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne; Chemin des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
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Tsitsimpikou C, Tsarouhas K, Kioukia-Fougia N, Skondra C, Fragkiadaki P, Papalexis P, Stamatopoulos P, Kaplanis I, Hayes AW, Tsatsakis A, Rentoukas E. Dietary supplementation with tomato-juice in patients with metabolic syndrome: a suggestion to alleviate detrimental clinical factors. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 74:9-13. [PMID: 25194627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene, a carotenoid, is known for its antioxidant properties. Little is known, though, about the relationship of dietary tomato-juice intake and risks factors, like inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, implicated in metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we examined whether supplementation with tomato-juice has any implication on the risk status of patients with metabolic syndrome. A comparative study was conducted in 27 individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Fifteen of them were instructed to use commercially available tomato-juice as refreshment 4 times a week over a period of two months and twelve individuals served as the control group. Several parameters reflective of the metabolic syndrome were monitored both in the group supplemented with tomato juice and in the control group (ADMA for entdothelial function, TNF-α and IL-6 for inflammation, FIRI for insulin resistance). There was a significant improvement in the inflammation status and the endothelial dysfunction of the tomato-juice supplemented patients. At the same time, insulin resistance improved and a pronounced decrease in LDL was recorded, along with a slight increase in HDL. The results of the present study suggest an alleviating effect of tomato-juice with regard to risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Centre of Athens, Kiffisias 37, 151 23, Maroussi, Greece
| | - Christina Skondra
- Clinic II for Nephrology and Endocrinology, Department for Internal Medicine, Alfrief Krupp Hospital, Alfried Krupp Str.49, 45131 Essen, Germany
| | - Persefoni Fragkiadaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Peter Papalexis
- Cardiology Department, General Hospital of Karditsa, Terma Tavropou, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Kaplanis
- Second Cardiology Department, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14 25th Martiou Str., 15127, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Elias Rentoukas
- Second Cardiology Department, Amalia Fleming General Hospital, 14 25th Martiou Str., 15127, Athens, Greece
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Kioukia-Fougia N, Fragkaki A, Kiousi P, Leontiou IP, Dimopoulou H, Tsivou M, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C. A synopsis of the adverse analytical and atypical findings between 2005 and 2011 from the Doping Control Laboratory of Athens in Greece. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 38:16-23. [PMID: 24194481 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article concerns the analysis of the Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) and the appropriate alterations made during the period 2005-2011, so that the Doping Control Laboratory of Athens (DCLA) obeys the updated World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) List of Prohibited Substances. The % AAFs of the DCLA was compared with those of WADA-Accredited Laboratories. In 2008, the term Atypical Finding was introduced by the WADA representing a reported but inconclusive result. A characteristic example is when a testosterone-to-epitestosterone ratio is >4 followed by a negative gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry result. In a total of about 30,000 athlete samples, 136 athletes were found with an increased testosterone/epitestosterone ratio and 43 with tetrahydrocannabinol metabolite (THCCOOH) of 427 reported AAFs. Twenty-one athletes in total were found positive with methylhexaneamine, the 11 found after a batch of 1000 samples was reprocessed. Besides, there were AAFs below their Minimum Required Performance Level (MRPL). The increasing need for higher detectability imposed new apparatus, e.g., liquid chromatography/quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas that for lowering the capital costs and reporting times led to the unification of the screening method which includes stimulants, diuretics, anabolics and other substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- 1Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens 'Spiros Louis', 37 Kifissias Ave., Maroussi 151 23, Greece
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Tsitsimpikou C, Kioukia-Fougia N, Tsarouhas K, Stamatopoulos P, Rentoukas E, Koudounakos A, Papalexis P, Liesivuori J, Jamurtas A. Administration of tomato juice ameliorates lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase responses to anaerobic training. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 61:9-13. [PMID: 23291317 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are important biological markers of various myocardial disorders and exercise-induced muscle damage. Lycopene, on the other side, is a natural anti-oxidant with protective action against cardiovascular risk. Fifteen anaerobically trained athletes with elevated LDH and CPK baseline levels were enrolled in this study after undergoing thorough biochemical and cardiovascular evaluation with echocardiocraphy. In nine athletes tomato juice, a lycopene plain juice, was administered during and after exercise, replacing the carbohydrate supplementation beverages commonly used during training for over a 2-month period. Tomato juice administration significantly reduced LDH and CPK levels, which returned back to almost normal levels. At the same time homocysteine and C-reactive protein were also attenuated. No changes were observed in the control group, where the usual carbohydrate supplementation had been followed.
