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Lai W, Huang S, Liu J, Zhou B, Yu Z, Brown J, Hong G. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent innate immune responses are mediated by intracrine corticosteroids and activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in astrocytes. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23781. [PMID: 38941212 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301923rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes are important pathophysiologically and synthesize neurosteroids. We observed that LPS increased immunoreactive TLR4 and key steroidogenic enzymes in cortical astrocytes of rats and investigated whether corticosteroids are produced and mediate astrocytic TLR4-dependent innate immune responses. We found that LPS increased steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and StAR-dependent aldosterone production in purified astrocytes. Both increases were blocked by the TLR4 antagonist TAK242. LPS also increased 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and corticosterone production, and both were prevented by TAK242 and by siRNAs against 11β-HSD1, StAR, or aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Knockdown of 11β-HSD1, StAR, or CYP11B2 or blocking either mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) or glucocorticoid receptors (GR) prevented dephosphorylation of p-Ser9GSK-3β, activation of NF-κB, and the GSK-3β-dependent increases of C3, IL-1β, and TNF-α caused by LPS. Exogenous aldosterone mimicked the MR- and GSK-3β-dependent pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in astrocytes, but corticosterone did not. Supernatants from astrocytes treated with LPS reduced MAP2 and viability of cultured neurons except when astrocytic StAR or MR was inhibited. In adrenalectomized rats, intracerebroventricular injection of LPS increased astrocytic TLR4, StAR, CYP11B2, and 11β-HSD1, NF-κB, C3 and IL-1β, decreased astrocytic p-Ser9GSK-3β in the cortex and was neurotoxic, except when spironolactone was co-injected, consistent with the in vitro results. LPS also activated NF-κB in some NeuN+ and CD11b+ cells in the cortex, and these effects were prevented by spironolactone. We conclude that intracrine aldosterone may be involved in the TLR4-dependent innate immune responses of astrocytes and can trigger paracrine effects by activating astrocytic MR/GSK-3β/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Lai
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siying Huang
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junjie Liu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengshuang Yu
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - John Brown
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guizhu Hong
- College of Pharmacology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Minhou Shangjie, Fuzhou, China
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Deuter CE, Kaczmarczyk M, Hellmann-Regen J, Kuehl LK, Wingenfeld K, Otte C. The influence of pharmacological mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor blockade on the cortisol response to psychological stress. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 129:110905. [PMID: 38043634 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid cortisol is the end product of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and crucial for the stress response in humans. Cortisol regulates numerous biological functions by binding to two different types of receptors: the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Both receptors are found in the brain where they are crucially involved in various mental functions and in feedback inhibition of cortisol release. The precise role of both receptors in the human stress response is not completely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of pharmacological blockade of the MR or the GR on stress-induced cortisol release in a sample of 318 healthy young men (M = 25.42, SD = 5.01). Participants received the MR antagonist spironolactone (300 mg), the GR antagonist mifepristone (600 mg), or a placebo and were subjected 90 min later to a social-evaluative stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) or a non-stressful control condition. We found significantly higher stress-induced cortisol release in the spironolactone group, whereas participants after mifepristone administration did not differ from the control groups. These results suggest that MR blockade results in attenuated fast negative feedback processes and emphasize the important role of the MR during the early phase of the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Deuter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Kaczmarczyk
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Hellmann-Regen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
| | | | - Katja Wingenfeld
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
| | - Christian Otte
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany; DZPG (German Center for Mental Health), Germany
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3
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Alexandrovich YV, Antonov EV, Shikhevich SG, Kharlamova AV, Meister LV, Makovka YV, Shepeleva DV, Gulevich RG, Herbeck YE. The expression profile of genes associated with behavior, stress, and adult neurogenesis along the hippocampal dorsoventral axis in tame and aggressive foxes. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:651-661. [PMID: 38213464 PMCID: PMC10782033 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus plays the key role in stress response regulation, and stress response appears to be weakened in domesticated animals compared to their wild relatives. The hippocampus is functionally heterogeneous along its dorsoventral axis, with its ventral compartment being more closely involved in stress regulation. An earlier series of experiments was conducted with a unique breeding model of animal domestication, the farm silver fox (Vulpes vulpes), which included tame, aggressive, and unselected animals. A decrease in many indices of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity was observed in tame animals. Also, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was more intense in tame foxes, and this fact may relate to reduced stress levels in this experimental population of foxes. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduced stress response in tame animals remain obscure. In this study, serum cortisol levels and the mRNA levels of 13 genes in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus have been measured and compared in tame, aggressive, and unselected foxes. At the current stage of domestication, stress-induced cortisol levels in tame, aggressive, and unselected animals differ significantly from each other: tame foxes show the lowest levels, and aggressive ones, the highest. Twelve genes tested demonstrate significant gene expression differences between the dorsal and ventral hippocampi. These differences are mainly consistent with those found in rodents and humans. In tame foxes, significantly elevated mRNA levels were recorded for several genes: CYP26B1 for cytochrome P450 26B1 and ADRA1A for α1A adrenergic receptor in the dorsal hippocampus, whereas the level of NR3C2 mRNA for mineralocorticoid receptor was higher in the ventral. It is presumed that these genes constitute an important part of the mechanism reducing stress induced by contacts with humans and contribute to linking stress regulation with adult neurogenesis in tame foxes and domesticated animals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu V Alexandrovich
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E V Antonov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Sirius University of Science and Technology, Scientific Center for Translational Medicine, Sochi, Russia
| | - S G Shikhevich
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A V Kharlamova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - L V Meister
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Y V Makovka
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - D V Shepeleva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - R G Gulevich
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yu E Herbeck
