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Gomes AR, Pires AS, Roleira FMF, Tavares-da-Silva EJ. The Structural Diversity and Biological Activity of Steroid Oximes. Molecules 2023; 28:1690. [PMID: 36838678 PMCID: PMC9967121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroids and their derivatives have been the subject of extensive research among investigators due to their wide range of pharmacological properties, in which steroidal oximes are included. Oximes are a chemical group with the general formula R1R2C=N-OH and they exist as colorless crystals and are poorly soluble in water. Oximes can be easily obtained through the condensation of aldehydes or ketones with various amine derivatives, making them a very interesting chemical group in medicinal chemistry for the design of drugs as potential treatments for several diseases. In this review, we will focus on the different biological activities displayed by steroidal oximes such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral, among others, as well as their respective mechanisms of action. An overview of the chemistry of oximes will also be reported, and several steroidal oximes that are in clinical trials or already used as drugs are described. An extensive literature search was performed on three main databases-PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Gomes
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana S. Pires
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Praceta Professor Mota Pinto, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda M. F. Roleira
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Elisiário J. Tavares-da-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Apoptosis induction in HeLa cervical cancer cell line by steroidal 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitriles. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc210723035a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroids are good candidates for drug development, thanks to their low
general toxicity and possible structure modifications, connected with change
of their activity. Several 16,17-secoandrost-4-ene-16,17a-dinitrile
compounds were synthesized and screened for anticancer effect previously,
including 6-oxo and 6-hydroxyimino compounds. This research is continued
with the attempts for different synthetic strategy and evaluation of
anticancer effect mechanism. Synthesis of 3-hydroxyimino compounds was
successful, but inseparable mix of isomers was excluded from biological
tests. Tested secodinitriles expressed cytotoxic effect on HeLa cervix
cancer cells as a model system, with submicromolar to molar IC50 values,
where 6-substituted derivatives were more effective. After 72 h treatment
with equitoxic concentrations equal IC50 values of test compounds the
mechanism of this effect was studied using flow cytometry and specific
fluorescent dyes. Modest change in both G0/G1 and G2/M resting phases and
change in mitochondrial membrane potential were noticed, while the most
pronounced effect was apoptosis induction. Total apoptosis was in range
50.72-58.31 % in all samples of cells treated with secodinitriles, compared
to 7.44 % in control samples. Total percent of dead cells, including both
apoptotic and necrotic, ranged from 55.24 to 65.34 %, compared to 10.68 % in
control. Selectivity towards cancer cells is very important feature of these
compounds as leading compounds in the drug development for the treatment of
cancers of steroid hormone-dependent tissues.
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3
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Synthesis and In Vitro Studies of O-Alkylaminoethylated Derivatives of 3E-Hydroximinocholestene as Potent and Selective Antileukemic Agents. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Albuquerque HMT, Santos CMM, Silva AMS. Cholesterol-Based Compounds: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2018; 24:E116. [PMID: 30597999 PMCID: PMC6337470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review reports on the latest developments (since 2014) in the chemistry of cholesterol and its applications in different research fields. These applications range from drug delivery or bioimaging applications to cholesterol-based liquid crystals and gelators. A brief overview of the most recent synthetic procedures to obtain new cholesterol derivatives is also provided, as well as the latest anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant new cholesterol-based derivatives. This review discusses not only the synthetic details of the preparation of new cholesterol derivatives or conjugates, but also gives a short summary concerning the specific application of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio M T Albuquerque
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Clementina M M Santos
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO) Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Artur M S Silva
- QOPNA & LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Nikolić AR, Kuzminac IZ, Jovanović-Šanta SS, Jakimov DS, Aleksić LD, Sakač MN. Anticancer activity of novel steroidal 6-substituted 4-en-3-one D-seco dinitriles. Steroids 2018; 135:101-107. [PMID: 29604312 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitriles possessing 4-ene-3,6-dione (3), 6-methylene-4-en-3-one (5), (6E)-hydroxyimino-4-en-3β-ol (9) or (6E)-hydroxyimino-4-en-3-one (10) moiety were synthesized starting from 3β-acetoxy-16,17-secoandrost-4-ene-16,17a-dinitrile (1). Antiproliferative activity of the newly synthesized compounds, as well as previously synthesized 3-oxo-16,17-secoandrosta-1,4-diene-16,17a-dinitrile (VII), was tested in vitro. Compound 9 displayed submicromolar antiproliferative activity against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells (IC50 0.48 μM), and compounds 3 and 10 expressed strong inhibitory potential against HeLa cells (IC50 4.31 μM and 2.64 μM, respectively). Also, compound 10 was effective in inhibiting estrogen hormone-independent (MDA-MB-231) cells (IC50 2.78 μM). All tested compounds had no influence on the proliferation of healthy cells (MRC-5). Since MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells were most sensitive to treatment by 16,17-seco-16,17a-dinitriles, apoptosis induction after treatment by compounds 3, VII, 9 and 10 was studied in these cells, to reveal the mechanism underlying cell growth inhibition. All tested compounds significantly induced apoptosis in both treated cell lines, which was evident from results obtained by a double AO-EB staining test and quantified by counting cells with apoptotic morphology after staining with Giemsa dye. Among all tested substances, (6E)-hydroxyimino-4-en-3-one derivative 10 expressed the most proapoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Nikolić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Z Kuzminac