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Tsivou M, Kioukia-Fougia N, Lyris E, Aggelis Y, Fragkaki A, Kiousi X, Simitsek P, Dimopoulou H, Leontiou IP, Stamou M, Spyridaki MH, Georgakopoulos C. An overview of the doping control analysis during the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens, Greece. Anal Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kioukia-Fougia N, Antoniou K, Bekris S, Liapi C, Christofidis I, Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. The effects of stress exposure on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, thymus, thyroid hormones and glucose levels. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26:823-30. [PMID: 12369253 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(01)00297-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt was made to compare three stress models and their effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the thymus, the thyroid hormones and the glucose levels. The three different stress models were the chronic mild stress (CMS), the 14-day and the 1-day cold swim stress model. The CMS procedure caused a decrease in thymus weight and rendered no changes on glucose, the adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) or the adrenals. Administration of imipramine (IMI) after the third week of CMS did not reverse the decrease in thymus weight. The 14-day cold swim stress doubled ACTH levels and the adrenal weight and reduced thymus weight, while total thyroxine (tT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3) and glucose levels were unaffected. IMI treatment restored the weights of the adrenal and thymus glands. One-day cold swim stress did not induce any statistically significant effect on the tested physiological parameters. The above findings indicate a distinct effect of the 14-day cold swim stress on HPA axis. Relative to CMS or the 14-day cold swim stress, no effect was induced by the 1-day cold swim stress. The IMI restoring effect, especially in the case of the 14-day cold swim stress, also suggests an association of antidepressant effect with the duration of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, OACA S. Louis, 37 Kifissias Avenue, 151 23 Maroussi, Athens, Greece
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Kioukia-Fougia N, Christofidis I, Strantzalis N. Physicochemical conditions affecting the formation/stability of serum complexes and the determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Anticancer Res 1999; 19:3315-20. [PMID: 10652627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Inaccurate determination of total prostate-specific antigen (t-PSA) mainly derives from inadequate estimation of this heterogeneous molecule and its complexes with serum protease inhibitors, such as the a,-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M). While ACT-PSA complex is confirmed to be an important quantity for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis, alpha 2M-PSA complex is still an unmeasurable fraction. This study was performed to evaluate the phycicochemical conditions of PSA complex formation with serum protease inhibitors, focusing on ACT and alpha 2M. t-PSA and free prostate-specific antigen (f-PSA) levels were estimated with commercial immunoassays (Axsym/Abbott, Enzymun/Boehringer Mannheim, Elfa/ Biomerieux), while the formation of PSA complexes with ACT and alpha 2M with Western-blot electrophoresis. t-PSA values were unexpectedly lower after incubation of semen PSA for 4 days at 4 degrees C or at 37 degrees C in female serum and goat serum relevant to incubation in BSA buffer, possibly due to immunoreactivity loss in alpha 2M-PSA formation in the serum matrices. The transformation of PSA molecule into various measured and unmeasured forms after exposure to serum, especially suggested the inadequacy of serum matrices for f-PSA standard preparation. Loss of stability in PSA complexes was observed after dilution of prostate cancer (PCa) serum in aqueous buffer (BSA buffer), possibly due to dissociation of complex structure, the effect being mended by prior excess addition of ACT or alpha 2M. Optimum pH (approximately 7.5) and temperature (37 degrees C) for serum protease inhibitors binding to PSA were these of human serum, the complex formation increasing with incubation time, but not with PSA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kioukia-Fougia
- Immunoassay Laboratory, I.R.R.P., Demokritos NCSR, Ag. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
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