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Jiang M, Jang SE, Zeng L. The Effects of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors on Neurogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091285. [PMID: 37174685 PMCID: PMC10177620 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, neurogenesis is maintained throughout adulthood primarily in two typical niches, the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and in other nonclassic neurogenic areas (e.g., the amygdala and striatum). During prenatal and early postnatal development, neural stem cells (NSCs) differentiate into neurons and migrate to appropriate areas such as the olfactory bulb where they integrate into existing neural networks; these phenomena constitute the multistep process of neurogenesis. Alterations in any of these processes impair neurogenesis and may even lead to brain dysfunction, including cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. Here, we first summarize the main properties of mammalian neurogenic niches to describe the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis. Accumulating evidence indicates that neurogenesis plays an integral role in neuronal plasticity in the brain and cognition in the postnatal period. Given that neurogenesis can be highly modulated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, we discuss the impact of extrinsic (e.g., alcohol) and intrinsic (e.g., hormones) modulators on neurogenesis. Additionally, we provide an overview of the contribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to persistent neurological sequelae such as neurodegeneration, neurogenic defects and accelerated neuronal cell death. Together, our review provides a link between extrinsic/intrinsic factors and neurogenesis and explains the possible mechanisms of abnormal neurogenesis underlying neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Se Eun Jang
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Li Zeng
- Neural Stem Cell Research Lab, Research Department, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Novena Campus, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore
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5
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Viho EMG, Buurstede JC, Berkhout JB, Mahfouz A, Meijer OC. Cell type specificity of glucocorticoid signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13072. [PMID: 34939259 PMCID: PMC9286676 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid stress hormones are powerful modulators of brain function and can affect mood and cognitive processes. The hippocampus is a prominent glucocorticoid target and expresses both the glucocorticoid receptor (GR: Nr3c1) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR: Nr3c2). These nuclear steroid receptors act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. Transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids have often been deduced from bulk mRNA measurements or spatially informed individual gene expression. However, only sparse data exists allowing insights on glucocorticoid-driven gene transcription at the cell type level. Here, we used publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data to assess the cell-type specificity of GR and MR signaling in the adult mouse hippocampus. The data confirmed that Nr3c1 and Nr3c2 expression differs across neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations. We analyzed co-expression with sex hormones receptors, transcriptional coregulators, and receptors for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Our results provide insights in the cellular basis of previous bulk mRNA results and allow the formulation of more defined hypotheses on the effects of glucocorticoids on hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. G. Viho
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacobus C. Buurstede
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jari B. Berkhout
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Mahfouz
- Department of Human GeneticsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Delft Bioinformatics LaboratoryDelft University of TechnologyDelftThe Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology CenterLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Division of EndocrinologyDepartment of MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular MedicineLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
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6
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Cotter DL, Azad A, Cabeen RP, Kim MS, Geffner ME, Sepehrband F, Herting MM. White Matter Microstructural Differences in Youth With Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:3196-3212. [PMID: 34272858 PMCID: PMC8530716 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Gray matter morphology in the prefrontal cortex and subcortical regions, including the hippocampus and amygdala, are affected in youth with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). It remains unclear if white matter connecting these aforementioned brain regions is compromised in youth with CAH. OBJECTIVE To examine brain white matter microstructure in youth with CAH compared to controls. DESIGN A cross-sectional sample of 23 youths with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (12.9 ± 3.5 year; 61% female) and 33 healthy controls (13.1 ± 2.8 year; 61% female) with 3T multishell diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance brain scans. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Complementary modeling approaches, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), to examine in vivo white matter microstructure in six white matter tracts that innervate the prefrontal and subcortical regions. RESULTS DTI showed CAH youth had lower fractional anisotropy in both the fornix and stria terminalis and higher mean diffusivity in the fornix compared to controls. NODDI modeling revealed that CAH youth have a significantly higher orientation dispersion index in the stria terminalis compared to controls. White matter microstructural integrity was associated with smaller hippocampal and amygdala volumes in CAH youth. CONCLUSIONS These patterns of microstructure reflect less restricted water diffusion likely due to less coherency in oriented microstructure. These results suggest that white matter microstructural integrity in the fornix and stria terminalis is compromised and may be an additional related brain phenotype alongside affected hippocampus and amygdala neurocircuitry in individuals with CAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devyn L Cotter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anisa Azad
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ryan P Cabeen
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mimi S Kim
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and The Saban Research Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell E Geffner
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and The Saban Research Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Farshid Sepehrband
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, and The Saban Research Institute at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Distinct regulation of hippocampal neuroplasticity and ciliary genes by corticosteroid receptors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4737. [PMID: 34362910 PMCID: PMC8346558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) — acting through hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) — are critical to physiological regulation and behavioural adaptation. We conducted genome-wide MR and GR ChIP-seq and Ribo-Zero RNA-seq studies on rat hippocampus to elucidate MR- and GR-regulated genes under circadian variation or acute stress. In a subset of genes, these physiological conditions resulted in enhanced MR and/or GR binding to DNA sequences and associated transcriptional changes. Binding of MR at a substantial number of sites however remained unchanged. MR and GR binding occur at overlapping as well as distinct loci. Moreover, although the GC response element (GRE) was the predominant motif, the transcription factor recognition site composition within MR and GR binding peaks show marked differences. Pathway analysis uncovered that MR and GR regulate a substantial number of genes involved in synaptic/neuro-plasticity, cell morphology and development, behavior, and neuropsychiatric disorders. We find that MR, not GR, is the predominant receptor binding to >50 ciliary genes; and that MR function is linked to neuronal differentiation and ciliogenesis in human fetal neuronal progenitor cells. These results show that hippocampal MRs and GRs constitutively and dynamically regulate genomic activities underpinning neuronal plasticity and behavioral adaptation to changing environments. Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are of critical importance for maintaining brain health, but their involvement in mental disorders is poorly understood. Here the authors show how GCs act through hippocampal mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors to impact the gene regulatory programs underpinning neuronal plasticity, ciliogenesis and behavioral adaptation.
