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Sizing down and functionalizing polylactide (PLA) resin for synthesis of PLA-based polyurethanes for use in biomedical applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2284. [PMID: 36759697 PMCID: PMC9911729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29496-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholysis is a promising approach for upcycling postconsumer polylactide (PLA) products into valuable constituents. In addition, an alcohol-acidolysis of PLA by multifunctional 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (DMPA) produces lactate oligomers with hydroxyl and carboxylic acid terminals. In this work, a process for sizing down commercial PLA resin to optimum medium-sized lactate oligomers is developed at a lower cost than a bottom-up synthesis from its monomer. The microwave-assisted reaction is conveniently conducted at 220-240 °C and pressure lower than 100 psi. The PLA resin was completely converted via alcohol-acidolysis reaction, with a product purification yield as high as 93%. The resulting products are characterized by FTIR, 2D-NMR, 1H-NMR, GPC, DSC, and XRD spectroscopy. The effects of PLA: DMPA feed ratios and the incorporation of 1,4-butanediol (BDO) on the structures, properties, and particle formability of the alcohol-acidolyzed products are examined. The products from a ratio of 12:1, which possessed optimum size and structures, are used to synthesize PLA-based polyurethane (PUD) by reacting with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI). The resulting PUD is employed in encapsulating lavender essential oil (LO). Without using any surfactant, stable LO-loaded nanoparticles are prepared due to the copolymer's self-stabilizability from its carboxylate groups. The effect of the polymer: LO feed ratio (1.25-3.75: 1) on the physicochemical properties of the resulting nanoparticles, e.g., colloidal stability (zeta potential > -60 mV), hydrodynamic size (300-500 nm), encapsulation efficiency (80-88%), and in vitro release, are investigated. The LO-loaded nanoparticles show non-toxicity to fibroblast cells, with an IC50 value higher than 2000 µg/mL. The products from this process have high potential as drug encapsulation templates in biomedical applications.
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PLA/PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems Produced with Supercritical CO 2-A Green Future for Particle Formulation? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111118. [PMID: 33233637 PMCID: PMC7699691 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) can serve as solvent, anti-solvent and solute, among others, in the field of drug delivery applications, e.g., for the formulation of polymeric nanocarriers in combination with different drug molecules. With its tunable properties above critical pressure and temperature, SC-CO2 offers control of the particle size, the particle morphology, and their drug loading. Moreover, the SC-CO2-based techniques overcome the limitations of conventional formulation techniques e.g., post purification steps. One of the widely used polymers for drug delivery systems with excellent mechanical (Tg, crystallinity) and chemical properties (controlled drug release, biodegradability) is poly (lactic acid) (PLA), which is used either as a homopolymer or as a copolymer, such as poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). Over the last 30 years, extensive research has been conducted to exploit SC-CO2-based processes for the formulation of PLA carriers. This review provides an overview of these research studies, including a brief description of the SC-CO2 processes that are widely exploited for the production of PLA and PLGA-based drug-loaded particles. Finally, recent work shows progress in the development of SC-CO2 techniques for particulate drug delivery systems is discussed in detail. Additionally, future perspectives and limitations of SC-CO2-based techniques in industrial applications are examined.
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Mishima K, Honjo M, Sharmin T, Ito S, Kawakami R, Kato T, Misumi M, Suetsugu T, Orii H, Kawano H, Irie K, Sano K, Mishima K, Harada T, Ouchi M. Gas-saturated solution process to obtain microcomposite particles of alpha lipoic acid/hydrogenated colza oil in supercritical carbon dioxide. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:737-48. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1049707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Knani D, Alperstein D, Kauth T, Kaltbeitzel D, Hopmann C. Molecular modeling study of CO2 plasticization and sorption onto absorbable polyesters. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Liu X, Yu L, Dean K, Toikka G, Bateman S, Nguyen T, Yuan Q, Filippou C. Improving Melt Strength of Polylactic Acid. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Melt strength of polylactic acid (PLA) was improved through various modifications including grafting, crosslinking, chain extension, blending, plasticizing and nucleation. The results showed that melt strength was increased, to varying degrees, by crosslinking, chain extension and blending. In addition, melt strain (detected by velocity) was increased by chain extension, blending with elastomer, and plasticizing, but was decreased by crosslinking. The molecular weights, thermal properties and viscosity of the modified PLAs were also studied to investigate the causes of the observed variations in melt strength. Viscosity results generally corresponded with that of melt strength, but not with that of melt strain. With the exception of plasticizing and nucleation, the modifications had no significant effect on the thermal properties of PLA. The molecular weight (in particular the extremely large molecules representing by Mz) and the polydispersity of PLA were significantly increased after crosslinking and chain extension, which accounts for the observed increase in melt strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Liu
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Recourses, SCUT, Guangzhou, PRC
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - L. Yu
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - K. Dean
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - G. Toikka
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - S. Bateman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - T. Nguyen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - Q. Yuan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
| | - C. Filippou
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, Australia
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Effect of concentration and degree of saturation on co-precipitation of catechin and poly(l-lactide) by the RESOLV process. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Yu L, Toikka G, Dean K, Bateman S, Yuan Q, Filippou C, Nguyen T. Foaming behaviour and cell structure of poly(lactic acid) after various modifications. POLYM INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Lan Q, Yu J, He J, Maurer FHJ, Zhang J. Thermal Behavior of Poly(l-lactide) Having Low l-Isomer Content of 94% after Compressed CO2 Treatment. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101473r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Lan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiasong He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Frans H. J. Maurer
- Department of Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jun Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Influence of polydispersity of poly(lactic acid) on particle formation by rapid expansion of supercritical CO2 solutions. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Muranaka M, Ono T. Role of dispersion stabilizer with hydroxy groups in preparation of monodisperse polylactide microspheres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Yu L, Liu H, Dean K. Thermal behaviour of poly(lactic acid) in contact with compressed carbon dioxide. POLYM INT 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Breininger E, Imran-ul-haq M, Türk M, Beuermann S. Effect of polymer properties on poly(vinylidene fluoride) particles produced by rapid expansion of CO2+polymer mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Muranaka M, Ono T. Preparation of Monodisperse Polylactide Microspheres by Dispersion Polymerization Using a Polymeric Stabilizer with Hydroxy Groups. Macromol Rapid Commun 2008; 30:152-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yu L, Liu H, Dean K, Chen L. Cold crystallization and postmelting crystallization of PLA plasticized by compressed carbon dioxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Preparation of biodegradable microspheres by anionic dispersion polymerization with PLA copolymeric dispersion stabilizer. Colloid Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-007-1701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Formation of TiO2–polymer composite microparticles by rapid expansion of CO2 saturated polymer suspensions with high shear mixing. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Meziani MJ, Pathak P, Desai T, Sun YP. Supercritical Fluid Processing of Nanoscale Particles from Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie050704n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed J. Meziani
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Pankaj Pathak
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Tarang Desai
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973
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