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana S Jovanović-Šanta
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dimitar S Jakimov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Lidija D Aleksić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marija N Sakač
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Basso AV, Leiva González S, Barboza GE, Careaga VP, Calvo JC, Sacca PA, Nicotra VE. Phytochemical Study of the Genus Salpichroa (Solanaceae), Chemotaxonomic Considerations, and Biological Evaluation in Prostate and Breast Cancer Cells. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28581196 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Salpichroa taxa have been phytochemically analyzed. From the aerial parts of S. scandens, four known salpichrolides A, C, I, S, and an unreported withanolide named salpichrolide V (1), were isolated. In S. dependens, S. gayi, S. glandulosa subsp. glandulosa, S. glandulosa subps. weddellii, S. leucantha, S. micrantha, S. microloba, S. proboscidea, S. ramosissima, S. tristis var. tristis, and S. weberbauerii, no withanolides were found. The chemical content of ca. 85% of the Salpichroa taxa is in agreement with molecular studies, which suggest that Salpichroa and Jaborosa, a genus considered morphologically close to Salpichroa, are distant in the systematic of the Solanoideae subfamily. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of a set of natural salpichrolides and derivatives was examined against two prostate carcinoma cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP) and two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and T47D). Several compounds showed moderate activity (IC50 = 64.91 - 29.97 μm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valentina Basso
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Gloria Estela Barboza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Pilar Careaga
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a la Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias, Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria S/N Piso: 3, C1428EHA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos Calvo
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula A Sacca
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, C1428ADN, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Estela Nicotra
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CC 495, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
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Karadžić MŽ, Jevrić LR, Mandić AI, Markov SL, Podunavac-Kuzmanović SO, Kovačević SZ, Nikolić AR, Oklješa AM, Sakač MN, Penov-Gaši KM. Chemometrics approach based on chromatographic behavior, in silico characterization and molecular docking study of steroid analogs with biomedical importance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 105:71-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ahmad F, Parveen M, Alam M, Azaz S, Malla AM, Alam MJ, Lee DU, Ahmad S. Synthesis, X-ray crystallography, spectroscopic (FT-IR, 1H &13C NMR and UV), computational (DFT/B3LYP) and enzymes inhibitory studies of 7-hydroximinocholest-5-en-3-ol acetate. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids derived from 5α-cholestanes as antiviral agents against herpes simplex virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1993-9. [PMID: 27101075 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Twelve polyhydroxylated sulfated steroids synthesized from a 5α-cholestane skeleton with different substitutions in C-2, C-3 and C-6 were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus (HSV) by a virus plaque reduction assay. Four compounds elicited a selective inhibitory effect against HSV. The disodium salt of 2β,3α-dihydroxy-6E-hydroximine-5α-cholestane-2,3-disulfate, named compound 7, was the most effective inhibitor of HSV-1, HSV-2 and pseudorabies virus (PrV) strains, including acyclovir-resistant variants, in human and monkey cell lines. Preliminary mechanistic studies demonstrated that compound 7 did not affect the initial steps of virus entry but inhibited a subsequent event in the infection process of HSV.
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Chandrashekhar M, Nayak VL, Ramakrishna S, Mallavadhani UV. Novel triazole hybrids of myrrhanone C, a natural polypodane triterpene: Synthesis, cytotoxic activity and cell based studies. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 114:293-307. [PMID: 27015609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 3-keto functionality in ring A of myrrhanone C, a natural bicyclic triterpene has been chemically modified and synthesized 27 novel triazole hybrids belonging to two different series in very good to excellent yields (66-83%). The synthesized compounds were thoroughly characterized by their spectroscopic data (IR, (1)H&(13)C NMR, HRMS). All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against a panel of five human cancer cell lines by employing MTT assay using doxorubicin as the standard. In general the synthesized compounds showed anticancer activity against almost all the cell lines screened. Interestingly, the oxime based triazoles (4a-4n) showed higher activity than the benzylidene triazoles (6a-6m). Most significantly compound 4a showed potent activity against all the tested cell lines, especially against lung cancer (A-549) with an IC 50 of 6.16 μm. In view of their significant activity against lung cancer cell lines, compounds 4a and 4l were subjected to detailed biological studies, which revealed that they arrested cell cycle in G2/M phase and induced cell death by apoptosis that was further confirmed by Hoechst staining, measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and Annexin V-FITC assay. These compounds will serve as lead molecules in the development of potent anticancer drug candidates especially for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madasu Chandrashekhar
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Vadithe Lakshma Nayak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Sistla Ramakrishna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Uppuluri Venkata Mallavadhani
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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Kovačević SZ, Podunavac-Kuzmanović SO, Jevrić LR, Djurendić EA, Ajduković JJ. Non-linear assessment of anticancer activity of 17-picolyl and 17-picolinylidene androstane derivatives – Chemometric guidelines for further syntheses. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 62:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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