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Sun X, Zu Y, Li X, Zhao S, Sun X, Li L, Zhang X, Wang W, Liang Y, Wang W, Liang X, Gao M, Sun C, Guan X, Tang M. Corticosterone-induced Hippocampal 5-HT Responses were Muted in Depressive-like State. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:845-856. [PMID: 33586968 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the central 5-HT system in the depressive state remain largely unknown. The present study investigated corticosterone (CORT) regulations of extracellular 5-HT in the hippocampal CA3 in a mouse model of depression. Basal dialysate 5-HT, true extracellular 5-HT, 5-HT reuptake efficiency, and time courses of dialysate 5-HT following CORT injections at 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg were determined at baseline, depressive-like state and after subsequent fluoxetine (FLX) treatment using in vivo microdialysis in male C57BL/6 mice. Behavioral tests were used to determine behavioral phenotypes and therapeutic responses to FLX. Depressed mice showed decreased extracellular 5-HT, increased 5-HT reuptake efficiency, and absence of the increase in dialysate 5-HT response to CORT injections, which were all reversed in FLX-responsive mice. Surprisingly, the FLX nonresponsive mice continued to worsen behaviorally and exhibited lower extracellular 5-HT and higher 5-HT reuptake efficiency. Our study indicates that abolished-CORT induced 5-HT response, decreased extracellular 5-HT, and increased 5-HT reuptake efficiency might be the signature features associated with depressive-like state. Increased 5-HT reuptake efficiency was one of the underlying mechanisms, with target effectors remaining to be explored. The findings in the FLX nonresponsive mice suggest distinct neuromechanisms, which might be genetically predetermined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yi Zu
- Department of Academic Quality Assurance, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Shulei Zhao
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shenyang Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Shenyang 110011, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xinjing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuezhu Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Wenyao Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xuankai Liang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Mingqi Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Academic Quality Assurance, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Xue Guan
- Department of Academic Quality Assurance, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Man Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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9
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Podgorny OV, Gulyaeva NV. Glucocorticoid-mediated mechanisms of hippocampal damage: Contribution of subgranular neurogenesis. J Neurochem 2020; 157:370-392. [PMID: 33301616 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the interplay between glucocorticoids (GCs) and adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is presented, particularly, in the context of a diseased brain. The effectors of GCs in the dentate gyrus neurogenic niche of the hippocampal are reviewed, and the consequences of the GC signaling on the generation and integration of new neurons are discussed. Recent findings demonstrating how GC signaling mediates impairments of the AHN in various brain pathologies are overviewed. GC-mediated effects on the generation and integration of adult-born neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus depend on the nature, severity, and duration of the acting stress factor. GCs realize their effects on the AHN primarily via specific glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Disruption of the reciprocal regulation between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the generation of the adult-born granular neurons is currently considered to be a key mechanism implicating the AHN into the pathogenesis of numerous brain diseases, including those without a direct hippocampal damage. These alterations vary from reduced proliferation of stem and progenitor cells to increased cell death and abnormalities in morphology, connectivity, and localization of young neurons. Although the involvement of the mutual regulation between the HPA axis and the AHN in the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits and mood impairments is evident, several unresolved critical issues are stated. Understanding the details of GC-mediated mechanisms involved in the alterations in AHN could enable the identification of molecular targets for ameliorating pathology-induced imbalance in the HPA axis/AHN mutual regulation to conquer cognitive and psychiatric disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Podgorny
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry of Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Tang C, Liu X, Zhu H, Lu Q. Antagonizing effect of icaritin on apoptosis and injury of hippocampal neurocytes induced by amyloid beta via GR/BDNF signaling pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:550-559. [PMID: 32476534 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1768547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Amyloid beta is the main component of senile plaques deposited in the hippocampus of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), with neurotoxicity and pro-apoptotic characteristics. Icaritin (ICA) has been found to have the properties of plerosis, regeneration, and anti-apoptosis in the neurocytes, its effects on Aβ-induced hippocampal neurocytes were studied in this research.Methods: Different concentrations of Aβ25-35 were used to treat mouse hippocampal neuron HT22 cells to determine the optimal concentration for constructing AD model; different concentrations of ICA were used to pretreat HT22 cells to explore their effects on cell activity. Cell injury was evaluated by measuring the viability and apoptosis of HT22 cells using MTT assay, and Annexin V/PI and Hoechst 33342 staining, respectively. Western blot and qPCR were performed to detect the expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and apoptosis-related factors. Oxidative stress was assessed by the biochemical analysis of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity.Results: Aβ25-35 inhibited the viability of HT22 cells and the expression of GR and BDNF in HT22 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. ICA at 20 µmol/L (ICA20) the most significantly increased the viability of HT22 cells and the expressions of GR and BDNF in HT22 cells. ICA20 increased viability, inhibited apoptosis and LDH release, promoted SOD activity and the expressions of GR, BDNF and Bcl-2, and inhibited the expressions of Bax and C Caspase-3 in AD. More importantly, shRNA-GR reversed the positive effects of ICA20 on AD.Conclusions: ICA protected hippocampal neurocytes against Aβ25-35 via GR/BDNF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congfeng Tang
- Department of Neurology, Jingmen No.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Department of Blood Purification, Jingmen No.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, PR China
| | - Hailing Zhu
- Department of Emergency, Jingmen No.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, PR China
| | - Quan Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jingmen No.1 People's Hospital, Jingmen, PR China
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Gregrowicz J, Rogalska J. Glucocorticoid receptors function in the pathophysiology of brain hypoxia. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2019. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.7193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors, which play an important role in the brain, mainly in stress response regulation. There are two types of receptors for glucocorticosteroids: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) with high-affinity for the ligands and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) with a tenfold lower affinity. Selective activation of the receptors during hypoxia may decide neuronal fate, especially in the hippocampus. Depending on the severity of hypoxia-induced damage, neurons undergo necrosis or apoptosis. In the penumbral region, where neurons die mainly through the process of apoptosis, selective GR activation increases excitotoxicity, interferes with apoptotic signalling pathways and causes energy deficit in the cells, all of which promote cell death. On the other hand, selective MR activation seems to be neuroprotective. It is suggested that the main role of MR in neuroprotection is to regulate the balance between anti- and proapoptotic proteins from bcl-2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gregrowicz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
| | - Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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12
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Canet G, Pineau F, Zussy C, Hernandez C, Hunt H, Chevallier N, Perrier V, Torrent J, Belanoff JK, Meijer OC, Desrumaux C, Givalois L. Glucocorticoid receptors signaling impairment potentiates amyloid-β oligomers-induced pathology in an acute model of Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2019; 34:1150-1168. [PMID: 31914623 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900723rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs early in Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with elevated circulating glucocorticoids (GC) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) signaling impairment. However, the precise role of GR in the pathophysiology of AD remains unclear. Using an acute model of AD induced by the intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β oligomers (oAβ), we analyzed cellular and behavioral hallmarks of AD, GR signaling pathways, processing of amyloid precursor protein, and enzymes involved in Tau phosphorylation. We focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), particularly rich in GR, early altered in AD and involved in HPA axis control and cognitive functions. We found that oAβ impaired cognitive and emotional behaviors, increased plasma GC levels, synaptic deficits, apoptosis and neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, oAβ potentiated the amyloidogenic pathway and enzymes involved both in Tau hyperphosphorylation and GR activation. Treatment with a selective GR modulator (sGRm) normalized plasma GC levels and all behavioral and biochemical parameters analyzed. GR seems to occupy a central position in the pathophysiology of AD. Deregulation of the HPA axis and a feed-forward effect on PFC GR sensitivity could participate in the etiology of AD, in perturbing Aβ and Tau homeostasis. These results also reinforce the therapeutic potential of sGRm in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Canet
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Pineau
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Célia Hernandez
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Nathalie Chevallier
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Perrier
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Joan Torrent
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Onno C Meijer
- Einthoven Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Desrumaux
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Givalois
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, INSERM U1198, Team Environmental Impact in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (EiAlz), Montpellier, France.,University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,EPHE, Paris, France
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13
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Gulyaeva NV. Biochemical Mechanisms and Translational Relevance of Hippocampal Vulnerability to Distant Focal Brain Injury: The Price of Stress Response. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1306-1328. [PMID: 31760920 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Focal brain injuries (in particular, stroke and traumatic brain injury) induce with high probability the development of delayed (months, years) cognitive and depressive disturbances which are frequently comorbid. The association of these complications with hippocampal alterations (in spite of the lack of a primary injury of this structure), as well as the lack of a clear dependence between the probability of depression and dementia development and primary damage severity and localization served as the basis for a new hypothesis on the distant hippocampal damage as a key link in the pathogenesis of cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. According to this hypothesis, the excess of corticosteroids secreted after a focal brain damage, in particular in patients with abnormal stress-response due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) dysfunction, interacts with corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus inducing signaling pathways which stimulate neuroinflammation and subsequent events including disturbances in neurogenesis and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In this article, the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the regulatory role of the HPAA and multiple functions of brain corticosteroid receptors in the hippocampus are analyzed. Functional and structural damage to the hippocampus, a brain region selectively vulnerable to external factors and responding to them by increased cytokine secretion, forms the basis for cognitive function disturbances and psychopathology development. This concept is confirmed by our own experimental data, results of other groups and by prospective clinical studies of post-stroke complications. Clinically relevant biochemical approaches to predict the risks and probability of post-stroke/post-trauma cognitive and depressive disturbances are suggested using the evaluation of biochemical markers of patients' individual stress-response. Pathogenetically justified ways for preventing these consequences of focal brain damage are proposed by targeting key molecular mechanisms underlying hippocampal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117485, Russia. .,Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Healthcare Department of Moscow, Moscow, 115419, Russia
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14
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Trujillo V, Durando PE, Suárez MM. Maternal separation induces long-term changes in mineralocorticoid receptor in rats subjected to chronic stress and treated with tianeptine. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:540-550. [PMID: 30485752 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1550398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to analyze whether early maternal separation would result in long-term, persistent alterations in stress response in adulthood, altering mineralocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity (MR-ir) in the dorsal hippocampal areas [CA1, CA2, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG)], paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and medial and central nucleus of the amygdala, key structures involved in stress response regulation. We also analyzed whether chronic treatment with the antidepressant tianeptine reverses these possible changes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to daily maternal separation for 4.5 h during 3 weeks or left undisturbed. As adults, they were exposed to chronic stress during 24 days or left undisturbed, and they were also daily treated with tianeptine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or isotonic solution. RESULTS In the CA2 and DG areas of the dorsal hippocampus, there was an increase in MR-ir in non-maternally separated and chronic stressed groups. Tianeptine raised MR-ir in the CA3. In the DG, control and maternally separated + chronic stress groups treated with tianeptine showed more MR-ir than their respective vehicle groups. In the paraventricular nucleus, tianeptine decreased MR-ir in non-separated groups, but not in maternally separated rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results support findings that early-life events induce long-term changes in stress response regulation, persistent into adulthood, which are manifested during challenges in later life, and that treatment with tianeptine, which tends to attenuate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, depends on the individual experience of each rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Trujillo
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Patricia Evelina Durando
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Córdoba , Argentina
| | - Marta Magdalena Suárez
- a Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales , Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal , Córdoba , Argentina.,b Facultad de Ciencias Médicas , Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Ciudad Universitaria , Córdoba , Argentina
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15
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Webb EA, Elliott L, Carlin D, Wilson M, Hall K, Netherton J, Reed J, Barrett TG, Salwani V, Clayden JD, Arlt W, Krone N, Peet AC, Wood AG. Quantitative Brain MRI in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: In Vivo Assessment of the Cognitive and Structural Impact of Steroid Hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:1330-1341. [PMID: 29165577 PMCID: PMC6018658 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Context Brain white matter hyperintensities are seen on routine clinical imaging in 46% of adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The extent and functional relevance of these abnormalities have not been studied with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis. Objective To examine white matter microstructure, neural volumes, and central nervous system (CNS) metabolites in CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) and to determine whether identified abnormalities are associated with cognition, glucocorticoid, and androgen exposure. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study at a tertiary hospital including 19 women (18 to 50 years) with 21OHD and 19 age-matched healthy women. Main Outcome Measure Recruits underwent cognitive assessment and brain imaging, including diffusion weighted imaging of white matter, T1-weighted volumetry, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for neural metabolites. We evaluated white matter microstructure by using tract-based spatial statistics. We compared cognitive scores, neural volumes, and metabolites between groups and relationships between glucocorticoid exposure, MRI, and neurologic outcomes. Results Patients with 21OHD had widespread reductions in white matter structural integrity, reduced volumes of right hippocampus, bilateral thalami, cerebellum, and brainstem, and reduced mesial temporal lobe total choline content. Working memory, processing speed, and digit span and matrix reasoning scores were reduced in patients with 21OHD, despite similar education and intelligence to controls. Patients with 21OHD exposed to higher glucocorticoid doses had greater abnormalities in white matter microstructure and cognitive performance. Conclusion We demonstrate that 21OHD and current glucocorticoid replacement regimens have a profound impact on brain morphology and function. If reversible, these CNS markers are a potential target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Webb
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Norwich, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Elliott
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Carlin
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Wilson
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Hall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Netherton
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Reed
- Department of Psychology, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tim G Barrett
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay Salwani
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon D Clayden
- Developmental Imaging & Biophysics Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Krone
- Academic Unit of Child Health, Department of Oncology & Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield Children’s Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda G Wood
- School Life and Health Sciences & Aston Brain Centre, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Child Neuropsychology, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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17
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Gkikas D, Tsampoula M, Politis PK. Nuclear receptors in neural stem/progenitor cell homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4097-4120. [PMID: 28638936 PMCID: PMC11107725 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2571-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, embryonic and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) generate the enormous variety and huge numbers of neuronal and glial cells that provide structural and functional support in the brain and spinal cord. Over the last decades, nuclear receptors and their natural ligands have emerged as critical regulators of NSC homeostasis during embryonic development and adult life. Furthermore, substantial progress has been achieved towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptors action in proliferative and differentiation capacities of NSCs. Aberrant expression or function of nuclear receptors in NSCs also contributes to the pathogenesis of various nervous system diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of steroid, non-steroid, and orphan nuclear receptors in NSC fate decisions. These studies establish nuclear receptors as key therapeutic targets in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Tsampoula
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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18
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Kuroda M, Muramatsu R, Maedera N, Koyama Y, Hamaguchi M, Fujimura H, Yoshida M, Konishi M, Itoh N, Mochizuki H, Yamashita T. Peripherally derived FGF21 promotes remyelination in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3496-3509. [PMID: 28825598 DOI: 10.1172/jci94337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) leads to severe neurological deficits that can be partially reversed by spontaneous remyelination. Because the CNS is isolated from the peripheral milieu by the blood-brain barrier, remyelination is thought to be controlled by the CNS microenvironment. However, in this work we found that factors derived from peripheral tissue leak into the CNS after injury and promote remyelination in a murine model of toxin-induced demyelination. Mechanistically, leakage of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which is predominantly expressed by the pancreas, drives proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) through interactions with β-klotho, an essential coreceptor of FGF21. We further confirmed that human OPCs expressed β-klotho and proliferated in response to FGF21 in vitro. Vascular barrier disruption is a common feature of many CNS disorders; thus, our findings reveal a potentially important role for the peripheral milieu in promoting CNS regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rieko Muramatsu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriko Maedera
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Machika Hamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mari Yoshida
- Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Morichika Konishi
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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19
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Chen H, Lombès M, Le Menuet D. Glucocorticoid receptor represses brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in neuron-like cells. Mol Brain 2017; 10:12. [PMID: 28403881 PMCID: PMC5389111 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in many functions such as neuronal growth, survival, synaptic plasticity and memorization. Altered expression levels are associated with many pathological situations such as depression, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is also crucial for neuron functions, via binding of glucocorticoid hormones (GCs). GR actions largely overlap those of BDNF. It has been proposed that GR could be a regulator of BDNF expression, however the molecular mechanisms involved have not been clearly defined yet. Herein, we analyzed the effect of a GC agonist dexamethasone (DEX) on BDNF expression in mouse neuronal primary cultures and in the newly characterized, mouse hippocampal BZ cell line established by targeted oncogenesis. Mouse Bdnf gene exhibits a complex genomic structure with 8 untranslated exons (I to VIII) splicing onto one common and unique coding exon IX. We found that DEX significantly downregulated total BDNF mRNA expression by around 30%. Expression of the highly expressed exon IV and VI containing transcripts was also reduced by DEX. The GR antagonist RU486 abolished this effect, which is consistent with specific GR-mediated action. Transient transfection assays allowed us to define a short 275 bp region within exon IV promoter responsible for GR-mediated Bdnf repression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated GR recruitment onto this fragment, through unidentified transcription factor tethering. Altogether, GR downregulates Bdnf expression through direct binding to Bdnf regulatory sequences. These findings bring new insights into the crosstalk between GR and BDNF signaling pathways both playing a major role in physiology and pathology of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Inserm 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Lombès
- Inserm 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, F-94275, France
| | - Damien Le Menuet
- Inserm 1185, Fac Med Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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20
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Vose LR, Stanton PK. Synaptic Plasticity, Metaplasticity and Depression. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:71-86. [PMID: 26830964 PMCID: PMC5327460 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160202121111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a persistent depressive affective state has for some time been thought to result from persistent alterations in neurotransmitter-mediated synaptic transmission. While the identity of those transmitters has changed over the years, the literature has lacked mechanistic connections between the neurophysiological mechanisms they regulate, and how these mechanisms alter neuronal function, and, hence, affective homeostasis. This review will examine recent work that suggests that both long-term activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength (“plasticity”), and shifting set points for the ease of induction of future long-term changes (“metaplasticity”), may be critical to establishing and reversing a depressive behavioral state. Activity-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity involves both strengthening and weakening of synaptic connections associated with a dizzying array of neurochemical alterations that include synaptic insertion and removal of a number of subtypes of AMPA, NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors, changes in presynaptic glutamate release, and structural changes in dendritic spines. Cellular mechanisms of metaplasticity are far less well understood. Here, we will review the growing evidence that long-term synaptic changes in glutamatergic transmission, in brain regions that regulate mood, are key determinants of affective homeostasis and therapeutic targets with immense potential for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patric K Stanton
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
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21
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Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper in Central Nervous System Health and Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8063-8070. [PMID: 27889894 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a large network of intercommunicating cells that function to maintain tissue health and homeostasis. Considerable evidence suggests that glucocorticoids exert both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects on the CNS. Glucocorticoids act by binding two related receptors in the cytoplasm, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The glucocorticoid receptor complex mediates cellular responses by transactivating target genes and by protein: protein interactions. The paradoxical effects of glucocorticoids on neuronal survival and death have been attributed to the concentration and the ratio of mineralocorticoid to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) is a recently identified protein transcriptionally upregulated by glucocorticoids. Constitutively, expressed in many tissues including brain, GILZ mediates many of the actions of glucocorticoids. It mimics the anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoids but exerts differential effects on stem cell differentiation and lineage development. Recent experimental data on the effects of GILZ following induced stress or trauma suggest potential roles in CNS diseases. Here, we provide a short overview of the role of GILZ in CNS health and discuss three potential rationales for the role of GILZ in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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22
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Abstract
The first mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist, spironolactone, was developed almost 60 years ago to treat primary aldosteronism and pathological edema. Its use waned in part because of its lack of selectivity. Subsequently, knowledge of the scope of MR function was expanded along with clinical evidence of the therapeutic importance of MR antagonists to prevent the ravages of inappropriate MR activation. Forty-two years elapsed between the first and MR-selective second generation of MR antagonists. Fifteen years later, despite serious shortcomings of the existing antagonists, a third-generation antagonist has yet to be marketed. Progress has been slowed by the lack of appreciation of the large variety of cell types that express the MR and its diverse cell-type-specific actions, and also its unique complex interaction actions at the molecular level. New MR antagonists should preferentially target the inflammatory and fibrotic effects of MR and perhaps its excitatory effects on sympathetic nervous system, but not the renal tubular epithelium or neurons of the cortex and hippocampus. This review briefly describes efforts to develop a third-generation MR antagonist and why fourth generation antagonists and selective agonists based on structural determinants of tissue and ligand-specific MR activation should be contemplated.
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23
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Packard AEB, Egan AE, Ulrich-Lai YM. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1897-1934. [PMID: 27783863 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Perhaps the most salient behaviors that individuals engage in involve the avoidance of aversive experiences and the pursuit of pleasurable experiences. Engagement in these behaviors is regulated to a significant extent by an individual's hormonal milieu. For example, glucocorticoid hormones are produced by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, and influence most aspects of behavior. In turn, many behaviors can influence HPA axis activity. These bidirectional interactions not only coordinate an individual's physiological and behavioral states to each other, but can also tune them to environmental conditions thereby optimizing survival. The present review details the influence of the HPA axis on many types of behavior, including appetitively-motivated behaviors (e.g., food intake and drug use), aversively-motivated behaviors (e.g., anxiety-related and depressive-like) and cognitive behaviors (e.g., learning and memory). Conversely, the manuscript also describes how engaging in various behaviors influences HPA axis activity. Our current understanding of the neuronal and/or hormonal mechanisms that underlie these interactions is also summarized. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1897-1934, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E B Packard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ann E Egan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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24
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Rolf L, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R, Huitinga I, Smolders J. Network of nuclear receptor ligands in multiple sclerosis: Common pathways and interactions of sex-steroids, corticosteroids and vitamin D3-derived molecules. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:900-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Young MJ, Geiszler PC, Pardon MC. A novel role for the immunophilin FKBP52 in motor coordination. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:97-110. [PMID: 27418439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
FKBP52 is a ubiquitously distributed immunophilin that has been associated with wide-ranging functions in cell signalling as well as hormonal and stress responses. Amongst other pathways, it acts via complex-formation with corticosteroid receptors and has consequently been associated with stress- and age- related neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Reduced levels of FKBP52 have been linked to tau dysfunction and amyloid beta toxicity in AD. However, FKBP52's role in cognition and neurodegenerative disorder-like phenotypes remain to be elucidated. The present study aimed therefore at investigating the cognitive and behavioural effects of reduced FKBP52 levels of genetically modified mice during ageing. Female and male FKBP52(+/+), FKBP52(+/-) and FKBP52(-/-) mice were compared at two-, ten-, twelve-, fifteen- and eighteen-months-of-age in a series of behavioural tests covering specie-specific behaviour, motor activity and coordination, fear-, spatial and recognition memory as well as curiosity and emotionality. Whilst cognitively unimpaired, FKBP52(+/-) mice performed worse on an accelerating rotating rod than FKBP52(+/+) littermates across all age-groups suggesting that FKBP52 is involved in processes controlling motor coordination. This deficit did not exacerbate with age but did worsen with repeated testing; pointing towards a role for FKBP52 in learning of tasks requiring motor coordination abilities. This study contributes to the knowledge base of FKBP52's implication in neurodegenerative diseases by demonstrating that FKBP52 by itself does not directly affect cognition and may therefore rather play an indirect, modulatory role in the functional pathology of AD, whereas it directly affects motor coordination, an early sign of neurodegenerative damages to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Young
- University of Nottingham Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Neuroscience group, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Philippine C Geiszler
- University of Nottingham Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Neuroscience group, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Christine Pardon
- University of Nottingham Medical School, School of Life Sciences, Neuroscience group, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH United Kingdom.
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26
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Liu X, Connaghan KP, Wei Y, Yang Z, Li MD, Chang SL. Involvement of the Hippocampus in Binge Ethanol-Induced Spleen Atrophy in Adolescent Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1489-500. [PMID: 27265021 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (EtOH) affects the immune system. Binge drinking of hard liquor initiates a stress response. This form of drinking is popular during adolescence, which involves maturation of the immune system. The spleen is a key immune organ, and spleen atrophy is associated with immunosuppression. While the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the initial stress response, the hippocampus may be involved in stress beyond the HPA axis. METHODS Blood ethanol concentration (BEC), blood endotoxin levels, and plasma corticosterone levels were measured following binge EtOH treatment. Absolute and relative spleen sizes were analyzed, and stress-related gene expression was compared in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Polymerase chain reaction array was performed to analyze the expression profile of EtOH metabolism and immune regulation-related genes in the spleen. Relationships among variables were analyzed using the Pearson correlation. RESULTS At 24 hours following a 3-day EtOH treatment, no significant difference in BEC was detected between EtOH-treated and control rats. Average plasma endotoxin levels in EtOH-treated animals were significantly higher than in controls, and spleen size was significantly lower. Spleen size did not correlate with plasma endotoxin levels; however, it did significantly negatively correlate with plasma corticosterone levels. Spleen size significantly negatively correlated with hippocampal CRH expression and significantly positively correlated with hippocampal MR expression. No correlation was observed in the hypothalamus. Significantly higher hippocampal CRH and significantly lower MR expression was seen in low spleen/body weight (sp-wt) ratio rats. No gene was found to decrease expression ≥1.5-fold (p < 0.05) in the spleen of high sp-wt group, whereas expression of several genes, including Gabra1, Gabra5, Ifnb1, Irf9, Il12b, and Cx3cr1, decreased significantly in the low sp-wt group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that binge EtOH exposure causes lower spleen size in adolescents and that the hippocampus and stress may be associated with alterations in spleen structure and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Kaitlyn P Connaghan
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Yufeng Wei
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Zhongli Yang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
| | - Ming D Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Sulie L Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey.,Department of Biological Sciences , Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey
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27
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The effects of hormones and physical exercise on hippocampal structural plasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 41:23-43. [PMID: 26989000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an integral role in certain aspects of cognition. Hippocampal structural plasticity and in particular adult hippocampal neurogenesis can be influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we review how hormones (i.e., intrinsic modulators) and physical exercise (i.e., an extrinsic modulator) can differentially modulate hippocampal plasticity in general and adult hippocampal neurogenesis in particular. Specifically, we provide an overview of the effects of sex hormones, stress hormones, and metabolic hormones on hippocampal structural plasticity and adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In addition, we also discuss how physical exercise modulates these forms of hippocampal plasticity, giving particular emphasis on how this modulation can be affected by variables such as exercise regime, duration, and intensity. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal structural plasticity by intrinsic and extrinsic factors will impact the design of new therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring hippocampal plasticity following brain injury or neurodegeneration.
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28
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Costas J, Carrera N, Alonso P, Gurriarán X, Segalàs C, Real E, López-Solà C, Mas S, Gassó P, Domènech L, Morell M, Quintela I, Lázaro L, Menchón JM, Estivill X, Carracedo Á. Exon-focused genome-wide association study of obsessive-compulsive disorder and shared polygenic risk with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e768. [PMID: 27023174 PMCID: PMC4872458 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) account for a large proportion of the heritability of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Co-ocurrence of OCD and schizophrenia is commoner than expected based on their respective prevalences, complicating the clinical management of patients. This study addresses two main objectives: to identify particular genes associated with OCD by SNP-based and gene-based tests; and to test the existence of a polygenic risk shared with schizophrenia. The primary analysis was an exon-focused genome-wide association study of 370 OCD cases and 443 controls from Spain. A polygenic risk model based on the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium schizophrenia data set (PGC-SCZ2) was tested in our OCD data. A polygenic risk model based on our OCD data was tested on previous data of schizophrenia from our group. The most significant association at the gene-based test was found at DNM3 (P=7.9 × 10(-5)), a gene involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. The polygenic risk model from PGC-SCZ2 data was strongly associated with disease status in our OCD sample, reaching its most significant value after removal of the major histocompatibility complex region (lowest P=2.3 × 10(-6), explaining 3.7% of the variance). The shared polygenic risk was confirmed in our schizophrenia data. In conclusion, DNM3 may be involved in risk to OCD. The shared polygenic risk between schizophrenia and OCD may be partially responsible for the frequent comorbidity of both disorders, explaining epidemiological data on cross-disorder risk. This common etiology may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Costas
- Grupo de Xenética Psiquiátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Grupo de Xenética Psiquiátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde, despacho 15, E-15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. E-mail:
| | - N Carrera
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Servicio Galego de Saúde, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Alonso
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Gurriarán
- Grupo de Xenética Psiquiátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Segalàs
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Real
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - C López-Solà
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Gassó
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Domènech
- Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Morell
- Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Quintela
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro Nacional de Genotipado - Instituto Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J M Menchón
- OCD Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain,Department of Clinical Sciences, Bellvitge Campus, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Estivill
- Genomics and Disease Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain,Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Carracedo
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Servicio Galego de Saúde, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Centro Nacional de Genotipado - Instituto Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kino T. Stress, glucocorticoid hormones, and hippocampal neural progenitor cells: implications to mood disorders. Front Physiol 2015; 6:230. [PMID: 26347657 PMCID: PMC4541029 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its end-effectors glucocorticoid hormones play central roles in the adaptive response to numerous stressors that can be either internal or external. Thus, this system has a strong impact on the brain hippocampus and its major functions, such as cognition, memory as well as behavior, and mood. The hippocampal area of the adult brain contains neural stem cells or more committed neural progenitor cells, which retain throughout the human life the ability of self-renewal and to differentiate into multiple neural cell lineages, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Importantly, these characteristic cells contribute significantly to the above-indicated functions of the hippocampus, while various stressors and glucocorticoids influence proliferation, differentiation, and fate of these cells. This review offers an overview of the current understanding on the interactions between the HPA axis/glucocorticoid stress-responsive system and hippocampal neural progenitor cells by focusing on the actions of glucocorticoids. Also addressed is a further discussion on the implications of such interactions to the pathophysiology of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Kino
- Division of Experimental Biology, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Sidra Medical and Research Center Doha, Qatar
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30
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Cavigelli SA, Caruso MJ. Sex, social status and physiological stress in primates: the importance of social and glucocorticoid dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140103. [PMID: 25870390 PMCID: PMC4410370 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Social status has been associated with health consequences, although the mechanisms by which status affects health are relatively unknown. At the physiological level, many studies have investigated the potential relationship between social behaviour/rank and physiological stress, with a particular focus on glucocorticoid (GC) production. GCs are of interest because of their experimentally established influence on health-related processes such as metabolism and immune function. Studies in a variety of species, in both naturalistic and laboratory settings, have led to complex outcomes. This paper reviews findings from primates and rodents and proposes a psychologically and physiologically relevant framework in which to study the relationship between social status and GC function. We (i) compare status-specific GC production between male and female primates, (ii) review the functional significance of different temporal patterns of GC production, (iii) propose ways to assess these temporal dynamics, and (iv) present novel hypotheses about the relationship between social status and GC temporal dynamics, and potential fitness and health implications. To understand whether GC production mediates social status-related fitness disparities, we must consider social contest conditions and the temporal dynamics of GC production. This framework will provide greater insights into the relationship between social status, physiological stress and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Cavigelli
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael J Caruso
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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31
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Cavigelli SA, Caruso MJ. Sex, social status and physiological stress in primates: the importance of social and glucocorticoid dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015. [PMID: 25870390 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0103(1669)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Social status has been associated with health consequences, although the mechanisms by which status affects health are relatively unknown. At the physiological level, many studies have investigated the potential relationship between social behaviour/rank and physiological stress, with a particular focus on glucocorticoid (GC) production. GCs are of interest because of their experimentally established influence on health-related processes such as metabolism and immune function. Studies in a variety of species, in both naturalistic and laboratory settings, have led to complex outcomes. This paper reviews findings from primates and rodents and proposes a psychologically and physiologically relevant framework in which to study the relationship between social status and GC function. We (i) compare status-specific GC production between male and female primates, (ii) review the functional significance of different temporal patterns of GC production, (iii) propose ways to assess these temporal dynamics, and (iv) present novel hypotheses about the relationship between social status and GC temporal dynamics, and potential fitness and health implications. To understand whether GC production mediates social status-related fitness disparities, we must consider social contest conditions and the temporal dynamics of GC production. This framework will provide greater insights into the relationship between social status, physiological stress and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A Cavigelli
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 101 Huck Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael J Caruso
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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